Supporting Game Software Engineering from Business Modeling Towards Building Digital Game Studios
Resumo
The growth of the network of actors and solutions in the market has created a scenario in which fast, frequent technological changes as well as high quality level of the products are of utmost importance, affecting game software engineering. In the scenario, digital games stand out for the remarkable presence of leading software distribution platforms while the emergence of platforms dedicated to digital games and the growing network of actors and solutions for specific domains is also a reality. Several difficulties regarding actors’ entrance and survival can be pointed out. As such, specific business models to assist in building digital game studios should be considered from the existing solutions reported in the game software engineering literature. This paper aims to report on the definitions and business modeling components applied to digital games research and practice to support game software engineering towards building digital game studios. We extracted data from 40 studies and categorize them into two related subdomains, i.e., definitions and components. Based on the results, we observe that such sector does not appropriate the definitions and components on business modeling, even though several studies mention related concepts. Therefore, this work reinforces the need for exploratory research, mainly empirical studies in real-life solutions throughout the game software life cycle to create and foster game studios.
Palavras-chave:
Game Studios, Business Modeling, Game Software Engineering
Referências
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Amit, R. and Zott, C. (2001). Value creation in e-business. Strategic Management Journal, 22:493–520.
Baden-Fuller, C. and Morgan, M. S. (2010). Business models as models. Long Range Planning, 43(2):156 – 171.
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Björkdahl, J. (2009). Technology cross-fertilization and the business model: The case of integrating ICTs in mechanical engineering products. Research Policy, 38(9):1468–1477.
Bouwman, H., Faber, E., Haaker, T., Kijl, B., and Reuver, M. D. (2008). Conceptualizing the STOF model. In Mobile Service Innovation and Business Models, pages 31–70. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Casadesus-Masanell, R. and Ricart, J. E. (2010). From strategy to business models and onto tactics. Long Range Planning, 43(2-3):195–215.
Cavalcante, S. A., Kesting, P., and Ulhøi, J. P. (2010). Business model dynamics: The central role of individual agency. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2010(1):1–6.
Chesbrough, H. (2007). Business model innovation: it’s not just about technology anymore. Strategy & leadership, 35(6):12–17.
Chesbrough, H. and Rosenbloom, R. S. (2002). The role of the business model in capturing value from innovation: evidence from Xerox Corporation’s technology spin-off companies. Industrial and Corporate Change, 11(3):529–555.
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Dubosson-Torbay, M., Osterwalder, A., and Pigneur, Y. (2002). E-business model design, classification, and measurements. Thunderbird International Business Review, 44(1):5.
Fung, A., editor (2016). Global Game Industries and Cultural Policy. Springer International Publishing.
George, G. and Bock, A. J. (2011). The business model in practice and its implications for entrepreneurship research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(1):83–111.
Gordijn, J., Osterwalder, A., and Pigneur, Y. (2005). Comparing two business model ontologies for designing e-business models and value constellations. 18th Bled eConference eIntegration in Action - Conference Proceedings, page 15.
Inoue, Y. and Tsujimoto, M. (2018). New market development of platform ecosystems: A case study of the nintendo wii. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 136:235–253.
Johnson, M. W., Christensen, C. M., and Kagermann, H. (2008). Reinventing your business model. Harvard Business Review, 86(12):57–68.
Kitchenham, B. and Charters, S. (2007). Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering. 2.
Kitchenham, B. A., Budgen, D., and Brereton, P. (2015). Evidence-Based Software Engineering and Systematic Reviews, volume 4. CRC Press.
Kortmann, S. and Piller, F. (2016). Open business models and closed-loop value chains: Redefining the firm-consumer relationship. California Management Review, 58(3):88–108.
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., and Moher, D. (2009). The prisma statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 62(10):e1–e34.
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Lindgardt, Z., Reeves, M., Jr., G. S., and Deimler, M. (2015). Business model innovation: When the game gets tough, change the game. In Own the Future, pages 291–298. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Machado, A. F., Paglioto, B. F., and de Carvalho, T. B. (2018). Creative industries in brazil: Analysis of specifics cases for a country in development. Theoretical Economics Letters, 08(07):1348–1367.
MacInnes, I. (2005). Dynamic business model framework for emerging technologies. International Journal of Services Technology and Management, 6(1):3.
