Guidelines for Designing IoT Applications for Older Adults
Resumo
The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a topic of significant interest within the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) field. This new technological paradigm is transforming how individuals experience and utilize technology. Billions of everyday devices will be connected, and new forms of interaction will emerge with this new paradigm. However, the future role of IoT in terms of inclusion within intelligent environments raises questions regarding its ability to meet the needs of older adults. Population aging is a global phenomenon occurring at an accelerated pace, making it imperative for older individuals (60+) to be able to use technologies such as IoT. In this context, design guidelines are crucial, providing explicit recommendations for developing IoT applications that are intuitive and suitable for older adults. Thus, the thesis summarized in this work presents a set of guidelines to support designers and developers in creating IoT solutions tailored to older adults, taking into account accessibility and usability requirements. We developed the guidelines based on a methodology that involved the following phases: exploratory, experimental, descriptive, correlational, selection, specification, validation, and refinement. Various studies were conducted in each phase, including systematic mapping, snowballing, observation, interviews with older adults and companies, expert evaluations, development of proof-of-concept prototypes, and user evaluations with elderly participants. These phases and artifacts resulted in the Internet of Things - Applications Design Guidelines for the Elderly, entitled IoT_DGE 2.1, in its final version. Evaluation results demonstrated that the IoT_DGE 2.1 guidelines effectively assist in developing IoT applications, as developers utilizing these guidelines more successfully addressed accessibility and usability issues for older adults. The contributions of the thesis are detailed in various dimensions in this manuscript.
Referências
Muna S. Al-Razgan, Hend S. Al-Khalifa, Mona D. Al-Shahrani, and Hessah H. AlAjmi. 2012. Touch-Based Mobile Phone Interface Guidelines and Design Recommendations for Elderly People: A Survey of the Literature. In Neural Information Processing, Tingwen Huang, Zhigang Zeng, Chuandong Li, and Chi Sing Leung (Eds.). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Mashail N. Alkhomsan, Nouf Alturayeif, Sahar Alwadei, and Malak Baslyman. 2023. UsAge guidelines: Toward usable Saudi M-Government applications for elderly users. Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences 35, 1 (2023), 202–218. DOI: 10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.11.011
Reem Alnanih, Amal Balabid, and Lina Bahmdean. 2023. Senior-centered design for mobile medication adherence applications based on cognitive and technology attributes. Universal Access in the Information Society (2023), 1–18.
A Alsswey, IN Umar, and HAl-Samarraie. 2018. Towards mobile design guidelinesbased cultural values for elderly Arabic users. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 10, 2S (2018), 964–977.
Kevin Ashton et al. 2009. That 'internet of things' thing. RFID journal 22, 7 (2009), 97–114.
Luigi Atzori, Antonio Iera, and Giacomo Morabito. 2010. The Internet of Things: A survey. Computer Networks 54, 15 (2010), 2787 – 2805. DOI: 10.1016/j.comnet.2010.05.010
Walter Boot, Neil Charness, Sara J Czaja, and Wendy A Rogers. 2020. Designing for older adults: Case studies, methods, and tools. CRC Press, Florida, EUA.
Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3, 2 (2006), 77–101. [link]
Philipp Brauner, Julia van Heek, and Martina Ziefle. 2017. Age, gender, and technology attitude as factors for acceptance of smart interactive textiles in home environments. In Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on information and communication technologies for ageing well and e-health, ICT4Agingwell.
John Brooke et al. 1996. SUS-A quick and dirty usability scale. Usability evaluation in industry 189, 194 (1996), 4–7.
Luca Catarinucci, Danilo de Donno, Luca Mainetti, Luca Palano, Luigi Patrono, Maria Laura Stefanizzi, and Luciano Tarricone. 2015. An IoT-Aware Architecture for Smart Healthcare Systems. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2, 6 (2015), 515–526. DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2015.2417684
Nadia Catenazzi, Vanessa De Luca, Lorenzo Sommaruga, and Massimo Botta. 2012. Guidelines to Design Inclusive Ambient Intelligence Solutions for Human Activity Sharing. In 2012 Sixth International Conference on Complex, Intelligent, and Software Intensive Systems. 496–501. DOI: 10.1109/CISIS.2012.130
Pew Research Center. 2022. Share of those 65 and older who are tech users has grown in the past decade. [link]
Kulsiri Chirayus and Aziz Nanthaamornphong. 2020. Cognitive Mobile Design Guidelines for the Elderly: A Preliminary Study. In 2020 17th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON). 673–678. DOI: 10.1109/ECTICON49241.2020.9157905
Shelia R. Cotten. 2021. Chapter 23 Technologies and aging: understanding use, impacts, and future needs. In Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences (Ninth Edition) (ninth edition ed.), Kenneth F. Ferraro and Deborah Carr (Eds.). Academic Press, 373–392. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-815970-5.00023-1
Bruna C. R. Cunha, Kamila R. H. Rodrigues, and Maria da Graça C. Pimentel. 2019. Synthesizing Guidelines for Facilitating Elderly-Smartphone Interaction (WebMedia ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 37–44. DOI: 10.1145/3323503.3349563
Heloísa Vieira da Rocha and Maria Cecília Calani Baranauskas. 2003. Design e avaliação de interfaces humano-computador. Unicamp, Instituto de Computação. 244p. pages. [link]
Rafael Xavier E. de Almeida, Simone Bacellar Leal Ferreira, and Horacio Pastor Soares. 2015. Recommendations for the Development of Web Interfaces on Tablets/iPads with Emphasis on Elderly Users. Procedia Computer Science 67 (2015), 140–149. DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2015.09.258 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Software Development and Technologies for Enhancing Accessibility and Fighting Info-exclusion.
