New Perspectives on Low-Fidelity Prototyping: A Systematic Mapping Study on Tools and Functionalities
Resumo
Introduction: Low-fdelity prototyping is a key approach in User-Centered Design (UCD), enabling quick and cost-effective exploration of interface ideas before implementation. Objective: Identify and characterize low-fidelity prototyping tools with respect to their functionalities, limitations, and applicability. Methodology: A Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) was conducted. From an initial sample of 1493 publications obtained on Scopus, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, and ScienceDirect, we selected 37 studies after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: We identified 22 low-fidelity prototyping tools, highlighting Figma, Balsamiq, and PowerPoint as the most frequently cited. Results show limited integration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, reduced functionality in tools exclusively made for low-fidelity prototyping, and scarce incorporation of structured design guidelines, leaving quality assurance primarily as a software professional’s responsibility.
Palavras-chave:
Low-fidelity prototyping, Prototyping tools, User Interface Design
Referências
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Alhasani, M., Oyebode, O., e Orji, R. (2023). Serenemind: Design and evaluation of a persuasive mobile app for managing stress among adults. In 2023 IEEE 11th International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health (SeGAH), pages 1–8.
Alonso, S., Kalinowski, M., Viana, M., Ferreira, B., e Barbosa, S. D. (2021). A systematic mapping study on the use of software engineering practices to develop mvps. In 2021 47th Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications (SEAA), pages 62–69.
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Barbosa, S. D. J., Silva, B. d., Silveira, M. S., Gasparini, I., Darin, T., e Barbosa, G. D. J. (2021). Interação humano-computador e experiência do usuario. Auto publicação.
Basili, V. R. e Rombach, H. D. (1988). Towards a comprehensive framework for reuse: A reuse-enabling software evolution environment. Technical report, University of Maryland, Maryland, USA.
Behrang, F., Reiss, S. P., e Orso, A. (2018). Guifetch: supporting app design and development through gui search. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Mobile Software Engineering and Systems, MOBILESoft ’18, page 236–246, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
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Brooks, J. e Lopes, P. (2023). Smell & paste: Low-fdelity prototyping for olfactory experiences. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pages 1–16.
Canbazoglu, E., Salman, Y. B., Yildirim, M. E., Merdenyan, B., e Ince, I. F. (2016). Developing a mobile application to better inform patients and enable effective consultation in implant dentistry. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, 14:252–261.
Carter, A. S. e Hundhausen, C. D. (2010). How is user interface prototyping really done in practice? a survey of user interface designers. In 2010 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing, pages 207–211.
Chammas, A., Quaresma, M., e Mont’Alvão, C. (2015). A closer look on the user centred design. Procedia Manufacturing, 3:5397–5404. 6th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2015) and the Affliated Conferences, AHFE 2015.
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Consolvo, S. e Walker, M. (2003). Using the experience sampling method to evaluate ubicomp applications. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 2(2):24–31.
Coyette, A., Kieffer, S., e Vanderdonckt, J. (2007). Multi-fdelity prototyping of user interfaces. In Baranauskas, C., Palanque, P., Abascal, J., e Barbosa, S. D. J., editors, Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2007, pages 150–164, Berlin, Heidelberg. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
de Sá, M., Carriço, L., Duarte, L., e Reis, T. (2008). A mixed-fidelity prototyping tool for mobile devices. In Proceedings of the Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces, AVI ’08, page 225–232, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Diandraputri, T. L. e Niwanputri, G. S. (2021). Activity-centered design of web user experience: A one-stop application for design sprints. In 2021 International Conference on Data and Software Engineering (ICoDSE), pages 1–6.
Freitas, G., Pinho, M. S., Silveira, M. S., e Maurer, F. (2020). A systematic review of rapid prototyping tools for augmented reality. In 2020 22nd Symposium on Virtual and Augmented Reality (SVR), pages 199–209.
Ghazali, M., Suaib, N. M., Sulaiman, S., Ibrahim, N., Hananto, A. L., e Beran, A. (2018). Preliminary work on design thinking: Addressing challenges using low-fidelity prototyping with rural teenagers. In 2018 International Conference on ICT for Rural Development (IC-ICTRuDev), pages 158–161.
Gomes Raulino, N. a. L., de Castro Andrade, R. M., e de Sousa Santos, I. (2024). Integration of user-centered design in the development of big data and machine learning-based applications: A systematic mapping study. In Proceedings of the XXIII Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems, IHC ’24, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Google (2021). Material design 3. [link]. Accessed on: February 12, 2025.
Gudoniene, D., Staneviciene, E., Buksnaitis, V., e Daley, N. (2023). The scenarios of artificial intelligence and wireframes implementation in engineering education. Sustainability, 15:6850.