MacInnes, I. (2006). Property rights, legal issues, and business models in virtual world communities. Electronic Commerce Research, 6(1):39–56.
Magretta, J. (2002). Why business models matter.
Mahadevan, B. (2000). Business models for internet-based ecommerce: An anatomy. California Management Review, 42(4):55–69.
Malone, T. W., Weill, P., Lai, R. K., D'Urso, V. T., Herman, G., Apel, T. G., and Woerner, S. (2006). Do some business models perform better than others? SSRN Electronic Journal.
Morris, M., Schindehutte, M., and Allen, J. (2005). The entrepreneur’s business model: toward a unified perspective. Journal of Business Research, 58(6):726–735. Special Section: The Nonprofit Marketing Landscape.
Morris, M., Schindehutte, M., Richardson, J., and Allen, J. (2006). Is the business model a useful strategic concept? conceptual, theoretical, and empirical insights. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 17(1):27–50.
Murphy-Hill, E. R., Zimmermann, T., and Nagappan, N. (2014). Cowboys, ankle sprains, and keepers of quality: how is video game development different from software development? In Jalote, P., Briand, L. C., and van der Hoek, A., editors, 36th International Conference on Software Engineering, ICSE 2014, pages 1–11. ACM.
Musulin, J. and Strahonja, V. (2018). Business model grounds and links: towards enterprise architecture perspective. Journal of Information and Organizational Sciences, 42(2):241–269.
Nae, V., Prodan, R., Iosup, A., and Fahringer, T. (2011). A new business model for massively multiplayer online games. In Proceeding of the 2nd joint WOSP/SIPEW international conference on Performance engineering, ICPE 2011. ACM Press.
Nahar, N., Huda, N., and Tepandi, J. (2012). Critical risk factors in business model and is innovations of a cloud-based gaming company: Case evidence from scandinavia. In Proceedings of Technology Management for Emerging Technologies, PICMET 2012, pages 3674–3680. IEEE.
Neto, B., Fernandes, L., Werner, C., and de Souza, J. M. (2009). Reuse in digital game development. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Technologies & Applications, pages 1–6.
Osterwalder, A. (2004). The business model ontology a proposition in a design science approach. PhD thesis, Université de Lausanne, Faculté des hautes études commerciales.
Osterwalder, A. and Pigneur, Y. (2002). An ebusiness model ontology for modeling ebusiness. BLED 2002 proceedings, page 2.
Osterwalder, A. and Pigneur, Y. (2004). An ontology for e-business models. In Value Creation from E-Business Models, pages 65–97. Elsevier.
Osterwalder, A. and Pigneur, Y. (2010). Business model generation: a handbook for visionaries, game changers, and challengers. John Wiley & Sons.
Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y., and Tucci, C. L. (2005). Clarifying business models: Origins, present, and future of the concept. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 16.
Pateli, A. (2003). A framework for understanding and analysing ebusiness models. Bled 2003 Proceedings, page 4.
Pateli, A. G. and Giaglis, G. M. (2004). A research framework for analysing eBusiness models. European Journal of Information Systems, 13(4):302–314.
Petersen, K., Feldt, R., Mujtaba, S., and Mattsson, M. (2008). Systematic mapping studies in software engineering. In Visaggio, G., Baldassarre, M. T., Linkman, S. G., and Turner, M., editors, 12th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering, EASE 2008, Workshops in Computing. BCS.
Petersen, K., Vakkalanka, S., and Kuzniarz, L. (2015). Guidelines for conducting systematic mapping studies in software engineering: An update. Information and Software Technology, 64:1–18.
Petrovic, O., Kittl, C., and Teksten, R. D. (2001). Developing business models for ebusiness. SSRN Electronic Journal.
Rappa, M. (2001). Managing the digital enterprise-business models on the web.
Slywotzky, A. J. (1997). Value migration: How to think several moves ahead of the competition. Long Range Planning, 30(2):314.
Stewart, D. W. and Zhao, Q. (2000). Internet marketing, business models, and public policy. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 19(2):287–296.
Teece, D. J. (2010). Business models, business strategy and innovation. Long Range Planning, 43(2-3):172–194.
Timmers, P. (1998). Business models for electronic markets. Electronic Markets, 8(2):3–8.
