Gamification of Virtual Learning Environments: A Narrative and User Experience Approach
Resumo
This research explores the fertile intersection of narrative, gamifica- tion, and education, focusing on user experience (UX). Addressing a critical gap in the literature, we developed and validated a Narrative Gamification Framework for Education. The framework provides educators with tangible guidelines to gamify their lessons, em- phasizing the content’s gameful transformation rather than the environment. Our multi-method research approach spanned a liter- ature review, prototype development, user testing, and validation studies. Results underscored the efficacy of our narrative gamifica- tion strategies in enhancing user engagement and motivation in educational contexts. The research contributes novel insights and practical tools to the fields of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and UX, with implications for the broader context of education. Our findings set the stage for future research, including an ongoing initiative to adapt the framework to engage teachers in a journey of recognition and learning.
Palavras-chave:
Gamification, Virtual learning environments, Narrative, User experience, Personalization, Ontology
Referências
Judson Bandeira, Ig Ibert Bittencourt, Patricia Espinheira, and Seiji Isotani. 2016. FOCA: A methodology for ontology evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1612.03353 (2016).
Tom Bissell. 2011. Extra lives: Why video games matter. Vintage.
Ian Bogost. 2014. Gamification is Bullshit. In The Gameful World (1st ed.). The MIT Press.
Elizabeth A Boyle, Thomas Hainey, Thomas M Connolly, Grant Gray, Jeffrey Earp, Michela Ott, Theodore Lim, Manuel Ninaus, Claudia Ribeiro, and João Pereira. 2016. An update to the systematic literature review of empirical evidence of the impacts and outcomes of computer games and serious games. Computers & Education 94 (2016), 178–192.
Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology 3, 2 (2006), 77–101.
Tim Brown 2008. Design thinking. Harvard business review 86, 6 (2008), 84.
Samantha Clarke, Sylvester Arnab, Ian Dunwell, and Katherine Brown. 2012. PR: EPARe: A game-based approach to relationship guidance for adolescents. Procedia Computer Science 15 (2012), 38–44.
Rafaela Vilela da Rocha, Ig Ibert Bittencourt, and Seiji Isotani. 2015. Análise, Projeto, Desenvolvimento e Avaliação de Jogos Sérios e Afins: uma revisão de desafios e oportunidades. In Brazilian Symposium on Computers in Education (Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática na Educação-SBIE), Vol. 26. 692.
Diego Dermeval and Ig Ibert Bittencourt. 2017. Authoring gamified intelligent tutoring systems. In Anais dos Workshops do Congresso Brasileiro de Informática na Educação, Vol. 6. 14.
Sebastian Deterding, Miguel Sicart, Lennart Nacke, Kenton O’Hara, and Dan Dixon. 2011. From Game Design Elements to Gamefulness: Defining "Gamification". Proceedings of the 2011 annual conference extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems - CHI EA ’11 (2011), 2425. DOI: 10.1145/1979742.1979575 arxiv:11/09 [ACM 978-1-4503-0816-8]
Ian Dunwell, Sara de Freitas, Panagiotis Petridis, Maurice Hendrix, Sylvester Arnab, Petros Lameras, and Craig Stewart. 2014. A game-based learning approach to road safety. In Proceedings of the 32nd annual ACM conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI ’14. ACM Press, New York, New York, USA, 3389–3398. DOI: 10.1145/2556288.2557281
Jill J Francis, Marie Johnston, Clare Robertson, Liz Glidewell, Vikki Entwistle, Martin P Eccles, and Jeremy M Grimshaw. 2010. What is an adequate sample size? Operationalising data saturation for theory-based interview studies. Psychology and health 25, 10 (2010), 1229–1245.
Philipp Herzig, Michael Ameling, and Alexander Schill. 2012. A Generic Platform for Enterprise Gamification. 2012 Joint Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture and European Conference on Software Architecture (2012), 219–223. DOI: 10.1109/WICSA-ECSA.212.33
Alan R Hevner, Salvatore T March, Jinsoo Park, and Sudha Ram. 2004. Design science in information systems research. MIS quarterly (2004), 75–105.
Carl Gustav Jung. 2014. The archetypes and the collective unconscious. Routledge.
