User Studies without End-users? Analysis of the Proxy-users Involvement in the Development of Digital Products
Abstract
Introduction: Users participation is crucial for the creation of digital products that address their real needs. In some of these cases, the only available option to ensure that some form of user perspective is considered during the product development is count on proxy-users. Objective: This paper examines how research studies involving proxy-users are conducted in the development of digital products. Methodology: A dual methodological approach was employed: firstly, a tertiary study was conducted from a previous systematic literature review with 164 studies, and secondly, a survey with 69 professionals involved in the development of digital products. Results: The results of the tertiary study indicate that while proxy-user research employs common HCI methods, aspects such as methodological rigor, justification for excluding end users, and proxy-users’ familiarity with the target audience are often unclear. The survey revealed diverse information sources on the users needs and contexts mentioned by respondents, and the reasons for not involving end users. To summarize the research findings, this study presents a set of 10 recommendations for industry professionals and researchers when involving proxy-users in their studies.
Keywords:
User centered-design, Proxy-users, User studies, HCI Methods
References
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Birmingham, C., Hu, Z., Mahajan, K., Reber, E., e Mataric,í M. J. (2020). Can i trust you? a user study of robot mediation of a support group. In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pages 8019–8026.
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da Silva, M. M., Chaves, L. S., Júnior, C. A. F., Guerra, C. S. D., Fernandes, S. R. L., Aguilar, P. A. C., Monteiro, I. T., e Sampaio, A. L. (2021). Wearable device in the form of glasses to assist the visually impaired in detecting obstacles. In Proceedings of the XX Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems, IHC ’21, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
de Oliveira, C. L. T., de Almeida Silva, A. T., de Morais, J. M. a., e Mota, M. P. (2020). Chartvision: accessible vertical bar charts. In Proceedings of the 19th Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems, IHC ’20, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
de Sousa Silva, P. V., de Souza, A. J., e Monteiro, I. (2024). Process and challenges in designing data registration via fle import in an administrative e-commerce system. In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems - Volume 2: ICEIS, pages 390–401. INSTICC, SciTePress.
Eason, K. D. (1989). Information technology and organisational change. CRC Press.
Ferreira, B., Kalinowski, M., Gomes, M. V. d. C., Marques, M. C., Lopes, H., e D.J. Barbosa, S. (2021). Investigating problem definition and end-user involvement in agile projects that use lean inceptions. In Proceedings of the XX Brazilian Symposium on Software Quality, SBQS ’21, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Frison, A.-K., Wintersberger, P., Riener, A., e Schartmüller, C. (2017). Driving hotzenplotz: A hybrid interface for vehicle control aiming to maximize pleasure in highway driving. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, AutomotiveUI ’17, page 236–244, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Gomes, D. (2022). Pesquisas de design centrado no usuário. o dia a dia na rethink tecnologia, uma consultoria de produto digital. In Anais Estendidos do XXI Simpósio Brasileiro sobre Fatores Humanos em Sistemas Computacionais, pages 24–31, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. SBC.
Gonçalves, F., Campos, P., Hanna, J., e Ashby, S. (2015). You’re the voice: Evaluating user interfaces for encouraging underserved youths to express themselves through creative writing. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGCHI Conference on Creativity and Cognition, C&C ’15, page 63–72, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Gossen, T., Höbel, J., e Nürnberger, A. (2014). A comparative study about children’s and adults’ perception of targeted web search engines. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’14, page 1821–1824, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Gould, J. D. e Lewis, C. (1985). Designing for usability: key principles and what designers think. Communications of the ACM, 28(3):300–311.
Henley, A. Z. e Fleming, S. D. (2014). The patchworks code editor: toward faster navigation with less code arranging and fewer navigation mistakes. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’14, page 2511–2520, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Junior, A. S., Castro, M., Reinbold, I., Teles, J., Silva, B., e Darin, T. (2023). Orbis 2.0: Um toolkit digital de técnicas do design centrado no usuário. In Anais Estendidos do XXII Simpósio Brasileiro sobre Fatores Humanos em Sistemas Computacionais, pages 139–143, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. SBC.
