Understanding the Accessibility Barriers Faced by Learners with Visual Impairments in Computer Programming
Resumo
Assistive Technology (AT) has facilitated the integration and inclusion of people with disabilities in society. Regarding the visually impaired, the use of AT can be crucial in ensuring access to Information and Communication Technologies. However, in technical and higher-level courses related to computing, the use of AT may not be sufficient to ensure that these students comprehend the concepts addressed in the subjects and have access to all the resources provided by the tools necessary for their professional training. This is because screen readers, the main accessibility resource used by the visually impaired to interact with digital systems, generally perform a linear reading of the content available in the graphical interface, which can demand more time and effort from users. Additionally, this approach may limit access to information. This is particularly relevant in the case of Integrated Development Environment (IDEs), which have complex visual interfaces that may not be accessible to screen readers if accessibility requirements are not correctly implemented. Therefore, this study seeks to identify the barriers to interaction with IDEs faced by students in Computer Programming classes. The research involved surveying 12 professors of disciplines related to the area of Computer Programming who taught students with visual impairment. Additionally, interviews were conducted with 6 students and graduates with visual impairments from Technical and Higher Education courses in the area of Computing. The data were analyzed using Content Analysis. The results confirmed those already identified in the literature and also revealed new barriers.
Palavras-chave:
Human-Computer Interaction, Assistive Technology, Accessibility, Visual Impairment, Computer Programming
Referências
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Khaled Albusays, Pernille Bjorn, Laura Dabbish, Denae Ford, Emerson Murphy-Hill, Alexander Serebrenik, and Margaret-Anne Storey. 2021. The diversity crisis in software development. IEEE Software 38, 2 (2021), 19–25.
Khaled Albusays and Stephanie Ludi. 2016. Eliciting programming challenges faced by developers with visual impairments: exploratory study. In Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering. 82–85.
Khaled Albusays, Stephanie Ludi, and Matt Huenerfauth. 2017. Interviews and observation of blind software developers at work to understand code navigation challenges. In Proceedings of the 19th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility. 91–100.
Erick Antonio Alves, Paula Christina Figueira Cardoso, and André Pimenta Freire. 2018. Automatically Generated Summaries as In-Page Web Navigation Accelerators for Blind Users. In Proceedings of the 17th Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1–8.
Vassilios Argyropoulos, Afroditi Paveli, and Magda Nikolaraizi. 2019. The role of DAISY digital talking books in the education of individuals with blindness: A pilot study. Education and Information Technologies 24, 1 (2019), 693–709.
Ali Selman Aydin, Shirin Feiz, Vikas Ashok, and IV Ramakrishnan. 2020. Sail: Saliency-driven injection of aria landmarks. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces. 111–115.
Simone Barbosa and Bruno Silva. 2010. Interação humano-computador. Elsevier Brasil.
Laurence Bardin. 2015. Análise de Conteúdo. Edições 70.
Rita Bersch. 2008. Introdução à tecnologia assistiva. Porto Alegre: CEDI 21 (2008).
Casa Civil. 2015. Lei Nº 13.146, de 6 de julho 2015. Institui a lei brasileira de inclusão da pessoa com deficiência (estatuto da pessoa com deficiência). Brasília (2015).
Câmara dos Deputados. 2004. DECRETO Nº 5.296, DE 2 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2004. Define Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Educação Profissional Técnica de Nível Médio. Portal do MEC, Brasília, DF (2004).
Rafael José Geraldo. 2016. Um auxílio à navegação acessível na web para usuários cegos. Ph. D. Dissertation. Universidade de São Paulo.
Antonio Carlos Gil. 2021. Métodos e técnicas de pesquisa social. 6. ed. Ediitora Atlas SA.
Cally Guerin, Asangi Jayatilaka, and Damith Ranasinghe. 2015. Why start a higher degree by research? An exploratory factor analysis of motivations to undertake doctoral studies. Higher Education Research & Development 34, 1 (2015), 89–104.
