How Social Media Platforms Manipulate Kidinfluencers? Analysing the Adoption of Deceptive Design Patterns by Big Techs
Resumo
The term kidinfluencer denotes children who produce entertaining content for social media platforms such as TikTok and Instagram. These young artists frequently publish videos or pictures that highlight their skills, pastimes or general activities in their daily routines, which draws a sizable audience. This can result in business collaborations with platform partners, providing children and caregivers with several options for income. Despite the success and fame of a few kidinfluencers, their use of social media has also sparked worries about their privacy, safety, and potential exploitation. This article explores this phenomenon from the perspective of risks brought by social media platforms, which treat children as relevant content creators but neglect their well-being and autonomy online. By mapping previous studies on the topic, we investigate the scenario of young influencers, using the notion of deceptive design patterns as a lens of analysis of platform manipulation of children’s decisions and interests. To address the identified problems caused by these patterns, we present a set of prototypes as suggestions for changing platforms’ features in order to safeguard children’s rights and best interests online.
Palavras-chave:
kid influencers, social networks, child labor, artistic labor
Referências
[n.d.]. Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados (LGPD). Retrieved July 19, 2023 from [link]
Instituto Alana. 2021. Representação sobre publicidade infantil massiva dirigida às crianças. [link]
Instituto Alana. 2022. O trabalho infantil artístico nas redes sociais. Instituto Alana. Retrieved May 09, 2023 from [link]
Saleem Alhabash and Mengyan Ma. 2017. A Tale of Four Platforms: Motivations and Uses of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat Among College Students?Social Media + Society 3, 1 (2017), 2056305117691544.
United Nations General Assembly. 1989. Convention on the rights of the child.
Harry Brignull. 2018. Dark Patterns. Deceptive Patterns. Retrieved April 23, 2023 from [link]
Melinda C. R. Burgess, Karen E. Dill, S. Paul Stermer, Stephen R. Burgess, and Brian P. Brown. 2011. Playing With Prejudice: The Prevalence and Consequences of Racial Stereotypes in Video Games. Media Psychology 14, 3 (2011), 289–311. DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2011.596467
Ishita Chordia, Lena Phuong Tran, Emily Parrish, Sheena Lewis Erete, Jason C Yip, and Alexis Hiniker. 2023. Deceptive Design Patterns in Safety Technologies: A Case Study of the Citizen App. Association for Computing Machinery.
David Craig and Stuart Cunningham. 2017. Toy unboxing: living in a(n unregulated) material world. Media International Australia 163, 1 (2017), 77–86.
Zak Doffman. 2020. Warning—Apple Suddenly Catches TikTok Secretly Spying On Millions Of iPhone Users. [link]
Gavin Feller and Benjamin Burroughs. 2022. Branding Kidfluencers: Regulating Content and Advertising on YouTube. Television & New Media 23, 6 (2022), 575–592.
Royal Society for Public Health. 2017. Social media and young people’s mental health and wellbeing. Royal Society for Public Health. Retrieved April 25, 2023 from [link]
FTC. 2019. Google and YouTube Will Pay Record 170 Million for Alleged Violations of Children’s Privacy Law. Retrieved April 24, 2023 from [link]
Jonathan F Geider. 2021. How to (not) exploit your internet child star: unregulated child labor on YouTube, Instagram and Social Media. (2021).
Sarah Gibbons. 2018. Journey Mapping 101. Nielsen Norman Group. Retrieved July 20, 2023 from [link]
Colin M Gray, Yubo Kou, Bryan Battles, Joseph Hoggatt, and Austin L Toombs. 2018. The dark (patterns) side of UX design. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. 1–14.
The Guardian. 2019. YouTube fined $170m for collecting children’s personal data. [link]
Mengjia Hu and Xumin Wu. 2018. Research on Children’s Network Privacy Protection in Mobile Social Media. IEEE 20th Int’l Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications (2018).
Liselot Hudders, Pieter De Pauw, Veroline Cauberghe, Katarina Panic, Brahim Zarouali, and Esther Rozendaal. 2017. Shedding new light on how advertising literacy can affect children’s processing of embedded advertising formats: a future research agenda. Journal of Advertising 46 (2017), 333–349.
Özlem KALAN. 2020. Digital transformation in marketing: A sample review on kid influencer marketing and toy unboxing videos on YouTube. IN MEDIA & SOCIETY (2020), 127.
Fernando Kamei, Igor Wiese, Crescencio Lima, Ivanilton Polato, Vilmar Nepomuceno, Waldemar Ferreira, Márcio Ribeiro, Carolline Pena, Bruno Cartaxo, Gustavo Pinto, 2021. Grey literature in software engineering: A critical review. Information and Software Technology 138 (2021), 106609.