Vervoort, J. M. (2019). New frontiers in futures games: leveraging game sector developments. Futures, 105:174–186.
Wirtz, B. W. (2020). Business model concepts in literature. In Springer Texts in Business and Economics, pages 19–49. Springer International Publishing.
Wirtz, B. W., Schilke, O., and Ullrich, S. (2010). Strategic development of business models: Implications of the web 2.0 for creating value on the internet. Long Range Planning, 43(2):272–290. Business Models.
Xavier, B., Viana, D., and Santos, R. (2023). Business model for indie studios in game software ecosystems. In Santos, R. P. d. and Hounsell, M. d. S., editors, Grand Research Challenges in Games and Entertainment Computing in Brazil - GranDGamesBR 2020–2030, pages 47–66, Cham. Springer Nature Switzerland.
Xavier, B., Viana, D., and Santos, R. (2024). A dive into the state of the practice of the brazilian game software ecosystem. IEEE Transactions on Games, 16(1):195–204.
Xavier, B. L., dos Santos, R. P., and dos Santos, D. V. (2020). Software ecosystems and digital games: Understanding the financial sustainability aspect. In Filipe, J., Smialek, M., Brodsky, A., and Hammoudi, S., editors, Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, ICEIS 2020, volume 2, pages 450–457. SCITEPRESS.
Yamakami, T. (2015). A two-mound service engineering framework: Lessons learned in the mobile game business in japan. In 17th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology, ICACT 2015, pages 191–196. IEEE.
Zendle, D., Meyer, R., Cairns, P., Waters, S., and Ballou, N. (2020). The prevalence of loot boxes in mobile and desktop games. Addiction, 115(9):1768–1772.
Zott, C. and Amit, R. (2010). Business model design: An activity system perspective. Long Range Planning, 43(2-3):216–226.
Zott, C., Amit, R., and Massa, L. (2011). The business model: Recent developments and future research. Journal of Management, 37(4):1019–1042.
Akkermans, J. and Gordijn, J. (2003). Value-based requirements engineering: exploring innovative e-commerce ideas. Requirements Engineering, 8(2):114–134.
Al-Debei, M., El-Haddadeh, R., and Avison, D. (2008). Defining the business model in the new world of digital business. volume 3, page 300.
Al-Debei, M. M. and Avison, D. (2010). Developing a unified framework of the business model concept. European Journal of Information Systems, 19(3):359–376.
Alt, R. and Zimmermann, H.-D. (2001). Introduction to special section – business models. Electronic Markets, 11(1):3–9.
Amit, R. and Zott, C. (2001). Value creation in e-business. Strategic Management Journal, 22:493–520.
Baden-Fuller, C. and Morgan, M. S. (2010). Business models as models. Long Range Planning, 43(2):156 – 171.
Bartelt, A. and Lamersdorf, W. (2001). A multi-criteria taxonomy of business models in electronic commerce. In Electronic Commerce, pages 193–205. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Berg, N. (2015). Business model evolution in the game software ecosystem. Master’s thesis, Universiteit Utrecht.
Björkdahl, J. (2009). Technology cross-fertilization and the business model: The case of integrating ICTs in mechanical engineering products. Research Policy, 38(9):1468–1477.
Bouwman, H., Faber, E., Haaker, T., Kijl, B., and Reuver, M. D. (2008). Conceptualizing the STOF model. In Mobile Service Innovation and Business Models, pages 31–70. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Casadesus-Masanell, R. and Ricart, J. E. (2010). From strategy to business models and onto tactics. Long Range Planning, 43(2-3):195–215.
Cavalcante, S. A., Kesting, P., and Ulhøi, J. P. (2010). Business model dynamics: The central role of individual agency. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2010(1):1–6.
Chesbrough, H. (2007). Business model innovation: it’s not just about technology anymore. Strategy & leadership, 35(6):12–17.
Chesbrough, H. and Rosenbloom, R. S. (2002). The role of the business model in capturing value from innovation: evidence from Xerox Corporation’s technology spin-off companies. Industrial and Corporate Change, 11(3):529–555.
De Prato, G., Lindmark, S., and Simon, J.-P. (2012). The evolving european video game software ecosystem. In Giuditta De Prato, S. L. and Simon, J.-P., editors, The Video Game Industry, pages 224–246. Routledge.