Ítalo José Bastos Guimarães 2016. Acessibilidade em websites de comércio eletrônico: avaliação através da interação com usuários cegos. (2016).
Ítalo José Bastos Guimarães 2021. Diretrizes de acessibilidade em websites de comércio eletrônico para usuários cegos. (2021).
Alex Hadwen-Bennett, Sue Sentance, and Cecily Morrison. 2018. Making programming accessible to learners with visual impairments: a literature review. International Journal of Computer Science Education in Schools 2, 2 (2018), 3–13.
Earl W Huff, Kwajo Boateng, Makayla Moster, Paige Rodeghero, and Julian Brinkley. 2020. Examining the work experience of programmers with visual impairments. In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME). IEEE, 707–711.
Jalal Ismaili 2017. Mobile learning as alternative to assistive technology devices for special needs students. Education and Information Technologies 22, 3 (2017), 883–899.
ISO/IEC. 2018. ISO/IEC 9241. Ergonomia da interação humano-sistema. PArte 171: Orientações sobre acessibilidade de software. ISO/IEC.
Abhishek Jariwala, Daniela Marghitu, and Richard Chapman. 2020. MyA+ Math: Teaching Math to Students with Vision Impairment. In International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Springer, 200–211.
Akif Khan and Shah Khusro. 2019. Blind-friendly user interfaces–a pilot study on improving the accessibility of touchscreen interfaces. Multimedia Tools and Applications 78, 13 (2019), 17495–17519.
Akif Khan, Shah Khusro, Badam Niazi, Jamil Ahmad, Iftikhar Alam, and Inayat Khan. 2020. TetraMail: a usable email client for blind people. Universal Access in the Information Society 19, 1 (2020), 113–132.
Rushil Khurana, Duncan McIsaac, Elliot Lockerman, and Jennifer Mankoff. 2018. Nonvisual interaction techniques at the keyboard surface. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1–12.
Barbara Leporini and Fabio Paternò. 2004. Increasing usability when interacting through screen readers. Universal access in the information society 3, 1 (2004), 57–70.
Travis Lowdermilk. 2013. Design Centrado no Usuário: um guia para o desenvolvimento de aplicativos amigáveis. Novatec Editora.
Elke Mattheiss, Georg Regal, David Sellitsch, and Manfred Tscheligi. 2017. User-centred design with visually impaired pupils: A case study of a game editor for orientation and mobility training. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction 11 (2017), 12–18.
Sean Mealin and Emerson Murphy-Hill. 2012. An exploratory study of blind software developers. In 2012 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC). IEEE, 71–74.
Gourav Modanwal and Kishor Sarawadekar. 2016. Development of a new dactylology and writing support system especially for blinds. In 2016 13th Conference on Computer and Robot Vision (CRV). IEEE, 362–369.
Gourav Modanwal and Kishor Sarawadekar. 2017. A new dactylology and interactive system development for blind–computer interaction. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 48, 2 (2017), 207–212.
Aboubakar Mountapmbeme, Obianuju Okafor, and Stephanie Ludi. 2022. Addressing Accessibility Barriers in Programming for People with Visual Impairments: A Literature Review. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS) 15, 1 (2022), 1–26.
Manoranjitham Muniandy and Suziah Sulaiman. 2017. Touch sensation as part of multimedia design elements to improve computer accessibility for the blind users. In 2017 International Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems (ICRIIS). IEEE, 1–6.
Tomas Murillo-Morales and Klaus Miesenberger. 2020. AUDiaL: A Natural Language Interface to Make Statistical Charts Accessible to Blind Persons. In International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs. Springer, 373–384.
NVDA. 2022. NVDA, the free and open source Screen Reader for Microsoft Windows. [link]. (Accessed on 06/14/2022).
Venkatesh Potluri, Priyan Vaithilingam, Suresh Iyengar, Y Vidya, Manohar Swaminathan, and Gopal Srinivasa. 2018. Codetalk: Improving programming environment accessibility for visually impaired developers. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.1–11.