Karl M Kapp. 2012. The Gamification of Learning and Instruction: Game-based Methods and Strategies for Training and Education. (2012). [link]
David R Krathwohl. 2002. A revision of Bloom’s taxonomy: An overview. Theory into practice 41, 4 (2002), 212–218. DOI: 10.1207/s15430421tip4104_2
Richard N Landers, Elena M Auer, Andrew B Collmus, and Michael B Armstrong. 2018. Gamification science, its history and future: Definitions and a research agenda. Simulation & Gaming 49, 3 (2018), 315–337.
J Manimaran and T Velmurugan. 2015. Analysing the quality of association rules by computing an interestingness measures. Indian Journal of Science and Technology 8, 15 (2015), 1–12.
Lev Manovich, Roger F Malina, and Sean Cubitt. 2001. The language of new media. MIT press.
Andrzej Marczewski. 2015. Even Ninja Monkeys like to play. London: Blurb Inc (2015).
Riichiro Mizoguchi. 2003. Part 1: introduction to ontological engineering. New generation computing 21, 4 (2003), 365–384.
Alberto Mora, Daniel Riera, Carina Gonzalez, and Joan Arnedo-Moreno. 2015. A Literature Review of Gamification Design Frameworks. In 2015 7th International Conference on Games and Virtual Worlds for Serious Applications (VS-Games). IEEE, 1–8. DOI: 10.1109/VS-GAMES.2015.7295760
Alberto Mora, Daniel Riera, Carina González, and Joan Arnedo-Moreno. 2017. Gamification: a systematic review of design frameworks. Journal of Computing in Higher Education 29, 3 (2017), 516–548.
Gary R Morrison, Steven J Ross, Jennifer R Morrison, and Howard K Kalman. 2019. Designing effective instruction. John Wiley & Sons.
Lennart E Nacke and Sebastian Deterding. 2017. The maturing of gamification research. Computers in Human Behavior 71 (jun 2017), 450–454. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.062
Natalya F Noy, Deborah L McGuinness, 2004. Ontology development 101: A guide to creating your first ontology. 2001. See [link] (2004).
Edeh Michael Onyema, Nwafor Chika Eucheria, Faith Ayobamidele Obafemi, Shuvro Sen, Fyneface Grace Atonye, Aabha Sharma, and Alhuseen Omar Alsayed. 2020. Impact of Coronavirus pandemic on education. Journal of Education and Practice 11, 13 (2020), 108–121.
Paula Palomino, Luiz Rodrigues, Armando Toda, and Seiji Isotani. 2023. Enhancing Students’ Learning Experience Through Gamification: Perspectives and Challenges. In Grand Research Challenges in Games and Entertainment Computing in Brazil-GranDGamesBR 2020–2030: First Forum, GranDGamesBR 2020, Recife, Brazil, November 7-10, 2020, and Second Forum, GranDGamesBR 2021, Gramado, Brazil, October 18–21, 2021, Revised Selected Papers. Springer, 113–133.
Paula Palomino, Armando Toda, Wilk Oliveira, Luiz Rodrigues, Alexandra Cristea, and Seiji Isotani. 2019. Exploring content game elements to support gamification design in educational systems: narrative and storytelling. In Brazilian Symposium on Computers in Education (Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática na Educação-SBIE), Vol. 30. 773.
Paula Toledo Palomino, Seiji Isotani, and Lennart Philipp Erik Nacke. 2022. Gamification of Virtual Learning Environments: A Narrative and User Experience Approach. Ph. D. Dissertation. University of São Paulo.
Paula T Palomino, Luiz Rodrigues, Alessandra Luz, Armando M Toda, Lennart Nacke, and Seiji Isotani. 2023. Predicting user types with symbolic images: An empirical validation based on two card-sorting studies. Entertainment Computing (2023), 100596.
Paula T Palomino, Armando M Toda, Wilk Oliveira, Alexandra I Cristea, and Seiji Isotani. 2019. Narrative for gamification in education : why should you care ?. In International Conference of Advanced Learning Techniques - Icalt 2019.
Paula T Palomino, Armando M Toda, Wilk Oliveira, Luiz Rodrigues, and Seiji Isotani. 2019. Gamification Journey: A Novel Approach for Classifying Gamer Types for Gamified Educational Systems. In Simpósio Brasileiro de Jogos e Entretenimento Digital 2019 (SBGames 2019).