Ana Correia de Barros, Roxanne Leitão, and Jorge Ribeiro. 2014. Design and Evaluation of a Mobile User Interface for Older Adults: Navigation, Interaction and Visual Design Recommendations. Procedia Computer Science 27 (2014), 369– 378. DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2014.02.041 5th International Conference on Software Development and Technologies for Enhancing Accessibility and Fighting Info-exclusion, DSAI 2013.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). 2023. Censo 2022: número de pessoas com 65 anos ou mais de idade cresceu 57,4% em 12 anos. [link].
Renata de Podestá Gaspar, Rodrigo Bonacin, and Vinícius P. Gonçalves. 2018. Designing IoT Solutions for Elderly Home Care: A Systematic Study of Participatory Design, Personas and Semiotics. In Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Virtual, Augmented, and Intelligent Environments, Margherita Antona and Constantine Stephanidis (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 226–245.
Camila Dias de Oliveira Sestito, Maria Lydia Fioravanti, Lilian Passos Scatalon, Renata Pontin de Mattos Fortes, and Ellen Francine Barbosa. 2022. Catalog of pedagogical practices, theories and teaching procedures for the elderly: contributions to the development of m-learning guidelines. In 2022 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE). 1–8. DOI: 10.1109/FIE56618.2022.9962402
Alan Dix, Janet Finlay, Gregory D Abowd, and Russell Beale. 2003. HumanComputer Interaction. Pearson/Prentice-Hall. [link]
Mingming Fan and Khai N. Truong. 2018. Guidelines for Creating Senior-Friendly Product Instructions. ACM Trans. Access. Comput. 11, 2, Article 9 (jun 2018), 35 pages. DOI: 10.1145/3209882
Elizabeth Sucupira Furtado, Rossana Andrade, Leonardo Cunha de Miranda, and Katia Oliveira. 2012. Ubiquidade, Múltiplos Dispositivos e Tangibilidade.. In: Baranauskas, Souza and Pereira (org.). I GranDIHC-BR — Grandes Desafios de Pesquisa em Interação Humano-Computador no Brasil. Relatório Técnico. Comissão Especial de Interação Humano Computador (CEIHC) da Sociedade Brasileira de Computação (SBC). [link]
Chrysoula Gatsou, Anastasios Politis, and Dimitrios Zevgolis. 2017. Seniors’ experiences with online banking. In 2017 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS). 623–627. DOI: 10.15439/2017F57
Aamir Hussain, Rao Wenbi, Aristides Lopes da Silva, Muhammad Nadher, and Muhammad Mudhish. 2015. Health and emergency-care platform for the elderly and disabled people in the Smart City. Journal of Systems and Software 110 (2015), 253–263. DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.08.041
Ljilja Ruzic Kascak, Claudia B. Rébola, and Jon A. Sanford. 2014. Integrating Universal Design (UD) Principles and Mobile Design Guidelines to Improve Design of Mobile Health Applications for Older Adults. In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics. 343–348. DOI: 10.1109/ICHI.2014.54
Sumbul Khan, Attila Achenbach, Wei Quin Yow, and Lucienne Blessing. 2021. A Case Study on the Design of Touchscreen-Based User Interfaces for Multilingual Older Adults from Southeast Asian Backgrounds. In Asian CHI Symposium 2021 (Yokohama, Japan) (Asian CHI Symposium 2021). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 167–173. DOI: 10.1145/3429360.3468204
Huhn Kim. 2010. Effective organization of design guidelines reflecting designer’s design strategies. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 40, 6 (2010), 669–688. DOI: 10.1016/j.ergon.2010.08.002
Barbara Kitchenham and Stuart Charters. 2007. Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering. EBSE Technical Report (2007).