Cherie Lacey and Catherine Caudwell. 2019. Cuteness as a ‘dark pattern’in home robots. In 2019 14th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). IEEE, 374–381.
Natasha Lomas. 2021. Ireland probes TikTok’s handling of kids’ data and transfers to China. TechCrunch. Retrieved May 15, 2023 from [link]
Konstantinos Manikas and Klaus Marius Hansen. 2013. Software ecosystems–A systematic literature review. Journal of Systems and Soft. 86, 5 (2013), 1294–1306.
Arunesh Mathur, Mihir Kshirsagar, and Jonathan Mayer. 2021. What Makes a Dark Pattern... Dark?. In 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM.
LGM Nelissen and Mathias Funk. 2022. Rationalizing dark patterns: Examining the process of designing privacy UX through speculative enactments. International Journal of Design 16, 1 (2022), 75–92.
Nic.Br. 2023. TIC Kids Online Brasil: qualidade da conexão e dos dispositivos afetam a participação de crianças e adolescentes na Internet. Retrieved May 15, 2023 from [link]
Benjamin Nicoll and Bjorn Nansen. 2018. Mimetic Production in YouTube Toy Unboxing Videos. Social Media + Society 4, 3 (2018).
Ofcom. 2022. Children and parents: media use and attitudes report 2022. Ofcom. Retrieved May 02, 2023 from [link]
Erin E. O’Neill. 2019. Influencing the Future: Compensating Children in the Age of SocialMedia Influencer Marketing. Stanford Law Review Online 72 (2019), 62–68. [link]
European Parliament. 2016. General Data Protection Regulation. European Parliament. Retrieved May 04, 2023 from [link]
Correio Braziliense Sarah Perez. October 09, 2020. França é o primeiro país a regulamentar atividade de influenciadores mirins. [link]
Tech Crunch Sarah Perez. August 10, 2021. Google to introduce increased protections for minors on its platform, including Search, YouTube and more. [link]
Ali Permanasari. 2021. The Urgency of Child Labor Rights Protection as an Influencer. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Education, Humanities, Health and Agriculture, ICEHHA 2021, 3-4 June 2021. CCER, Ruteng, Flores, Indonesia, 236–244.
Jenny Radesky, Alexis Hiniker, Caroline McLaren, Eliz Akgun, Alexandria Schaller, Heidi M Weeks, Scott Campbell, and Ashley N Gearhardt. 2022. Prevalence and characteristics of manipulative design in mobile applications used by children. JAMA Network Open 5, 6 (2022), e2217641–e2217641.
Yolanda Linda Reid Chassiakos, Jenny Radesky, Dimitri Christakis, Megan A Moreno, Corinn Cross, David Hill, Nusheen Ameenuddin, Jeffrey Hutchinson, Alanna Levine, Rhea Boyd, 2016. Children and adolescents and digital media. Pediatrics 138, 5 (2016).
Data Bridge Market Research. 2022. Global Influencer Marketing Platform Market – Industry Trends and Forecast to 2029. Data Bridge Market Research. Retrieved May 15, 2023 from [link]
Kirstin Ridley. 2021. TikTok faces claim for billions in London child privacy lawsuit. Reuters. Retrieved May 15, 2023 from [link]
Frenkel S., Mac R., and M. Isaac. 2021. Instagram struggles with fears of losing its ‘pipeline’: Young users. [link] Last accessed Oct 5, 2022.
Alex Sherman. 2020. TikTok reveals detailed user numbers for the first time. CNBC. Retrieved April 29, 2023 from [link]
Aaron Smith, Skye Toor, and Patrick Van Kessel. 2018. Many Turn to YouTube for Children’s Content, News, How-To Lessons. Pew Research Center. Retrieved April 23, 2023 from [link]
Elisabeth Staksrud, Kjartan Ólafsson, and Sonia Livingstone. 2013. Does the use of social networking sites increase children’s risk of harm?Computers in Human Behavior 29, 1 (2013), 40–50. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.026 Including Special Section Youth, Internet, and Wellbeing.
American Community Survey. 2019. Children’s Internet Access at Hom. National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved July 20, 2023 from [link]
De Veirman, Marijke, Hudders, Liselot, Nelson, and Michelle R.2019. What Is Influencer Marketing and How Does It Target Children? A Review and Direction for Future Research. Frontiers in Psychology 10 (2019).
Daniel Kardefelt Winther. 2017. How Does the Time Children Spend Using Digital Technology Impact Their Mental Well-being, Social Relationships and Physical Activity? An Evidence-focused Literature Review. Technical Report 2017-02. UNICEF Office of Research.