Dubosson-Torbay, M., Osterwalder, A., and Pigneur, Y. (2002). E-business model design, classification, and measurements. Thunderbird International Business Review, 44(1):5.
Fung, A., editor (2016). Global Game Industries and Cultural Policy. Springer International Publishing.
George, G. and Bock, A. J. (2011). The business model in practice and its implications for entrepreneurship research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(1):83–111.
Gordijn, J., Osterwalder, A., and Pigneur, Y. (2005). Comparing two business model ontologies for designing e-business models and value constellations. 18th Bled eConference eIntegration in Action - Conference Proceedings, page 15.
Inoue, Y. and Tsujimoto, M. (2018). New market development of platform ecosystems: A case study of the nintendo wii. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 136:235–253.
Johnson, M. W., Christensen, C. M., and Kagermann, H. (2008). Reinventing your business model. Harvard Business Review, 86(12):57–68.
Kitchenham, B. and Charters, S. (2007). Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering. 2.
Kitchenham, B. A., Budgen, D., and Brereton, P. (2015). Evidence-Based Software Engineering and Systematic Reviews, volume 4. CRC Press.
Kortmann, S. and Piller, F. (2016). Open business models and closed-loop value chains: Redefining the firm-consumer relationship. California Management Review, 58(3):88–108.
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., and Moher, D. (2009). The prisma statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 62(10):e1–e34.
Linder and Cantrell (2000). Changing business models: Surveying the landscape.
Lindgardt, Z., Reeves, M., Jr., G. S., and Deimler, M. (2015). Business model innovation: When the game gets tough, change the game. In Own the Future, pages 291–298. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Machado, A. F., Paglioto, B. F., and de Carvalho, T. B. (2018). Creative industries in brazil: Analysis of specifics cases for a country in development. Theoretical Economics Letters, 08(07):1348–1367.
MacInnes, I. (2005). Dynamic business model framework for emerging technologies. International Journal of Services Technology and Management, 6(1):3.
MacInnes, I. (2006). Property rights, legal issues, and business models in virtual world communities. Electronic Commerce Research, 6(1):39–56.
Magretta, J. (2002). Why business models matter.
Mahadevan, B. (2000). Business models for internet-based ecommerce: An anatomy. California Management Review, 42(4):55–69.
Malone, T. W., Weill, P., Lai, R. K., D'Urso, V. T., Herman, G., Apel, T. G., and Woerner, S. (2006). Do some business models perform better than others? SSRN Electronic Journal.
Morris, M., Schindehutte, M., and Allen, J. (2005). The entrepreneur’s business model: toward a unified perspective. Journal of Business Research, 58(6):726–735. Special Section: The Nonprofit Marketing Landscape.
Morris, M., Schindehutte, M., Richardson, J., and Allen, J. (2006). Is the business model a useful strategic concept? conceptual, theoretical, and empirical insights. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 17(1):27–50.
Murphy-Hill, E. R., Zimmermann, T., and Nagappan, N. (2014). Cowboys, ankle sprains, and keepers of quality: how is video game development different from software development? In Jalote, P., Briand, L. C., and van der Hoek, A., editors, 36th International Conference on Software Engineering, ICSE 2014, pages 1–11. ACM.
Musulin, J. and Strahonja, V. (2018). Business model grounds and links: towards enterprise architecture perspective. Journal of Information and Organizational Sciences, 42(2):241–269.
Nae, V., Prodan, R., Iosup, A., and Fahringer, T. (2011). A new business model for massively multiplayer online games. In Proceeding of the 2nd joint WOSP/SIPEW international conference on Performance engineering, ICPE 2011. ACM Press.
Nahar, N., Huda, N., and Tepandi, J. (2012). Critical risk factors in business model and is innovations of a cloud-based gaming company: Case evidence from scandinavia. In Proceedings of Technology Management for Emerging Technologies, PICMET 2012, pages 3674–3680. IEEE.
Neto, B., Fernandes, L., Werner, C., and de Souza, J. M. (2009). Reuse in digital game development. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Technologies & Applications, pages 1–6.
Osterwalder, A. (2004). The business model ontology a proposition in a design science approach. PhD thesis, Université de Lausanne, Faculté des hautes études commerciales.
