Exploring Digital Misinformation as a Sociotechnical Phenomenon: Insights from a Small-scale Study
Resumo
This article addresses the challenge of comprehending digital misinformation as a sociotechnical phenomenon within the field of Human-Computer Interaction, particularly in the context of COVID-19-related misinformation in Brazil. The study employed an exploratory approach to analyze misinformation cases using various artifacts and conducted a focus group with eight experts in the field. The findings revealed 137 sociotechnical aspects and 29 stakeholders, shedding light on the complex interplay of factors influencing digital misinformation's creation, dissemination, and consumption. The study emphasizes the necessity of adopting a sociotechnical approach and highlights the challenges in comprehensively analyzing stakeholders, communication channels, and the stages of the misinformation lifecycle. Overall, the research contributes to a deeper understanding of digital misinformation in sociotechnical contexts and its implications for Human-Computer Interaction.
Palavras-chave:
misinformation, sociotechnical analysis, organizational semiotics, misinformation life cycle
Referências
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Jin-Hee Cho, Izzat Alsmadi, and Dianxiang Xu. 2016. Privacy and social capital in online social networks. In 2016 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM). IEEE, 1–7.
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Paul K Feyerabend. 1989. Contra o método. Vol. 3. Francisco Alves Rio de Janeiro.
G1. 2021. Aplicativo do Ministério da Saúde que recomenda ’tratamento precoce’ para Covid-19 sai do ar. [link] [Online; accessed 23. Feb. 2021].
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Pik-Mai Hui, Chengcheng Shao, Alessandro Flammini, Filippo Menczer, and Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia. 2018. The Hoaxy misinformation and fact-checking diffusion network. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Vol. 12.
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Joshua Introne, Luca Iandoli, Julia DeCook, Irem Gokce Yildirim, and Shaima Elzeini. 2017. The collaborative construction and evolution of pseudo-knowledge in online conversations. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Social Media & Society. 1–10.
Motunrayo Joel. 2021. Coronavirus doesn’t have own pH level, alkaline food won’t ‘beat’ it. [link] [Online; accessed 8. Jun. 2021].
Jessica P Johnson. 2020. Eating alkaline food cannot prevent or cure COVID-19. [link] [Online; accessed 8. Jun. 2021].
Nir Kshetri and Jeffrey Voas. 2017. The economics of “fake news”. IT Professional 19, 6 (2017), 8–12.
Margaret Linstrom and Willemien Marais. 2012. Qualitative news frame analysis: A methodology. Communitas 17 (2012), 21–38.
Kecheng Liu. 2000. Semiotics in information systems engineering. Cambridge University Press.
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Viki McCabe. 1982. Invariants and affordances: An analysis of species-typical information. Ethology and Sociobiology 3, 2 (1982), 79–92.
Marshall McLuhan. 1974. Os meios de comunicação: como extensões do homem. Editora Cultrix.
Philipe Melo, Johnnatan Messias, Gustavo Resende, Kiran Garimella, Jussara Almeida, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2019. Whatsapp monitor: A fact-checking system for whatsapp. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Vol. 13. 676–677.
Ricardo Fabrino Mendonça and Paula Guimarães Simões. 2012. Enquadramento: diferentes operacionalizações analíticas de um conceito. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais 27 (2012), 187–201.
João Moreno and Graça Bressan. 2019. FACTCK.BR: a new dataset to study fake news. In Proceedings of the 25th Brazillian Symposium on Multimedia and the Web. 525–527.
Axel Oehmichen, Kevin Hua, Julio Amador Díaz López, Miguel Molina-Solana, Juan Gómez-Romero, and Yi-ke Guo. 2019. Not all lies are equal. A study into the engineering of political misinformation in the 2016 US presidential election. IEEE Access 7 (2019), 126305–126314.
Times of India. 2020. FAKE ALERT: Viral message misinforms readers about boosting pH levels to beat coronavirus. [link] [Online; accessed 8. Jun. 2021].
Olhar Digital. 2021. App da Saúde se contradiz sobre o uso de máscaras - Olhar Digital. Olhar Digital (Jan. 2021). [link]
Samuel Pancher. 2021. Samuel Pancher no Twitter. [link] [Online; accessed 23. Feb. 2021].
Kai Petersen, Sairam Vakkalanka, and Ludwik Kuzniarz. 2015. Guidelines for conducting systematic mapping studies in software engineering: An update. Information and Software Technology 64 (2015), 1–18.
Alisson Puska, Luiz Adolpho Baroni, Maíra Codo Canal, Lara SG Piccolo, and Roberto Pereira. 2020. WhatsApp and false information: a value-oriented evaluation. In Proceedings of the 19th Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 1–10.
Alisson Puska, Lara Piccolo, and Roberto Pereira. 2020. DisMiss False Information: A Value Matter. Human Computer Interaction and Emerging Technologies: Adjunct Proceedings from (2020), 75.
