It's dark but just a game: towards an ethical and healthy game design practice
Resumo
The digital games market has been one of the fastest-growing sectors in the world. In this competitive scenario, the game industry has been betting on developing standards quite unethical, which bears some degree of risk for players. Known as 'Dark Patterns', these patterns lead the user to a kind of negative experience, such as addiction and lack of will. In this paper, we discuss the conceptualization of an alternative to the Dark Patterns, which we called 'Radiant Game Design Patterns'. They seek, initially, to oppose the Dark Pattern, offering game designers an alternative to lead the players to a state of well-being, satisfying one or more basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, relatedness). We expect our research to contribute to the discussion on ethical practices in game design and motivate future work towards the development of policies to protect players.
Palavras-chave:
Game Design, Dark Patterns, Self determination Theory
Referências
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Florian Brühlmann and Gian-Marco Schmid. 2015. How to measure the game experience? Analysis of the factor structure of two questionnaires. In Proceedings of the 33rd annual acm conference extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems. 1181--1186.
Rebecca A Clay. 2012. Video game design and development. Gradpsych 1 (2012), 14--16.
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Edward L Deci and Richard M Ryan. 2008. Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: An introduction. Journal of happiness studies 9, 1 (2008), 1--11.
Edward L Deci and Richard M Ryan. 2012. Self-determination theory. (2012).
Google. [n.d.]. Beyond 2021: Where Does Gaming Go Next? [link].
D Gotterbarn, K Miller, and S Rogerson. 1997. Draft Software EngineeringCode of Ethics (version 3). Commun. ACM 10, 265684.265699 (1997).
Colin M Gray, Yubo Kou, Bryan Battles, Joseph Hoggatt, and Austin L Toombs. 2018. The dark (patterns) side of UX design. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. 1--14.
J Tuomas Harviainen, Janne Paavilainen, and Elina Koskinen. 2020. Ayn Rand's objectivist ethics applied to video game business. Journal of Business Ethics 167, 4 (2020), 761--774.
Olli I Heimo, J Tuomas Harviainen, Kai K Kimppa, and Tuomas Mäkilä. 2018. Virtual to virtuous money: A virtue ethics perspective on video game business logic. Journal of Business Ethics 153, 1 (2018), 95--103.
Leon A Kappelman. 1995. Measuring user involvement: A diffusion of innovation perspective. ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems 26, 2--3 (1995), 65--86.
Heather L O'Brien and Elaine G Toms. 2008. What is user engagement? A conceptual framework for defining user engagement with technology. Journal of the American society for Information Science and Technology 59, 6 (2008), 938--955.
World Health Organization. [n.d.]. Addictive behaviours: Gaming disorder. [link].
Dorian Peters, Rafael A Calvo, and Richard M Ryan. 2018. Designing for motivation, engagement and wellbeing in digital experience. Frontiers in psychology 9 (2018), 797.
Richard M Ryan and Edward L Deci. 2000. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American psychologist 55, 1 (2000), 68.
Johnny Hartz Søraker. 2016. Gaming the gamer?-The ethics of exploiting psychological research in video games. Journal of information, communication and ethics in society (2016).
Matthew WR Stevens, Diana Dorstyn, Paul H Delfabbro, and Daniel L King. 2021. Global prevalence of gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 55, 6 (2021), 553--568.
Giulia Vidale. [n.d.]. Vício em games é reconhecido como doença pela OMS; conheça os sinais do distúrbio. [link].
T. Newzoo Wijman. [n.d.]. Google and Newzoo - Beyond 2021: Where Does Gaming Go Next? [link].
José P Zagal, Staffan Björk, and Chris Lewis. 2013. Dark patterns in the design of games. In Foundations of Digital Games 2013.
Kent C Berridge. 2004. Motivation concepts in behavioral neuroscience. Physiology & behavior 81, 2 (2004), 179--209.
Florian Brühlmann and Gian-Marco Schmid. 2015. How to measure the game experience? Analysis of the factor structure of two questionnaires. In Proceedings of the 33rd annual acm conference extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems. 1181--1186.
Rebecca A Clay. 2012. Video game design and development. Gradpsych 1 (2012), 14--16.
John W Creswell and J David Creswell. 2021. Projeto de pesquisa-: Métodos qualitativo, quantitativo e misto. Penso Editora.
Nova Cultural. 1996. Ética a Nicômaco. Aristóteles: Obras incompletas (1996).
darkpattern.games. [n.d.]. Helping You Find Healthy Mobile Games. Avoid addictive gaming dark patterns. https://www.darkpattern.games/
Edward L Deci and Richard M Ryan. 2008. Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: An introduction. Journal of happiness studies 9, 1 (2008), 1--11.
Edward L Deci and Richard M Ryan. 2012. Self-determination theory. (2012).
Google. [n.d.]. Beyond 2021: Where Does Gaming Go Next? [link].
D Gotterbarn, K Miller, and S Rogerson. 1997. Draft Software EngineeringCode of Ethics (version 3). Commun. ACM 10, 265684.265699 (1997).
Colin M Gray, Yubo Kou, Bryan Battles, Joseph Hoggatt, and Austin L Toombs. 2018. The dark (patterns) side of UX design. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. 1--14.
J Tuomas Harviainen, Janne Paavilainen, and Elina Koskinen. 2020. Ayn Rand's objectivist ethics applied to video game business. Journal of Business Ethics 167, 4 (2020), 761--774.
Olli I Heimo, J Tuomas Harviainen, Kai K Kimppa, and Tuomas Mäkilä. 2018. Virtual to virtuous money: A virtue ethics perspective on video game business logic. Journal of Business Ethics 153, 1 (2018), 95--103.
Leon A Kappelman. 1995. Measuring user involvement: A diffusion of innovation perspective. ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems 26, 2--3 (1995), 65--86.
Heather L O'Brien and Elaine G Toms. 2008. What is user engagement? A conceptual framework for defining user engagement with technology. Journal of the American society for Information Science and Technology 59, 6 (2008), 938--955.
World Health Organization. [n.d.]. Addictive behaviours: Gaming disorder. [link].
Dorian Peters, Rafael A Calvo, and Richard M Ryan. 2018. Designing for motivation, engagement and wellbeing in digital experience. Frontiers in psychology 9 (2018), 797.
Richard M Ryan and Edward L Deci. 2000. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American psychologist 55, 1 (2000), 68.
Johnny Hartz Søraker. 2016. Gaming the gamer?-The ethics of exploiting psychological research in video games. Journal of information, communication and ethics in society (2016).
Matthew WR Stevens, Diana Dorstyn, Paul H Delfabbro, and Daniel L King. 2021. Global prevalence of gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 55, 6 (2021), 553--568.
Giulia Vidale. [n.d.]. Vício em games é reconhecido como doença pela OMS; conheça os sinais do distúrbio. [link].
T. Newzoo Wijman. [n.d.]. Google and Newzoo - Beyond 2021: Where Does Gaming Go Next? [link].
José P Zagal, Staffan Björk, and Chris Lewis. 2013. Dark patterns in the design of games. In Foundations of Digital Games 2013.
Publicado
17/10/2022
Como Citar
MIRANDA, David Motta; PONTES, Rebeca Maia; DARIN, Ticianne de Gois Ribeiro.
It's dark but just a game: towards an ethical and healthy game design practice. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO SOBRE FATORES HUMANOS EM SISTEMAS COMPUTACIONAIS (IHC), 21. , 2022, Diamantina.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2022
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