Paula T Palomino, Armando M Toda, Wilk Oliveira, Luiz Rodrigues, and Seiji Isotani. 2019. Teaching Interactive Fiction for Undergraduate Students with the Aid of Information Technologies: An Experience Report. RENOTE-Revista Novas Tecnologias na Educação 17, 3 (2019).
Paula T Palomino, Armando M Toda, Luiz Rodrigues, Wilk Oliveira, Lennart Nacke, and Seiji Isotani. 2023. An ontology for modelling user’profiles and activities in gamified education. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning 18 (2023).
Marc Prensky. 2003. Digital Game-based Learning. Vol. 1. McGraw-Hill, New York. DOI: 10.1145/950566.950596
Paul Ricoeur. 2010. Time and narrative. Vol. 1. University of Chicago Press.
Luiz Rodrigues, Armando M Toda, Wilk Oliveira, Paula T Palomino, Julita Vassileva, and Seiji Isotani. 2021. Automating Gamification Personalization: To the User and Beyond. arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.05718 (2021).
Katie Salen, Katie Salen Tekinbaş, and Eric Zimmerman. 2004. Rules of play: Game design fundamentals. MIT press.
Armando M Toda, Wilk Oliveira, Ana C Klock, Paula T Palomino, Marcelo Pimenta, Isabela Gasparini, Lei Shi, Ig Bittencourt, Seiji Isotani, and Alexandra I Cristea. 2019. A taxonomy of game elements for gamification in educational contexts: Proposal and evaluation. In 2019 IEEE 19th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT), Vol. 2161. IEEE, 84–88.
Armando M. Toda, Pedro H. D. Valle, and Seiji Isotani. 2018. The Dark Side of Gamification: An Overview of Negative Effects of Gamification in Education. In Higher Education for All. From Challenges to Novel Technology-Enhanced Solutions, Alexandra Ioana Cristea, Ig Ibert Bittencourt, and Fernanda Lima (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 143–156. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-97934-2_9
Gustavo F Tondello, Dennis L Kappen, Marim Ganaba, and Lennart E Nacke. 2019. Gameful design heuristics: a gamification inspection tool. In International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Springer, 224–244.
Christopher Vogler. 2007. The Writer’s journey. Michael Wiese Productions Studio City, CA.
Steffen P Waltz and Sebastian Deterding. 2015. The Gameful World: Approaches, Issues, Applications. [link]
Kevin. Werbach and Dan Hunter. 2012. For the Win: How Game Thinking Can Revolutionize Your Business. Wharton Digital Press. 144 pages. [link]
Tom Bissell. 2011. Extra lives: Why video games matter. Vintage.
Ian Bogost. 2014. Gamification is Bullshit. In The Gameful World (1st ed.). The MIT Press.
Elizabeth A Boyle, Thomas Hainey, Thomas M Connolly, Grant Gray, Jeffrey Earp, Michela Ott, Theodore Lim, Manuel Ninaus, Claudia Ribeiro, and João Pereira. 2016. An update to the systematic literature review of empirical evidence of the impacts and outcomes of computer games and serious games. Computers & Education 94 (2016), 178–192.
Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology 3, 2 (2006), 77–101.
Tim Brown 2008. Design thinking. Harvard business review 86, 6 (2008), 84.
Samantha Clarke, Sylvester Arnab, Ian Dunwell, and Katherine Brown. 2012. PR: EPARe: A game-based approach to relationship guidance for adolescents. Procedia Computer Science 15 (2012), 38–44.
Rafaela Vilela da Rocha, Ig Ibert Bittencourt, and Seiji Isotani. 2015. Análise, Projeto, Desenvolvimento e Avaliação de Jogos Sérios e Afins: uma revisão de desafios e oportunidades. In Brazilian Symposium on Computers in Education (Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática na Educação-SBIE), Vol. 26. 692.
Diego Dermeval and Ig Ibert Bittencourt. 2017. Authoring gamified intelligent tutoring systems. In Anais dos Workshops do Congresso Brasileiro de Informática na Educação, Vol. 6. 14.