Anna Carolina Krebs Pereira Regner. 1996. Feyerabend e o pluralismo metodológico. Episteme (Porto Alegre): filosofia e história das ciências em revista. Porto Alegre. Vol. 1, n. 2 (1996), p. 61-78 (1996).
Diego Saez-Trumper, Carlos Castillo, and Mounia Lalmas. 2013. Social media news communities: gatekeeping, coverage, and statement bias. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Information & Knowledge Management. 1679–1684.
Sapo. 2021. Polígrafo. [link] [Online; accessed 8. Jun. 2021].
Marina Sbisà and Paolo Fabbri. 1980. Models for a pragmatic analysis. Journal of Pragmatics 4, 4 (1980), 301–319.
Kai Shu, Suhang Wang, and Huan Liu. 2019. Beyond news contents: The role of social context for fake news detection. In Proceedings of the twelfth ACM international conference on web search and data mining. 312–320.
Ronald Stamper. 1991. The semiotic framework for informatio systems research. Information systems research: Contemporary approaches and emergent traditions (1991), 515–528.
R.K. Stamper. 1994. Social Norms in Requirements Analysis - an outline of MEASUR. Academic Press, United States, 107–139.
Ronald Stamper, Kecheng Liu, Mark Hafkamp, and Yasser Ades. 2000. Understanding the roles of signs and norms in organizations-a semiotic approach to information systems design. Behaviour & information technology 19, 1 (2000), 15–27.
Kate Starbird, Ahmer Arif, and Tom Wilson. 2019. Disinformation as collaborative work: Surfacing the participatory nature of strategic information operations. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW (2019), 1–26.
Shiliang Tang, Qingyun Liu, Megan McQueen, Scott Counts, Apurv Jain, Heather Zheng, and Ben Zhao. 2017. Echo chambers in investment discussion boards. In Proceedings of the 17th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM 2017).
Uol. 2020. Coronavírus: Grupos usam notícias falsas para apoiar postura de Bolsonaro. UOL (Mar 2020). [link]
Uol. 2021. Com anúncio pró-cloroquina, jornais depõem contra trabalho de jornalistas. UOL (Feb. 2021). [link]
Qi Wang, Tun Lu, Xianghua Ding, and Ning Gu. 2014. Think twice before reposting it: Promoting accountable behavior on Sina Weibo. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 18th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD). IEEE, 463–468.
Xinyi Zhou and Reza Zafarani. 2020. A Survey of Fake News: Fundamental Theories, Detection Methods, and Opportunities. ACM Comput. Surv. 53, 5, Article 109 (sep 2020), 40 pages. DOI: 10.1145/3395046
Daniela Abade. 2021. Daniela Abade no Twitter. [link] [Online; accessed 23. Feb. 2021].
Sharon Bailin and Harvey Siegel. 2002. Critical thinking. The Blackwell guide to the philosophy of education (2002), 181–193.
La Brasilienne. 2021. r/coronabr. [link] [Online; accessed 23. Feb. 2021].
Por Victória Cócolo e. José Brito. 2021. Fabricante diz não haver evidência de que ivermectina funcione contra Covid-19. CNN Brasil (Feb. 2021). [link]
Tom Buchanan and Vladlena Benson. 2019. Spreading Disinformation on Facebook: Do Trust in Message Source, Risk Propensity, or Personality Affect the Organic Reach of “Fake News”?Social Media+ Society 5, 4 (2019), 2056305119888654.
Yakob Utama Chandra 2017. Higher education student behaviors in spreading fake news on social media: A case of LINE group. In 2017 International Conference on Information Management and Technology (ICIMTech). IEEE, 54–59.
Jin-Hee Cho, Izzat Alsmadi, and Dianxiang Xu. 2016. Privacy and social capital in online social networks. In 2016 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM). IEEE, 1–7.
Robert B Cialdini. 1993. Influence: The psychology of persuasion. (1993).
Ministério da Saúde. 2021. SEI/MS - 0014934763 - Nota Informativa. [link] [Online; accessed 3. Mar. 2021].
Anh Dang, Michael Smit, Abidalrahman Moh’d, Rosane Minghim, and Evangelos Milios. 2016. Toward understanding how users respond to rumours in social media. In 2016 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM). IEEE, 777–784.
Dominic DiFranzo and Kristine Gloria-Garcia. 2017. Filter bubbles and fake news. XRDS: Crossroads, The ACM Magazine for Students 23, 3 (2017), 32–35.
Governo do Ceará. 2020. Fake News: Sistema imunológico em pleno funcionamento é importante, mas não evita Covid-19 - Governo do Estado do Ceará. [link] [Online; accessed 8. Jun. 2021].