Treffyn Lynch Koreshoff, Toni Robertson, and TuckWah Leong. 2013. Internet of Things: A Review of Literature and Products. In Proceedings of the 25th Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference: Augmentation, Application, Innovation, Collaboration (Adelaide, Australia) (OzCHI ’13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 335– 344. DOI: 10.1145/2541016.2541048
Renny S. N. Lindberg and Olga De Troyer. 2021. Towards an Up to Date List of Design Guidelines for Elderly Users. In CHI Greece 2021: 1st International Conference of the ACM Greek SIGCHI Chapter (Online (Athens, Greece), Greece) (CHI Greece 2021). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 8, 7 pages. DOI: 10.1145/3489410.3489418
Jakob Nielsen. 1994. Usability engineering. Morgan Kaufmann.
Leysan Nurgalieva, Juan José Jara Laconich, Marcos Baez, Fabio Casati, and Maurizio Marchese. 2019. A Systematic Literature Review of Research-Derived Touchscreen Design Guidelines for Older Adults. IEEE Access 7 (2019), 22035–22058. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2898467
Juliana Damasio Oliveira, Júlia Colleoni Couto, Vanessa Stangherlin Machado Paixão-Cortes, and Rafael Heitor Bordini. 2022. Improving the Design of Ambient Intelligence Systems: Guidelines Based on a Systematic Review. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 38, 1 (2022), 19–27. DOI: 10.1080/10447318.2021.1926114. arXiv: [link]
World Health Organization. 2022. Ageing and health. [link]
Carolyn Pang, Zhiqin Collin Wang, Joanna McGrenere, Rock Leung, Jiamin Dai, and Karyn Moffatt. 2021. Technology Adoption and Learning Preferences for Older Adults: Evolving Perceptions, Ongoing Challenges, and Emerging Design Opportunities (CHI ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 490, 13 pages. DOI: 10.1145/3411764.3445702
Planalto. 2003. Lei nº 10.741 de 1º de outubro de 2003. [link].
Jennifer Preece, Yvonne Rogers, and Helen Sharp. 2002. Interaction design: beyond human-computer interaction. John Wiley & Sons.
Daniela Quiñones, Cristian Rusu, and Virginica Rusu. 2018. A methodology to develop usability/user experience heuristics. Computer Standards & Interfaces 59 (2018), 109–129. DOI: 10.1016/j.csi.2018.03.002
Sandra Souza Rodrigues and Renata Pontin de Mattos Fortes. 2019. Uma revisão sobre acessibilidade no desenvolvimento de Internet das Coisas: oportunidades e tendências. Revista de Sistemas e Computação-RSC 9, 1 (2019), 19–40. DOI: 10.36558/2237-2903/2019v9n1/p2
Sandra Souza Rodrigues, Renata Pontin De Mattos Fortes, and Kamila Rios da Hora Rodrigues. 2024. Towards Design Guidelines for IoT Applications considering Elderly Users. In Proceedings of the XXII Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Maceió, Brazil) (IHC ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 64, 12 pages. DOI: 10.1145/3638067.3638139
Sandra Souza Rodrigues, Vinicius Luiz da Silva Genesio, Debora Maria Barroso Paiva, and Renata Pontin de Mattos Fortes. 2020. A Case Study on How Brazilian Companies Deal with the User Experience in IoT Projects. In Proceedings of the 38th ACM International Conference on Design of Communication (Denton, TX, USA) (SIGDOC ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 39, 7 pages. DOI: 10.1145/3380851.3416779
Sandra Souza Rodrigues, Débora Maria Barroso Paiva, and Renata Pontin de Mattos Fortes. 2021. Considering the Older Adults’ Perceptions of IoT for Designing IoT Technologies. In Human-Computer Interaction. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 17–31. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92325-9_2
Sandra Souza Rodrigues, Débora Maria Barroso Paiva, and Renata Pontin de Mattos Fortes. 2023. Seniors’ expectations to adopt IoT technologies. CLEI Electronic Journal 25, 3 (Mar 2023), 1–18. DOI: 10.19153/cleiej.25.3.5
Claire Rowland, Elizabeth Goodman, Martin Charlier, Ann Light, and Alfred Lui. 2015. Designing connected products: UX for the consumer Internet of Things. " O’Reilly Media, Inc.".
Ljilja Ruzic, C Harrington, and J Sanford. 2017. Universal design mobile interface guidelines for mobile health and wellness apps for an aging population including people aging with disabilities. Int J Adv Softw 10, 3 (2017), 372–84.
Ljilja Ruzic, Seunghyun Tina Lee, Yilin Elaine Liu, and Jon A. Sanford. 2016. Development of Universal Design Mobile Interface Guidelines (UDMIG) for Aging Population. In Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Methods, Techniques, and Best Practices, Margherita Antona and Constantine Stephanidis (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 98–108.