Mercy Rajaselvi, F Jane Gloria, V Mohitha, and Guhan Selvarajan. 2020. A Survey of Programming Editors for the Visually Impaired. Journal of Engineering Research and Application 10 (2020).
Uday Sagale, Ganesh Bhutkar, Mahadev Karad, and Nikhil Jathar. 2018. An Eye-Free Android application for visually impaired users. In Ergonomics in Caring for People. Springer, 291–297.
Fábio Pinheiro dos Santos 2018. Compreendendo estratégias e barreiras para a adoção da governança digital em estados brasileiros. (2018).
Josiane Pereira TORRES, Carolina Severino Lopes da COSTA, and Gerusa Ferreira LOURENÇO. 2016. Substituição sensorial visuo-tatil e visuo-auditiva em pessoas com deficiência visual: uma revisão sistemática. Revista Brasileira de Educação Especial 22 (2016), 605–618.
Emmanuel Utreras and Enrico Pontelli. 2020. Design of a Tangible Programming Tool for Students with Visual Impairments and Low Vision. In International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Springer, 304–314.
Rishi Vanukuru. 2020. Accessible Spatial Audio Interfaces: A Pilot Study into Screen Readers with Concurrent Speech. In Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1–6.
W3C. [n. d.]. World Wide Web Consortium. [link]. (Accessed on 05/26/2022).
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). 1998. Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). [link]. (Accessed on 05/30/2022).
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). 2018. Diretrizes de Acessibilidade para Conteúdo Web (WCAG) 2.1 - Português. [link]. (Accessed on 05/26/2022).
Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI/W3C). 2009. Accessible rich internet applications (WAI-ARIA). [link]. (Accessed on 05/26/2022).
Eliana Zen, Marcelo da Silveira Siedler, Vinicius Kruger da Costa, and Tatiana Aires Tavares. 2023. Assistive Technology to Assist the Visually Impaired in Computer Programming: A Systematic Literature Review. iSys - Brazilian Journal of Information Systems 16, 1 (May 2023), 6:1–6:27. DOI: 10.5753/isys.2023.2890
Eliana Zen, Marcelo da Silveira Siedler, Vinícius Kruger da Costa, and Tatiana A. Tavares. 2022. Assistive Technology to Assist the Visually Impaired in the Use of ICTs: A Systematic Literature Review. XVIII Brazilian Symposium on Information Systems (2022).
Dave Zubrow. 2004. Software quality requirements and evaluation, the ISO 25000 series. Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon (2004).
Khaled Albusays, Pernille Bjorn, Laura Dabbish, Denae Ford, Emerson Murphy-Hill, Alexander Serebrenik, and Margaret-Anne Storey. 2021. The diversity crisis in software development. IEEE Software 38, 2 (2021), 19–25.
Khaled Albusays and Stephanie Ludi. 2016. Eliciting programming challenges faced by developers with visual impairments: exploratory study. In Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering. 82–85.
Khaled Albusays, Stephanie Ludi, and Matt Huenerfauth. 2017. Interviews and observation of blind software developers at work to understand code navigation challenges. In Proceedings of the 19th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility. 91–100.
Erick Antonio Alves, Paula Christina Figueira Cardoso, and André Pimenta Freire. 2018. Automatically Generated Summaries as In-Page Web Navigation Accelerators for Blind Users. In Proceedings of the 17th Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1–8.
Vassilios Argyropoulos, Afroditi Paveli, and Magda Nikolaraizi. 2019. The role of DAISY digital talking books in the education of individuals with blindness: A pilot study. Education and Information Technologies 24, 1 (2019), 693–709.
Ali Selman Aydin, Shirin Feiz, Vikas Ashok, and IV Ramakrishnan. 2020. Sail: Saliency-driven injection of aria landmarks. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces. 111–115.
Simone Barbosa and Bruno Silva. 2010. Interação humano-computador. Elsevier Brasil.
Laurence Bardin. 2015. Análise de Conteúdo. Edições 70.