Gazeta Do Povo. 2021. Curitiba manda retirar outdoors que incentivam tratamento precoce contra covid-19. [link] online; acessado 18 de abril. 2021.
Gazeta do Povo. 2021. Um em cada quatro pacientes intubados por Covid morre por sequelas após alta hospitalar. Gazeta do Povo (Feb. 2021). [link]
Lucas dos Anjos. 2021. CNS pede que Ministério da Saúde retire publicações sobre tratamento precoce para Covid-19. [link] [Online; accessed 18. Feb. 2021].
Bruno Fávero, Bernardo Barbosa, and Débora Ely. 2021. Facebook exibiu anúncios de drogas sem comprovação contra Covid-19 ao menos 3,9 mi de vezes em 2020. Aos Fatos (Jan. 2021). [link]
Aos Fatos. 2020. Em seis meses de pandemia, Bolsonaro foi quem mais impulsionou apoio à cloroquina no Twitter brasileiro. [link] [Online; accessed 23. Feb. 2021].
Ministério Publico Federal. 2023. Responsáveis por divulgação de publicidade em defesa do “tratamento precoce” contra covid são condenados a pagar R$ 55 milhões por danos morais coletivos e à saúde. [link] [Online; accessed 29. May 2023].
Miriam Fernandez and Harith Alani. 2018. Online misinformation: Challenges and future directions. In Companion Proceedings of the The Web Conference 2018. 595–602.
Paul K Feyerabend. 1989. Contra o método. Vol. 3. Francisco Alves Rio de Janeiro.
G1. 2021. Aplicativo do Ministério da Saúde que recomenda ’tratamento precoce’ para Covid-19 sai do ar. [link] [Online; accessed 23. Feb. 2021].
G1. 2021. É #FAKE que a ingestão de alimentos alcalinos combate o novo coronavírus. [link] [Online; accessed 8. Jun. 2021].
Regis Galo. 2021. RegisGalo13 no Twitter. [link] [Online; accessed 23. Feb. 2021].
Gedoor. 2021. Conselho Federal de Farmácia - Brasil - Notícia: 30/04/2020 - Levantamento mostra como o medo da Covid-19 impactou venda de medicamentos. [link] [Online; accessed 21. Mar. 2021].
Erving Goffman. 1974. Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience.Harvard University Press.
Juliana Gragnani. 2020. A psicologia por trás da corrida por papel higiênico em meio a “medo contagioso” do coronavírus - BBC News Brasil. [link] [Online; accessed 15. Feb. 2022].
Kevin Hogan. 2010. The psychology of persuasion: how to persuade others to your way of thinking. Pelican Publishing.
Sascha Hölig, Uwe Hasebrink, and Julia Behre. 2020. Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020: Ergebnisse für Deutschland. Vol. 50. DEU.
Pik-Mai Hui, Chengcheng Shao, Alessandro Flammini, Filippo Menczer, and Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia. 2018. The Hoaxy misinformation and fact-checking diffusion network. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Vol. 12.
Poynter Institute. 2021. CoronaVirusFacts Alliance. [link] [Online; accessed 8. Jun. 2021].
Joshua Introne, Luca Iandoli, Julia DeCook, Irem Gokce Yildirim, and Shaima Elzeini. 2017. The collaborative construction and evolution of pseudo-knowledge in online conversations. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Social Media & Society. 1–10.
Motunrayo Joel. 2021. Coronavirus doesn’t have own pH level, alkaline food won’t ‘beat’ it. [link] [Online; accessed 8. Jun. 2021].
Jessica P Johnson. 2020. Eating alkaline food cannot prevent or cure COVID-19. [link] [Online; accessed 8. Jun. 2021].
Nir Kshetri and Jeffrey Voas. 2017. The economics of “fake news”. IT Professional 19, 6 (2017), 8–12.
Margaret Linstrom and Willemien Marais. 2012. Qualitative news frame analysis: A methodology. Communitas 17 (2012), 21–38.
Kecheng Liu. 2000. Semiotics in information systems engineering. Cambridge University Press.
Agência Lupa. 2020. Agência Lupa. [link] [Online; accessed 8. Jun. 2021].
Agência Lupa. 2020. Agência Lupa. [link] [Online; accessed 8. Jun. 2021].
Agência Lupa. 2020. Agência Lupa. [link] [Online; accessed 1. Jun. 2022].
Viki McCabe. 1982. Invariants and affordances: An analysis of species-typical information. Ethology and Sociobiology 3, 2 (1982), 79–92.
Marshall McLuhan. 1974. Os meios de comunicação: como extensões do homem. Editora Cultrix.
Philipe Melo, Johnnatan Messias, Gustavo Resende, Kiran Garimella, Jussara Almeida, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2019. Whatsapp monitor: A fact-checking system for whatsapp. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Vol. 13. 676–677.