Kairam, S. e Heer, J. (2016). Parting crowds: Characterizing divergent interpretations in crowdsourced annotation tasks. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, CSCW ’16, page 1637–1648, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Keele, S. et al. (2007). Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering.
Kelly, D., Arguello, J., Edwards, A., e Wu, W.-c. (2015). Development and evaluation of search tasks for iir experiments using a cognitive complexity framework. In Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on The Theory of Information Retrieval, ICTIR ’15, page 101–110, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Kryvoruchca, G., Corrêa, L., Parizi, R., e Marczak, S. (2020). The use of design thinking in a global information technology company. In Anais da IV Escola Regional de Engenharia de Software, pages 154–163, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. SBC.
Lazar, J., Feng, J. H., e Hochheiser, H. (2017). Research methods in human-computer interaction. Morgan Kaufmann.
Lievesley, M. A. e Yee, J. S. (2007). Surrogate users: a pragmatic approach to defning user needs. In CHI’07 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems, pages 1789–1794.
Lobão, L., Rabaioli, B., Gauthier, E., Araújo, L., e Meireles, M. (2023). The use of design thinking in creating projects and improving customer value perception: an experience report on software projects at a research and development institute in amazonas. In Anais do XXII Simpósio Brasileiro de Qualidade de Software, page 264–273, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. SBC.
Matin, S., Asma, E., Allen, E., Mangwiro, L., Mjumira, R., Valle, M., Acemyan, C., Oden, M., Kawaza, K., Kortum, P., et al. (2023). Proxy users for usability testing of medical devices for use in sub-saharan africa. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care, volume 12, pages 208–212. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA.
Melenhorst, M., Novak, J., Micheel, I., Larson, M., e Boeckle, M. (2015). Bridging the utilitarian-hedonic divide in crowdsourcing applications. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Crowdsourcing for Multimedia, CrowdMM ’15, page 9–14, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Moreno de Oliveira, G., Nascimento Carvalho, A., Lamego, B. S., Monteiro, I. T., Gonçalves, E. J. T., e Basilio, A. F. (2022). Reporting the application of user experience tools and proxy users in an industrial process based on double diamond. In International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, pages 57–74. Springer.
Neris, V. P. A., Rosa, J. C. S., Maciel, C., Pereira, V. C., Galvão, V. F., e Arruda, I. L. (2024). Grandihc-br 2025-2035 - gc4: Sociocultural aspects in human-computer interaction. In Proceedings of the XXIII Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems, IHC ’24, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Nielsen, J. (1994). Usability engineering. Morgan Kaufmann.
Norman, D. e Deiró, A. (2006). O design do dia a dia. Rocco.
Norman, D. A. e Draper, S. W. (1986). User centered system design: New perspectives on human-computer interaction. 1986. Hillsdale, NJ.
Novak, G. e Lundberg, L. (2015). Usability evaluation of an m-commerce system using proxy users. In HCI International 2015-Posters’ Extended Abstracts: International Conference, HCI International 2015, Los Angeles, CA, USA, August 2-7, 2015. Proceedings, Part II 17, pages 164–169. Springer.
Oliveira, G., Nascimento Carvalho, A., Lamego, B. S., Monteiro, I. T., Gonçalves, E. J. T., e Basilio, A. F. (2022). Reporting the application of user experience tools and proxy users in an industrial process based on double diamond. In Soares, M. M., Rosenzweig, E., e Marcus, A., editors, Design, User Experience, and Usability: UX Research, Design, and Assessment, pages 57–74, Cham. Springer International Publishing.
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Published
2025-09-08
How to Cite
SILVA, Pedro Victor de Sousa; DA COSTA NUNES, Erik Henrique; MONTEIRO, Ingrid Teixeira.
User Studies without End-users? Analysis of the Proxy-users Involvement in the Development of Digital Products. In: BRAZILIAN SYMPOSIUM ON HUMAN FACTORS IN COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEMS (IHC), 24. , 2025, Belo Horizonte/MG.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2025
.
p. 903-928.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/ihc.2025.12241.