Rita Bersch. 2008. Introdução à tecnologia assistiva. Porto Alegre: CEDI 21 (2008).
Casa Civil. 2015. Lei Nº 13.146, de 6 de julho 2015. Institui a lei brasileira de inclusão da pessoa com deficiência (estatuto da pessoa com deficiência). Brasília (2015).
Câmara dos Deputados. 2004. DECRETO Nº 5.296, DE 2 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2004. Define Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Educação Profissional Técnica de Nível Médio. Portal do MEC, Brasília, DF (2004).
Rafael José Geraldo. 2016. Um auxílio à navegação acessível na web para usuários cegos. Ph. D. Dissertation. Universidade de São Paulo.
Antonio Carlos Gil. 2021. Métodos e técnicas de pesquisa social. 6. ed. Ediitora Atlas SA.
Cally Guerin, Asangi Jayatilaka, and Damith Ranasinghe. 2015. Why start a higher degree by research? An exploratory factor analysis of motivations to undertake doctoral studies. Higher Education Research & Development 34, 1 (2015), 89–104.
Ítalo José Bastos Guimarães 2016. Acessibilidade em websites de comércio eletrônico: avaliação através da interação com usuários cegos. (2016).
Ítalo José Bastos Guimarães 2021. Diretrizes de acessibilidade em websites de comércio eletrônico para usuários cegos. (2021).
Alex Hadwen-Bennett, Sue Sentance, and Cecily Morrison. 2018. Making programming accessible to learners with visual impairments: a literature review. International Journal of Computer Science Education in Schools 2, 2 (2018), 3–13.
Earl W Huff, Kwajo Boateng, Makayla Moster, Paige Rodeghero, and Julian Brinkley. 2020. Examining the work experience of programmers with visual impairments. In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME). IEEE, 707–711.
Jalal Ismaili 2017. Mobile learning as alternative to assistive technology devices for special needs students. Education and Information Technologies 22, 3 (2017), 883–899.
ISO/IEC. 2018. ISO/IEC 9241. Ergonomia da interação humano-sistema. PArte 171: Orientações sobre acessibilidade de software. ISO/IEC.
Abhishek Jariwala, Daniela Marghitu, and Richard Chapman. 2020. MyA+ Math: Teaching Math to Students with Vision Impairment. In International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Springer, 200–211.
Akif Khan and Shah Khusro. 2019. Blind-friendly user interfaces–a pilot study on improving the accessibility of touchscreen interfaces. Multimedia Tools and Applications 78, 13 (2019), 17495–17519.
Akif Khan, Shah Khusro, Badam Niazi, Jamil Ahmad, Iftikhar Alam, and Inayat Khan. 2020. TetraMail: a usable email client for blind people. Universal Access in the Information Society 19, 1 (2020), 113–132.
Rushil Khurana, Duncan McIsaac, Elliot Lockerman, and Jennifer Mankoff. 2018. Nonvisual interaction techniques at the keyboard surface. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1–12.
Barbara Leporini and Fabio Paternò. 2004. Increasing usability when interacting through screen readers. Universal access in the information society 3, 1 (2004), 57–70.
Travis Lowdermilk. 2013. Design Centrado no Usuário: um guia para o desenvolvimento de aplicativos amigáveis. Novatec Editora.
Elke Mattheiss, Georg Regal, David Sellitsch, and Manfred Tscheligi. 2017. User-centred design with visually impaired pupils: A case study of a game editor for orientation and mobility training. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction 11 (2017), 12–18.
Sean Mealin and Emerson Murphy-Hill. 2012. An exploratory study of blind software developers. In 2012 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC). IEEE, 71–74.
Gourav Modanwal and Kishor Sarawadekar. 2016. Development of a new dactylology and writing support system especially for blinds. In 2016 13th Conference on Computer and Robot Vision (CRV). IEEE, 362–369.
Gourav Modanwal and Kishor Sarawadekar. 2017. A new dactylology and interactive system development for blind–computer interaction. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 48, 2 (2017), 207–212.