Youtube. 2020. Dicas e ferramentas para sua família. YouTube. Retrieved April 24, 2023 from [link]
Jeong Jin Yu, Hyeonyee Kim, and Ian Hay. 2013. Understanding adolescents’ problematic Internet use from a social/cognitive and addiction research framework. Computers in Human Behavior 29, 6 (2013), 2682–2689.
Instituto Alana. 2021. Representação sobre publicidade infantil massiva dirigida às crianças. [link]
Instituto Alana. 2022. O trabalho infantil artístico nas redes sociais. Instituto Alana. Retrieved May 09, 2023 from [link]
Saleem Alhabash and Mengyan Ma. 2017. A Tale of Four Platforms: Motivations and Uses of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat Among College Students?Social Media + Society 3, 1 (2017), 2056305117691544.
United Nations General Assembly. 1989. Convention on the rights of the child.
Harry Brignull. 2018. Dark Patterns. Deceptive Patterns. Retrieved April 23, 2023 from [link]
Melinda C. R. Burgess, Karen E. Dill, S. Paul Stermer, Stephen R. Burgess, and Brian P. Brown. 2011. Playing With Prejudice: The Prevalence and Consequences of Racial Stereotypes in Video Games. Media Psychology 14, 3 (2011), 289–311. DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2011.596467
Ishita Chordia, Lena Phuong Tran, Emily Parrish, Sheena Lewis Erete, Jason C Yip, and Alexis Hiniker. 2023. Deceptive Design Patterns in Safety Technologies: A Case Study of the Citizen App. Association for Computing Machinery.
David Craig and Stuart Cunningham. 2017. Toy unboxing: living in a(n unregulated) material world. Media International Australia 163, 1 (2017), 77–86.
Zak Doffman. 2020. Warning—Apple Suddenly Catches TikTok Secretly Spying On Millions Of iPhone Users. [link]
Gavin Feller and Benjamin Burroughs. 2022. Branding Kidfluencers: Regulating Content and Advertising on YouTube. Television & New Media 23, 6 (2022), 575–592.
Royal Society for Public Health. 2017. Social media and young people’s mental health and wellbeing. Royal Society for Public Health. Retrieved April 25, 2023 from [link]
FTC. 2019. Google and YouTube Will Pay Record 170 Million for Alleged Violations of Children’s Privacy Law. Retrieved April 24, 2023 from [link]
Jonathan F Geider. 2021. How to (not) exploit your internet child star: unregulated child labor on YouTube, Instagram and Social Media. (2021).
Sarah Gibbons. 2018. Journey Mapping 101. Nielsen Norman Group. Retrieved July 20, 2023 from [link]
Colin M Gray, Yubo Kou, Bryan Battles, Joseph Hoggatt, and Austin L Toombs. 2018. The dark (patterns) side of UX design. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. 1–14.
The Guardian. 2019. YouTube fined $170m for collecting children’s personal data. [link]
Mengjia Hu and Xumin Wu. 2018. Research on Children’s Network Privacy Protection in Mobile Social Media. IEEE 20th Int’l Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications (2018).
Liselot Hudders, Pieter De Pauw, Veroline Cauberghe, Katarina Panic, Brahim Zarouali, and Esther Rozendaal. 2017. Shedding new light on how advertising literacy can affect children’s processing of embedded advertising formats: a future research agenda. Journal of Advertising 46 (2017), 333–349.
Özlem KALAN. 2020. Digital transformation in marketing: A sample review on kid influencer marketing and toy unboxing videos on YouTube. IN MEDIA & SOCIETY (2020), 127.
Fernando Kamei, Igor Wiese, Crescencio Lima, Ivanilton Polato, Vilmar Nepomuceno, Waldemar Ferreira, Márcio Ribeiro, Carolline Pena, Bruno Cartaxo, Gustavo Pinto, 2021. Grey literature in software engineering: A critical review. Information and Software Technology 138 (2021), 106609.
Cherie Lacey and Catherine Caudwell. 2019. Cuteness as a ‘dark pattern’in home robots. In 2019 14th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). IEEE, 374–381.
Natasha Lomas. 2021. Ireland probes TikTok’s handling of kids’ data and transfers to China. TechCrunch. Retrieved May 15, 2023 from [link]
Konstantinos Manikas and Klaus Marius Hansen. 2013. Software ecosystems–A systematic literature review. Journal of Systems and Soft. 86, 5 (2013), 1294–1306.
Arunesh Mathur, Mihir Kshirsagar, and Jonathan Mayer. 2021. What Makes a Dark Pattern... Dark?. In 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM.