Guerino, G. C., Martinelli, S., Choma, J., Leal, G. C. L., Balancieri, R., e Zaina, L. (2024). Perceptions about usefulness and attitudes toward ux work: a survey with software startup brazilian professionals. In Proceedings of the XXII Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems, IHC ’23, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Ha, S., Park, J., e Lee, J. (2014). Increasing interactivity of paper prototyping with smart pen. In Proceedings of HCI Korea, HCIK ’15, page 76–82, Seoul, KOR. Hanbit Media, Inc.
Holzmann, C. e Vogler, M. (2012). Building interactive prototypes of mobile user interfaces with a digital pen. In Proceedings of the 10th Asia Pacific Conference on Computer Human Interaction, APCHI ’12, page 159–168, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Hosseini-Khayat, A., Seyed, T., Burns, C., e Maurer, F. (2011). Low-fdelity prototyping of gesture-based applications. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGCHI Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems, EICS ’11, page 289–294, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Hundhausen, C., Trent, S., Balkar, A., e Nuur, M. (2008). The design and experimental evaluation of a tool to support the construction and wizard-of-oz testing of low fidelity prototypes. In Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing, VLHCC ’08, page 86–90, USA. IEEE Computer Society.
Hundhausen, C. D., Balkar, A., Nuur, M., e Trent, S. (2007). Woz pro: a pen-based low fdelity prototyping environment to support wizard of oz studies. In CHI ’07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA ’07, page 2453–2458, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Inc., A. (2025). Apple human interface guidelines. [link]. Accessed on: February 12, 2025.
Iribarren, S. J., Wallingford, J., Schnall, R., e Demiris, G. (2020). Converting and expanding mobile support tools for tuberculosis treatment support: Design recommendations from domain and design experts. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 112:100066. Articles initially published in Journal of Biomedical Informatics: X 5-8, 2020.
Ishaq, K., Rosdi, F., Zin, N. A. M., e Abid, A. (2021). Heuristic and think aloud method to evaluate the low fdelity prototype of game-based language learning application. In 2021 International Conference on Innovative Computing (ICIC), pages 1–10.
Kieffer, S., Coyette, A., e Vanderdonckt, J. (2010). User interface design by sketching: a complexity analysis of widget representations. In Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGCHI Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems, EICS ’10, page 57–66, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Kitchenham, B. e Charters, S. (2007). Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering. Technical report, Technical report, EBSE Technical Report EBSE-2007-01. KerkoCite.ItemAlsoKnownAs: 2317526:HSIWMWZ4 2339240:N8YQHF8P 2405685:EDAG684W UA-06ccd9ca-95f9-4791-8ece- 974e855c5c3e.
Li, J., W. Tigwell, G., e Shinohara, K. (2021). Accessibility of high-fidelity prototyping tools. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’21, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Lin, J., Thomsen, M., e Landay, J. A. (2002). A visual language for sketching large and complex interactive designs. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’02, page 307–314, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Maulsby, D., Greenberg, S., e Mander, R. (1993). Prototyping an intelligent agent through wizard of oz. In Proceedings of the INTERACT ’93 and CHI ’93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’93, page 277–284, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
McCurdy, M., Connors, C., Pyrzak, G., Kanefsky, B., e Vera, A. (2006). Breaking the fdelity barrier: an examination of our current characterization of prototypes and an example of a mixed-fidelity success. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’06, page 1233–1242, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
McHugh, M. L. (2012). Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochemia medica, 22(3):276–282.
Microsoft Corporation (2024). C Programming Language. Available at: [link]. Accessed on: May 5, 2025.
Mohamedally, D., Zaphiris, P., e Petrie, H. (2006). Proteus: Artefact-driven constructionist assessment within tablet pc-based low-fidelity prototyping. In McEwan, T., Gulliksen, J., e Benyon, D., editors, People and Computers XIX — The Bigger Picture, pages 37–52, London. Springer London.
Momeni, M. (2024). Visualization-enhanced aggregated search interfaces. In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval, CHIIR ’24, page 461–464, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Monteiro-Guerra, F., Rivera-Romero, O., Mylonopoulou, V., Signorelli, G. R., Zambrana, F., e Fernandez-Luque, L. (2017). The design of a mobile app for promotion of physical activity and self-management in prostate cancer survivors: Personas, feature ideation and low-fidelity prototyping. In 2017 IEEE 30th International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS), pages 761–766.
Nelissen, L. e Funk, M. (2022). Rationalizing dark patterns: Examining the process of designing privacy ux through speculative enactments. International Journal of Design, 16(1):77–94.
Nissinen, T. (2015). User experience prototyping - a literature review. Accessed on: Apr. 17, 2025.
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Publicado
08/09/2025
Como Citar
RESENDE DA SILVA SCAPIM, Gabriel; CAMILA LAPASINI LEAL, Gislaine; CORREDATO GUERINO, Guilherme.
New Perspectives on Low-Fidelity Prototyping: A Systematic Mapping Study on Tools and Functionalities. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO SOBRE FATORES HUMANOS EM SISTEMAS COMPUTACIONAIS (IHC), 24. , 2025, Belo Horizonte/MG.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2025
.
p. 1565-1588.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/ihc.2025.10912.