Sebastian Deterding, Miguel Sicart, Lennart Nacke, Kenton O’Hara, and Dan Dixon. 2011. From Game Design Elements to Gamefulness: Defining "Gamification". Proceedings of the 2011 annual conference extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems - CHI EA ’11 (2011), 2425. DOI: 10.1145/1979742.1979575 arxiv:11/09 [ACM 978-1-4503-0816-8]
Ian Dunwell, Sara de Freitas, Panagiotis Petridis, Maurice Hendrix, Sylvester Arnab, Petros Lameras, and Craig Stewart. 2014. A game-based learning approach to road safety. In Proceedings of the 32nd annual ACM conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI ’14. ACM Press, New York, New York, USA, 3389–3398. DOI: 10.1145/2556288.2557281
Jill J Francis, Marie Johnston, Clare Robertson, Liz Glidewell, Vikki Entwistle, Martin P Eccles, and Jeremy M Grimshaw. 2010. What is an adequate sample size? Operationalising data saturation for theory-based interview studies. Psychology and health 25, 10 (2010), 1229–1245.
Philipp Herzig, Michael Ameling, and Alexander Schill. 2012. A Generic Platform for Enterprise Gamification. 2012 Joint Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture and European Conference on Software Architecture (2012), 219–223. DOI: 10.1109/WICSA-ECSA.212.33
Alan R Hevner, Salvatore T March, Jinsoo Park, and Sudha Ram. 2004. Design science in information systems research. MIS quarterly (2004), 75–105.
Carl Gustav Jung. 2014. The archetypes and the collective unconscious. Routledge.
Karl M Kapp. 2012. The Gamification of Learning and Instruction: Game-based Methods and Strategies for Training and Education. (2012). [link]
David R Krathwohl. 2002. A revision of Bloom’s taxonomy: An overview. Theory into practice 41, 4 (2002), 212–218. DOI: 10.1207/s15430421tip4104_2
Richard N Landers, Elena M Auer, Andrew B Collmus, and Michael B Armstrong. 2018. Gamification science, its history and future: Definitions and a research agenda. Simulation & Gaming 49, 3 (2018), 315–337.
J Manimaran and T Velmurugan. 2015. Analysing the quality of association rules by computing an interestingness measures. Indian Journal of Science and Technology 8, 15 (2015), 1–12.
Lev Manovich, Roger F Malina, and Sean Cubitt. 2001. The language of new media. MIT press.
Andrzej Marczewski. 2015. Even Ninja Monkeys like to play. London: Blurb Inc (2015).
Riichiro Mizoguchi. 2003. Part 1: introduction to ontological engineering. New generation computing 21, 4 (2003), 365–384.
Alberto Mora, Daniel Riera, Carina Gonzalez, and Joan Arnedo-Moreno. 2015. A Literature Review of Gamification Design Frameworks. In 2015 7th International Conference on Games and Virtual Worlds for Serious Applications (VS-Games). IEEE, 1–8. DOI: 10.1109/VS-GAMES.2015.7295760
Alberto Mora, Daniel Riera, Carina González, and Joan Arnedo-Moreno. 2017. Gamification: a systematic review of design frameworks. Journal of Computing in Higher Education 29, 3 (2017), 516–548.
Gary R Morrison, Steven J Ross, Jennifer R Morrison, and Howard K Kalman. 2019. Designing effective instruction. John Wiley & Sons.
Lennart E Nacke and Sebastian Deterding. 2017. The maturing of gamification research. Computers in Human Behavior 71 (jun 2017), 450–454. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.062
Natalya F Noy, Deborah L McGuinness, 2004. Ontology development 101: A guide to creating your first ontology. 2001. See [link] (2004).
Edeh Michael Onyema, Nwafor Chika Eucheria, Faith Ayobamidele Obafemi, Shuvro Sen, Fyneface Grace Atonye, Aabha Sharma, and Alhuseen Omar Alsayed. 2020. Impact of Coronavirus pandemic on education. Journal of Education and Practice 11, 13 (2020), 108–121.
Paula Palomino, Luiz Rodrigues, Armando Toda, and Seiji Isotani. 2023. Enhancing Students’ Learning Experience Through Gamification: Perspectives and Challenges. In Grand Research Challenges in Games and Entertainment Computing in Brazil-GranDGamesBR 2020–2030: First Forum, GranDGamesBR 2020, Recife, Brazil, November 7-10, 2020, and Second Forum, GranDGamesBR 2021, Gramado, Brazil, October 18–21, 2021, Revised Selected Papers. Springer, 113–133.