LGM Nelissen and Mathias Funk. 2022. Rationalizing dark patterns: Examining the process of designing privacy UX through speculative enactments. International Journal of Design 16, 1 (2022), 75–92.
Nic.Br. 2023. TIC Kids Online Brasil: qualidade da conexão e dos dispositivos afetam a participação de crianças e adolescentes na Internet. Retrieved May 15, 2023 from [link]
Benjamin Nicoll and Bjorn Nansen. 2018. Mimetic Production in YouTube Toy Unboxing Videos. Social Media + Society 4, 3 (2018).
Ofcom. 2022. Children and parents: media use and attitudes report 2022. Ofcom. Retrieved May 02, 2023 from [link]
Erin E. O’Neill. 2019. Influencing the Future: Compensating Children in the Age of SocialMedia Influencer Marketing. Stanford Law Review Online 72 (2019), 62–68. [link]
European Parliament. 2016. General Data Protection Regulation. European Parliament. Retrieved May 04, 2023 from [link]
Correio Braziliense Sarah Perez. October 09, 2020. França é o primeiro país a regulamentar atividade de influenciadores mirins. [link]
Tech Crunch Sarah Perez. August 10, 2021. Google to introduce increased protections for minors on its platform, including Search, YouTube and more. [link]
Ali Permanasari. 2021. The Urgency of Child Labor Rights Protection as an Influencer. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Education, Humanities, Health and Agriculture, ICEHHA 2021, 3-4 June 2021. CCER, Ruteng, Flores, Indonesia, 236–244.
Jenny Radesky, Alexis Hiniker, Caroline McLaren, Eliz Akgun, Alexandria Schaller, Heidi M Weeks, Scott Campbell, and Ashley N Gearhardt. 2022. Prevalence and characteristics of manipulative design in mobile applications used by children. JAMA Network Open 5, 6 (2022), e2217641–e2217641.
Yolanda Linda Reid Chassiakos, Jenny Radesky, Dimitri Christakis, Megan A Moreno, Corinn Cross, David Hill, Nusheen Ameenuddin, Jeffrey Hutchinson, Alanna Levine, Rhea Boyd, 2016. Children and adolescents and digital media. Pediatrics 138, 5 (2016).
Data Bridge Market Research. 2022. Global Influencer Marketing Platform Market – Industry Trends and Forecast to 2029. Data Bridge Market Research. Retrieved May 15, 2023 from [link]
Kirstin Ridley. 2021. TikTok faces claim for billions in London child privacy lawsuit. Reuters. Retrieved May 15, 2023 from [link]
Frenkel S., Mac R., and M. Isaac. 2021. Instagram struggles with fears of losing its ‘pipeline’: Young users. [link] Last accessed Oct 5, 2022.
Alex Sherman. 2020. TikTok reveals detailed user numbers for the first time. CNBC. Retrieved April 29, 2023 from [link]
Aaron Smith, Skye Toor, and Patrick Van Kessel. 2018. Many Turn to YouTube for Children’s Content, News, How-To Lessons. Pew Research Center. Retrieved April 23, 2023 from [link]
Elisabeth Staksrud, Kjartan Ólafsson, and Sonia Livingstone. 2013. Does the use of social networking sites increase children’s risk of harm?Computers in Human Behavior 29, 1 (2013), 40–50. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.026 Including Special Section Youth, Internet, and Wellbeing.
American Community Survey. 2019. Children’s Internet Access at Hom. National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved July 20, 2023 from [link]
De Veirman, Marijke, Hudders, Liselot, Nelson, and Michelle R.2019. What Is Influencer Marketing and How Does It Target Children? A Review and Direction for Future Research. Frontiers in Psychology 10 (2019).
Daniel Kardefelt Winther. 2017. How Does the Time Children Spend Using Digital Technology Impact Their Mental Well-being, Social Relationships and Physical Activity? An Evidence-focused Literature Review. Technical Report 2017-02. UNICEF Office of Research.
Youtube. 2020. Dicas e ferramentas para sua família. YouTube. Retrieved April 24, 2023 from [link]
Jeong Jin Yu, Hyeonyee Kim, and Ian Hay. 2013. Understanding adolescents’ problematic Internet use from a social/cognitive and addiction research framework. Computers in Human Behavior 29, 6 (2013), 2682–2689.
Publicado
16/10/2023
Como Citar
ALBUQUERQUE, Nathalia Freire; VALENÇA, George Augusto; FALCÃO, Taciana Pontual.
How Social Media Platforms Manipulate Kidinfluencers? Analysing the Adoption of Deceptive Design Patterns by Big Techs. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO SOBRE FATORES HUMANOS EM SISTEMAS COMPUTACIONAIS (IHC), 22. , 2023, Maceió/AL.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2023
.