Jeff Sauro and James R Lewis. 2016. Quantifying the user experience: Practical statistics for user research. Morgan Kaufmann.
Esha Shandilya and Mingming Fan. 2022. Understanding Older Adults’ Perceptions and Challenges in Using AI-enabled Everyday Technologies. arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.01369 (2022).
Susanna Spinsante, Vera Stara, Elisa Felici, Laura Montanini, Laura Raffaeli, Lorena Rossi, and Ennio Gambi. 2017. Chapter 4 The Human Factor in the Design of Successful Ambient Assisted Living Technologies. In Ambient Assisted Living and Enhanced Living Environments, Ciprian Dobre, Constandinos Mavromoustakis, Nuno Garcia, Rossitza Goleva, and George Mastorakis (Eds.). ButterworthHeinemann, 61–89. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-805195-5.00004-1
International Organization For Standarization. 2011. Systems and software engineering — Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) — System and software quality models. [link]
Statista. 2023. Number of Internet of Things (IoT) connected devices worldwide from 2019 to 2023, with forecasts from 2022 to 2030 (in billions). [link]
Chairs Constantine Stephanidis, Gavriel Salvendy, Members of the Group Margherita Antona, Jessie Y. C. Chen, Jianming Dong, Vincent G. Duffy, Xiaowen Fang, Cali Fidopiastis, Gino Fragomeni, Limin Paul Fu, Yinni Guo, Don Harris, Andri Ioannou, Kyeong ah (Kate) Jeong, Shin’ichi Konomi, Heidi Krömker, Masaaki Kurosu, James R. Lewis, Aaron Marcus, Gabriele Meiselwitz, Abbas Moallem, Hirohiko Mori, Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah, Stavroula Ntoa, Pei-Luen Patrick Rau, Dylan Schmorrow, Keng Siau, Norbert Streitz, Wentao Wang, Sakae Yamamoto, Panayiotis Zaphiris, and Jia Zhou. 2019. Seven HCI Grand Challenges. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 35, 14 (2019), 1229–1269. DOI: 10.1080/10447318.2019.1619259
Faiza Tazi, Suleiman Saka, Griffin Opp, Shradha Neupane, Sanchari Das, Lorenzo De Carli, and Indrakshi Ray. 2023. Accessibility Evaluation of IoT Android Mobile Companion Apps. In Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Hamburg, Germany) (CHI EA ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 19, 7 pages. DOI: 10.1145/3544549.3585652
Guilherme Mussi Toschi, Leonardo Barreto Campos, and Carlos Eduardo Cugnasca. 2017. Home automation networks: A survey. Computer Standards & Interfaces 50 (2017), 42–54. DOI: 10.1016/j.csi.2016.08.008
Riitta Turjamaa, Aki Pehkonen, and Mari Kangasniemi. 2019. How smart homes are used to support older people: An integrative review. International Journal of Older People Nursing 14, 4 (2019), e12260. DOI: 10.1111/opn.12260 arXiv: [link]
John Vines, Gary Pritchard, PeterWright, Patrick Olivier, and Katie Brittain. 2015. An Age-Old Problem: Examining the Discourses of Ageing in HCI and Strategies for Future Research. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. 22, 1, Article 2 (feb 2015), 27 pages. DOI: 10.1145/2696867
Sarah Theres Völkel, Christina Schneegass, Malin Eiband, and Daniel Buschek. 2020. What is "Intelligent" in Intelligent User Interfaces? A Meta-Analysis of 25 Years of IUI. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (Cagliari, Italy) (IUI ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 477–487. DOI: 10.1145/3377325.3377500
World WideWeb Consortium (W3C). 2018. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1. [link]
Shengzhi Wang, Khalisa Bolling, Wenlin Mao, Jennifer Reichstadt, Dilip Jeste, Ho-Cheol Kim, and Camille Nebeker. 2019. Technology to Support Aging in Place: Older Adults’ Perspectives. Healthcare 7, 2 (2019). DOI: 10.3390/healthcare7020060
Mark Weiser. 1991. The computer for the 21st century. Scientific American 265, 3 (1991), 94–104.
Claes Wohlin. 2014. Guidelines for Snowballing in Systematic Literature Studies and a Replication in Software Engineering. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering (London, England, United Kingdom) (EASE ’14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 38, 10 pages. DOI: 10.1145/2601248.2601268
Robert K Yin. 2016. Pesquisa qualitativa do início ao fim. Penso Editora.
Kaja Fjørtoft Ystgaard, Luigi Atzori, David Palma, Poul Einar Heegaard, Lene Elisabeth Bertheussen, Magnus Rom Jensen, and Katrien De Moor. 2023. Review of the theory, principles, and design requirements of human-centric Internet of Things (IoT). Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing 14, 3 (2023), 2827–2859. DOI: 10.1007/s12652-023-04539-3