Paula Palomino, Armando Toda, Wilk Oliveira, Luiz Rodrigues, Alexandra Cristea, and Seiji Isotani. 2019. Exploring content game elements to support gamification design in educational systems: narrative and storytelling. In Brazilian Symposium on Computers in Education (Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática na Educação-SBIE), Vol. 30. 773.
Paula Toledo Palomino, Seiji Isotani, and Lennart Philipp Erik Nacke. 2022. Gamification of Virtual Learning Environments: A Narrative and User Experience Approach. Ph. D. Dissertation. University of São Paulo.
Paula T Palomino, Luiz Rodrigues, Alessandra Luz, Armando M Toda, Lennart Nacke, and Seiji Isotani. 2023. Predicting user types with symbolic images: An empirical validation based on two card-sorting studies. Entertainment Computing (2023), 100596.
Paula T Palomino, Armando M Toda, Wilk Oliveira, Alexandra I Cristea, and Seiji Isotani. 2019. Narrative for gamification in education : why should you care ?. In International Conference of Advanced Learning Techniques - Icalt 2019.
Paula T Palomino, Armando M Toda, Wilk Oliveira, Luiz Rodrigues, and Seiji Isotani. 2019. Gamification Journey: A Novel Approach for Classifying Gamer Types for Gamified Educational Systems. In Simpósio Brasileiro de Jogos e Entretenimento Digital 2019 (SBGames 2019).
Paula T Palomino, Armando M Toda, Wilk Oliveira, Luiz Rodrigues, and Seiji Isotani. 2019. Teaching Interactive Fiction for Undergraduate Students with the Aid of Information Technologies: An Experience Report. RENOTE-Revista Novas Tecnologias na Educação 17, 3 (2019).
Paula T Palomino, Armando M Toda, Luiz Rodrigues, Wilk Oliveira, Lennart Nacke, and Seiji Isotani. 2023. An ontology for modelling user’profiles and activities in gamified education. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning 18 (2023).
Marc Prensky. 2003. Digital Game-based Learning. Vol. 1. McGraw-Hill, New York. DOI: 10.1145/950566.950596
Paul Ricoeur. 2010. Time and narrative. Vol. 1. University of Chicago Press.
Luiz Rodrigues, Armando M Toda, Wilk Oliveira, Paula T Palomino, Julita Vassileva, and Seiji Isotani. 2021. Automating Gamification Personalization: To the User and Beyond. arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.05718 (2021).
Katie Salen, Katie Salen Tekinbaş, and Eric Zimmerman. 2004. Rules of play: Game design fundamentals. MIT press.
Armando M Toda, Wilk Oliveira, Ana C Klock, Paula T Palomino, Marcelo Pimenta, Isabela Gasparini, Lei Shi, Ig Bittencourt, Seiji Isotani, and Alexandra I Cristea. 2019. A taxonomy of game elements for gamification in educational contexts: Proposal and evaluation. In 2019 IEEE 19th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT), Vol. 2161. IEEE, 84–88.
Armando M. Toda, Pedro H. D. Valle, and Seiji Isotani. 2018. The Dark Side of Gamification: An Overview of Negative Effects of Gamification in Education. In Higher Education for All. From Challenges to Novel Technology-Enhanced Solutions, Alexandra Ioana Cristea, Ig Ibert Bittencourt, and Fernanda Lima (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 143–156. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-97934-2_9
Gustavo F Tondello, Dennis L Kappen, Marim Ganaba, and Lennart E Nacke. 2019. Gameful design heuristics: a gamification inspection tool. In International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Springer, 224–244.
Christopher Vogler. 2007. The Writer’s journey. Michael Wiese Productions Studio City, CA.
Steffen P Waltz and Sebastian Deterding. 2015. The Gameful World: Approaches, Issues, Applications. [link]
Kevin. Werbach and Dan Hunter. 2012. For the Win: How Game Thinking Can Revolutionize Your Business. Wharton Digital Press. 144 pages. [link]
Publicado
16/10/2023
Como Citar
TOLEDO PALOMINO, Paula; NACKE, Lennart; ISOTANI, Seiji.
Gamification of Virtual Learning Environments: A Narrative and User Experience Approach. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO SOBRE FATORES HUMANOS EM SISTEMAS COMPUTACIONAIS (IHC), 22. , 2023, Maceió/AL.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2023
.