Osterwalder, A. and Pigneur, Y. (2002). An ebusiness model ontology for modeling ebusiness. BLED 2002 proceedings, page 2.
Osterwalder, A. and Pigneur, Y. (2004). An ontology for e-business models. In Value Creation from E-Business Models, pages 65–97. Elsevier.
Osterwalder, A. and Pigneur, Y. (2010). Business model generation: a handbook for visionaries, game changers, and challengers. John Wiley & Sons.
Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y., and Tucci, C. L. (2005). Clarifying business models: Origins, present, and future of the concept. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 16.
Pateli, A. (2003). A framework for understanding and analysing ebusiness models. Bled 2003 Proceedings, page 4.
Pateli, A. G. and Giaglis, G. M. (2004). A research framework for analysing eBusiness models. European Journal of Information Systems, 13(4):302–314.
Petersen, K., Feldt, R., Mujtaba, S., and Mattsson, M. (2008). Systematic mapping studies in software engineering. In Visaggio, G., Baldassarre, M. T., Linkman, S. G., and Turner, M., editors, 12th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering, EASE 2008, Workshops in Computing. BCS.
Petersen, K., Vakkalanka, S., and Kuzniarz, L. (2015). Guidelines for conducting systematic mapping studies in software engineering: An update. Information and Software Technology, 64:1–18.
Petrovic, O., Kittl, C., and Teksten, R. D. (2001). Developing business models for ebusiness. SSRN Electronic Journal.
Rappa, M. (2001). Managing the digital enterprise-business models on the web.
Slywotzky, A. J. (1997). Value migration: How to think several moves ahead of the competition. Long Range Planning, 30(2):314.
Stewart, D. W. and Zhao, Q. (2000). Internet marketing, business models, and public policy. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 19(2):287–296.
Teece, D. J. (2010). Business models, business strategy and innovation. Long Range Planning, 43(2-3):172–194.
Timmers, P. (1998). Business models for electronic markets. Electronic Markets, 8(2):3–8.
Vervoort, J. M. (2019). New frontiers in futures games: leveraging game sector developments. Futures, 105:174–186.
Wirtz, B. W. (2020). Business model concepts in literature. In Springer Texts in Business and Economics, pages 19–49. Springer International Publishing.
Wirtz, B. W., Schilke, O., and Ullrich, S. (2010). Strategic development of business models: Implications of the web 2.0 for creating value on the internet. Long Range Planning, 43(2):272–290. Business Models.
Xavier, B., Viana, D., and Santos, R. (2023). Business model for indie studios in game software ecosystems. In Santos, R. P. d. and Hounsell, M. d. S., editors, Grand Research Challenges in Games and Entertainment Computing in Brazil - GranDGamesBR 2020–2030, pages 47–66, Cham. Springer Nature Switzerland.
Xavier, B., Viana, D., and Santos, R. (2024). A dive into the state of the practice of the brazilian game software ecosystem. IEEE Transactions on Games, 16(1):195–204.
Xavier, B. L., dos Santos, R. P., and dos Santos, D. V. (2020). Software ecosystems and digital games: Understanding the financial sustainability aspect. In Filipe, J., Smialek, M., Brodsky, A., and Hammoudi, S., editors, Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, ICEIS 2020, volume 2, pages 450–457. SCITEPRESS.
Yamakami, T. (2015). A two-mound service engineering framework: Lessons learned in the mobile game business in japan. In 17th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology, ICACT 2015, pages 191–196. IEEE.
Zendle, D., Meyer, R., Cairns, P., Waters, S., and Ballou, N. (2020). The prevalence of loot boxes in mobile and desktop games. Addiction, 115(9):1768–1772.
Zott, C. and Amit, R. (2010). Business model design: An activity system perspective. Long Range Planning, 43(2-3):216–226.
Zott, C., Amit, R., and Massa, L. (2011). The business model: Recent developments and future research. Journal of Management, 37(4):1019–1042.
Publicado
30/09/2024
Como Citar
DOS SANTOS, Rodrigo Pereira; XAVIER, Bruno; VIANA, Davi.
Supporting Game Software Engineering from Business Modeling Towards Building Digital Game Studios. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE JOGOS E ENTRETENIMENTO DIGITAL (SBGAMES), 23. , 2024, Manaus/AM.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2024
.
p. 416-435.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbgames.2024.241002.
