A Novel Procedural Generation for Level Design of Mansions and Dungeons
Resumo
Introduction: Procedural Content Generation (PCG) has become an essential technique in game development due to its ability to reduce production time and cost while increasing replayability and variety. However, when not aligned with level design principles, PCG can lead to incoherent spatial structures and poor gameplay experiences. Objective: This work proposes a PCG method guided by level design principles to generate structured indoor environments — such as houses, mansions, and dungeons — aiming to ensure both architectural coherence and navigability. Methodology: The method is divided into three main stages: segmentation of the space using Binary Space Partitioning (BSP); logical connection of rooms based on graph traversal to prevent redundant links; and a post-processing stage responsible for cleaning structural artifacts and improving visual cohesion. The methodology allows parameterization of room area and shape, with randomness controlled via seeds for reproducibility. Results: Two experiments were conducted. The first demonstrated the flexibility of the methodology under different seeds and parameter configurations. The second evaluated the navigability of generated maps by verifying connectivity using Breadth-First Search (BFS). In this test, 100,000 maps were generated, and with suitable parameters, over 91% of them achieved complete connectivity.
Palavras-chave:
Procedural Content Generation, Level Design, Indoor Environments, Game Maps, Binary Space Partitioning
Referências
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Fan, X., Li, B., e Sisson, S. (2018). The binary space partitioning-tree process. In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, pages 1859–1867. PMLR.
Fernandes, P. M., Jørgensen, J., e Poldervaart, N. N. T. G. (2021). Adapting procedural content generation to player personas through evolution. In 2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI), pages 01–09.
Freiknecht, J. e Effelsberg, W. (2017). A survey on the procedural generation of virtual worlds. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 1(4).
Jennett, C., Cox, A. L., Cairns, P., Dhoparee, S., Epps, A., Tijs, T., e Walton, A. (2008). Measuring and defining the experience of immersion in games. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 66(9):641–661.
Khalifa, A., Bontrager, P., Earle, S., e Togelius, J. (2020). Pcgrl: Procedural content generation via reinforcement learning. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment, volume 16, pages 95– 101.
Khalifa, A., Green, M. C., Barros, G., e Togelius, J. (2019). Intentional computational level design. In Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO ’19, page 796–803, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Kremers, R. (2009). Level design: concept, theory, and practice. CRC Press.
Marchand, A. e Hennig-Thurau, T. (2013). Criação de valor na indústria de videogames: Economia da indústria, benefícios ao consumidor e oportunidades de pesquisa. Jornal de Marketing Interativo, 27(3):141–157.
Putra, P. A., Tarigan, J. T., e Zamzami, E. M. (2023). Procedural 2d dungeon generation using binary space partition algorithm and l-systems. In 2023 International Conference on Computer, Control, Informatics and its Applications (IC3INA), pages 365–369.
Short, T. e Adams, T. (2017). Procedural generation in game design. CRC Press.
Tait, E. R. e Nelson, I. L. (2022). Nonscalability and generating digital outer space natures in no man’s sky. Environment and Planning E, 5(2):694–718.
van der Linden, R., Lopes, R., e Bidarra, R. (2014). Procedural generation of dungeons. IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games, 6(1):78–89.
Vieira, I. (2025). Bsp-procedural-generation. [link]. Accessed: June 2025.
Zhang, Y., Zhang, G., e Huang, X. (2022). A survey of procedural content generation for games. In 2022 International Conference on Culture-Oriented Science and Technology (CoST), pages 186–190.
de Lima, E. S., Feijó, B., e Furtado, A. L. (2019). Procedural generation of quests for games using genetic algorithms and automated planning. In SBGames, pages 144– 153.
Fan, X., Li, B., e Sisson, S. (2018). The binary space partitioning-tree process. In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, pages 1859–1867. PMLR.
Fernandes, P. M., Jørgensen, J., e Poldervaart, N. N. T. G. (2021). Adapting procedural content generation to player personas through evolution. In 2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI), pages 01–09.
Freiknecht, J. e Effelsberg, W. (2017). A survey on the procedural generation of virtual worlds. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 1(4).
Jennett, C., Cox, A. L., Cairns, P., Dhoparee, S., Epps, A., Tijs, T., e Walton, A. (2008). Measuring and defining the experience of immersion in games. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 66(9):641–661.
Khalifa, A., Bontrager, P., Earle, S., e Togelius, J. (2020). Pcgrl: Procedural content generation via reinforcement learning. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment, volume 16, pages 95– 101.
Khalifa, A., Green, M. C., Barros, G., e Togelius, J. (2019). Intentional computational level design. In Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO ’19, page 796–803, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Kremers, R. (2009). Level design: concept, theory, and practice. CRC Press.
Marchand, A. e Hennig-Thurau, T. (2013). Criação de valor na indústria de videogames: Economia da indústria, benefícios ao consumidor e oportunidades de pesquisa. Jornal de Marketing Interativo, 27(3):141–157.
Putra, P. A., Tarigan, J. T., e Zamzami, E. M. (2023). Procedural 2d dungeon generation using binary space partition algorithm and l-systems. In 2023 International Conference on Computer, Control, Informatics and its Applications (IC3INA), pages 365–369.
Short, T. e Adams, T. (2017). Procedural generation in game design. CRC Press.
Tait, E. R. e Nelson, I. L. (2022). Nonscalability and generating digital outer space natures in no man’s sky. Environment and Planning E, 5(2):694–718.
van der Linden, R., Lopes, R., e Bidarra, R. (2014). Procedural generation of dungeons. IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games, 6(1):78–89.
Vieira, I. (2025). Bsp-procedural-generation. [link]. Accessed: June 2025.
Zhang, Y., Zhang, G., e Huang, X. (2022). A survey of procedural content generation for games. In 2022 International Conference on Culture-Oriented Science and Technology (CoST), pages 186–190.
Publicado
30/09/2025
Como Citar
VIEIRA, Isaac Fiuza; LINARES, Kathya Silvia Collazos; CLUA, Esteban Walter Gonzalez; RODRIGUES, Érick Oliveira.
A Novel Procedural Generation for Level Design of Mansions and Dungeons. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE JOGOS E ENTRETENIMENTO DIGITAL (SBGAMES), 24. , 2025, Salvador/BA.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2025
.
p. 575-586.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbgames.2025.10089.