Aboubakar Mountapmbeme, Obianuju Okafor, and Stephanie Ludi. 2022. Addressing Accessibility Barriers in Programming for People with Visual Impairments: A Literature Review. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS) 15, 1 (2022), 1–26.
Manoranjitham Muniandy and Suziah Sulaiman. 2017. Touch sensation as part of multimedia design elements to improve computer accessibility for the blind users. In 2017 International Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems (ICRIIS). IEEE, 1–6.
Tomas Murillo-Morales and Klaus Miesenberger. 2020. AUDiaL: A Natural Language Interface to Make Statistical Charts Accessible to Blind Persons. In International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs. Springer, 373–384.
NVDA. 2022. NVDA, the free and open source Screen Reader for Microsoft Windows. [link]. (Accessed on 06/14/2022).
Venkatesh Potluri, Priyan Vaithilingam, Suresh Iyengar, Y Vidya, Manohar Swaminathan, and Gopal Srinivasa. 2018. Codetalk: Improving programming environment accessibility for visually impaired developers. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.1–11.
Mercy Rajaselvi, F Jane Gloria, V Mohitha, and Guhan Selvarajan. 2020. A Survey of Programming Editors for the Visually Impaired. Journal of Engineering Research and Application 10 (2020).
Uday Sagale, Ganesh Bhutkar, Mahadev Karad, and Nikhil Jathar. 2018. An Eye-Free Android application for visually impaired users. In Ergonomics in Caring for People. Springer, 291–297.
Fábio Pinheiro dos Santos 2018. Compreendendo estratégias e barreiras para a adoção da governança digital em estados brasileiros. (2018).
Josiane Pereira TORRES, Carolina Severino Lopes da COSTA, and Gerusa Ferreira LOURENÇO. 2016. Substituição sensorial visuo-tatil e visuo-auditiva em pessoas com deficiência visual: uma revisão sistemática. Revista Brasileira de Educação Especial 22 (2016), 605–618.
Emmanuel Utreras and Enrico Pontelli. 2020. Design of a Tangible Programming Tool for Students with Visual Impairments and Low Vision. In International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Springer, 304–314.
Rishi Vanukuru. 2020. Accessible Spatial Audio Interfaces: A Pilot Study into Screen Readers with Concurrent Speech. In Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1–6.
W3C. [n. d.]. World Wide Web Consortium. [link]. (Accessed on 05/26/2022).
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). 1998. Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). [link]. (Accessed on 05/30/2022).
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). 2018. Diretrizes de Acessibilidade para Conteúdo Web (WCAG) 2.1 - Português. [link]. (Accessed on 05/26/2022).
Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI/W3C). 2009. Accessible rich internet applications (WAI-ARIA). [link]. (Accessed on 05/26/2022).
Eliana Zen, Marcelo da Silveira Siedler, Vinicius Kruger da Costa, and Tatiana Aires Tavares. 2023. Assistive Technology to Assist the Visually Impaired in Computer Programming: A Systematic Literature Review. iSys - Brazilian Journal of Information Systems 16, 1 (May 2023), 6:1–6:27. DOI: 10.5753/isys.2023.2890
Eliana Zen, Marcelo da Silveira Siedler, Vinícius Kruger da Costa, and Tatiana A. Tavares. 2022. Assistive Technology to Assist the Visually Impaired in the Use of ICTs: A Systematic Literature Review. XVIII Brazilian Symposium on Information Systems (2022).
Dave Zubrow. 2004. Software quality requirements and evaluation, the ISO 25000 series. Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon (2004).
Publicado
16/10/2023
Como Citar
ZEN, Eliana; DA COSTA, Vinicius Kruger; TAVARES, Tatiana Aires.
Understanding the Accessibility Barriers Faced by Learners with Visual Impairments in Computer Programming. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO SOBRE FATORES HUMANOS EM SISTEMAS COMPUTACIONAIS (IHC), 22. , 2023, Maceió/AL.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2023
.