Ricardo Fabrino Mendonça and Paula Guimarães Simões. 2012. Enquadramento: diferentes operacionalizações analíticas de um conceito. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais 27 (2012), 187–201.
João Moreno and Graça Bressan. 2019. FACTCK.BR: a new dataset to study fake news. In Proceedings of the 25th Brazillian Symposium on Multimedia and the Web. 525–527.
Axel Oehmichen, Kevin Hua, Julio Amador Díaz López, Miguel Molina-Solana, Juan Gómez-Romero, and Yi-ke Guo. 2019. Not all lies are equal. A study into the engineering of political misinformation in the 2016 US presidential election. IEEE Access 7 (2019), 126305–126314.
Times of India. 2020. FAKE ALERT: Viral message misinforms readers about boosting pH levels to beat coronavirus. [link] [Online; accessed 8. Jun. 2021].
Olhar Digital. 2021. App da Saúde se contradiz sobre o uso de máscaras - Olhar Digital. Olhar Digital (Jan. 2021). [link]
Samuel Pancher. 2021. Samuel Pancher no Twitter. [link] [Online; accessed 23. Feb. 2021].
Kai Petersen, Sairam Vakkalanka, and Ludwik Kuzniarz. 2015. Guidelines for conducting systematic mapping studies in software engineering: An update. Information and Software Technology 64 (2015), 1–18.
Alisson Puska, Luiz Adolpho Baroni, Maíra Codo Canal, Lara SG Piccolo, and Roberto Pereira. 2020. WhatsApp and false information: a value-oriented evaluation. In Proceedings of the 19th Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 1–10.
Alisson Puska, Lara Piccolo, and Roberto Pereira. 2020. DisMiss False Information: A Value Matter. Human Computer Interaction and Emerging Technologies: Adjunct Proceedings from (2020), 75.
Anna Carolina Krebs Pereira Regner. 1996. Feyerabend e o pluralismo metodológico. Episteme (Porto Alegre): filosofia e história das ciências em revista. Porto Alegre. Vol. 1, n. 2 (1996), p. 61-78 (1996).
Diego Saez-Trumper, Carlos Castillo, and Mounia Lalmas. 2013. Social media news communities: gatekeeping, coverage, and statement bias. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Information & Knowledge Management. 1679–1684.
Sapo. 2021. Polígrafo. [link] [Online; accessed 8. Jun. 2021].
Marina Sbisà and Paolo Fabbri. 1980. Models for a pragmatic analysis. Journal of Pragmatics 4, 4 (1980), 301–319.
Kai Shu, Suhang Wang, and Huan Liu. 2019. Beyond news contents: The role of social context for fake news detection. In Proceedings of the twelfth ACM international conference on web search and data mining. 312–320.
Ronald Stamper. 1991. The semiotic framework for informatio systems research. Information systems research: Contemporary approaches and emergent traditions (1991), 515–528.
R.K. Stamper. 1994. Social Norms in Requirements Analysis - an outline of MEASUR. Academic Press, United States, 107–139.
Ronald Stamper, Kecheng Liu, Mark Hafkamp, and Yasser Ades. 2000. Understanding the roles of signs and norms in organizations-a semiotic approach to information systems design. Behaviour & information technology 19, 1 (2000), 15–27.
Kate Starbird, Ahmer Arif, and Tom Wilson. 2019. Disinformation as collaborative work: Surfacing the participatory nature of strategic information operations. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW (2019), 1–26.
Shiliang Tang, Qingyun Liu, Megan McQueen, Scott Counts, Apurv Jain, Heather Zheng, and Ben Zhao. 2017. Echo chambers in investment discussion boards. In Proceedings of the 17th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM 2017).
Uol. 2020. Coronavírus: Grupos usam notícias falsas para apoiar postura de Bolsonaro. UOL (Mar 2020). [link]
Uol. 2021. Com anúncio pró-cloroquina, jornais depõem contra trabalho de jornalistas. UOL (Feb. 2021). [link]
Qi Wang, Tun Lu, Xianghua Ding, and Ning Gu. 2014. Think twice before reposting it: Promoting accountable behavior on Sina Weibo. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 18th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD). IEEE, 463–468.
Xinyi Zhou and Reza Zafarani. 2020. A Survey of Fake News: Fundamental Theories, Detection Methods, and Opportunities. ACM Comput. Surv. 53, 5, Article 109 (sep 2020), 40 pages. DOI: 10.1145/3395046
Publicado
16/10/2023
Como Citar
PUSKA, Alisson Andery; PEREIRA, Roberto.
Exploring Digital Misinformation as a Sociotechnical Phenomenon: Insights from a Small-scale Study. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO SOBRE FATORES HUMANOS EM SISTEMAS COMPUTACIONAIS (IHC), 22. , 2023, Maceió/AL.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2023
.
