Serious Games contra a desinformação: aplicando o método prebunking de inoculação no contexto brasileiro
Resumo
Introdução: A desinformação ameaça democracias globalmente e, entre as iniciativas mais comuns de enfrentamento ao fenômeno, estão a checagem de fatos e as campanhas públicas de conscientização. Embora importantes, tais ações são insuficientes para mitigar os efeitos, sobretudo cognitivos, do caos informacional. Na última década, intervenções inspiradas na Teoria da Inoculação têm se mostrado promissoras para prevenir contra a desinformação. Objetivo: Neste estudo, testamos a aplicação do método prebunking de inoculação (Roozenbeek e Van der Linden, 2019) ao design de um serious game que foi testado no contexto do Brasil. Metodologia: a partir de métodos mistos, aplicamos o jogo com voluntários entre 18 e 24 anos (N=55), que também responderam a questionários pré e pós-jogo. Resultados: os dados, analisados por meio de estatística descritiva, apontaram a eficácia do jogo de inoculação proposto para aumentar a resiliência contra a desinformação on-line.
Palavras-chave:
Desinformação, Teoria da Inoculação, Método Prebunking, Serious Games, Intervenções Preventivas
Referências
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Bad News. (2022). From fake news to chaos! How bad are you? Get as many followers as you can. [online]. Disponível em [link].
Basol, M., Roozenbeek, J., Berriche, M., Uenal, F., McClanahan, W., & Van der Linden, S. (2021). Towards psychological herd immunity: Cross-cultural evidence for two prebunking interventions against COVID-19 misinformation. Big Data & Society, 8(1). DOI: 10.1177/20539517211013868.
Compton, J. (2013). Inoculation theory. In J. P. Dillard & L. Shen (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of persuasion: Developments in theory and practice (2nd ed., pp. 220-236). New York: SAGE Publications.
Compton, J., & Pfau, M. (2005). Inoculation theory of resistance to influence at maturity: Recent progress in theory development and application and suggestions for future research. Annals of the International Communication Association, 29(1), 97-146. DOI: 10.1080/23808985.2005.11679045.
Charaudeau, P. (2012). Discurso das mídias. São Paulo: Contexto.
Clark, C. A. (1970). Serious games. New York: Viking.
Dejong, S. (2023). Playing with fake news: State of fake news video games. The International Journal of Games and Social Impact, 1(1), Article 1. DOI: 10.24140/ijgsi.v1.n1.05.
Fallis, D. (2015). What is disinformation? Library Trends, 63(3), 401-426.
Goga, O., Venkatadri, G., & Gummadi, K. P. (2015). The doppelgänger bot attack: Exploring identity impersonation in online social networks. In Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference (pp. 141-153). New York: ACM.
Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012). Misinformation and its correction: Continued influence and successful debiasing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(3), 106-131. DOI: 10.1177/1529100612451018.
Lewandowsky, S., et al. (2020). The debunking handbook 2020. DOI: 10.17910/b7.1182. Disponível em [link].
Lischka, J. A. (2017). A badge of honor?: How The New York Times discredits President Trump’s fake news accusations. Journalism Studies, 20(2), 287-304. DOI: 10.5167/uzh-142117.
Maertens, R., Roozenbeek, J., Basol, M., & Van der Linden, S. (2021). Long-term effectiveness of inoculation against misinformation: Three longitudinal experiments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 27(1), 1-16. DOI: 10.1037/xap0000315.
Mitgutsch, K., & Alvarado, N. (2012). Purposeful by design? A serious game design assessment framework. In Proceedings of the International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (pp. 121-128). New York: Association for Computing Machinery. DOI: 10.1145/2282338.2282364.
McGuire, W. J. (1964). Inducing resistance against persuasion: Some contemporary approaches. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 1, 191-229. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60052-0.
McGuire, W. J. (1970). A vaccine for brainwash. Psychology Today, 3, 36-64. In S. Lewandowsky & S. Van der Linden (2021). Countering misinformation and fake news through inoculation and prebunking. European Review of Social Psychology, 32(2), 348-384. DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2021.1876983.
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Pfau, M., Ivanov, B., Houston, B., Haigh, M., Sims, J., Gilchrist, E., & Richert, N. (2005). Inoculation and mental processing: The instrumental role of associative networks in the process of resistance to counterattitudinal influence. Communication Monographs, 72(4), 414-441. DOI: 10.1080/03637750500322578.
Roozenbeek, J., & Van der Linden, S. (2018). The fake news game: Actively inoculating against the risk of misinformation. Journal of Risk Research, 22(5), 570-580. DOI: 10.17863/CAM.26097.
Roozenbeek, J., & Van der Linden, S. (2019). Fake news game confers psychological resistance against online misinformation. Palgrave Communications, 5, 65. DOI: 10.1057/s41599-019-0279-9.
Roozenbeek, J., & Van der Linden, S. (2020). A psychological vaccine against fake news. In R. Greifeneder, E. Jaffé, J. Newman, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), The psychology of fake news: Accepting, sharing, and correcting misinformation (pp. 233-249). London: Psychology Press.
Roozenbeek, J., Van der Linden, S., & Nygren, T. (2020). Prebunking interventions based on “inoculation” theory can reduce susceptibility to misinformation across cultures. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1(10), 1-23. [link].
Roozenbeek, J., & Van der Linden, S. (2021). Inoculation theory and misinformation. Riga: NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence. [link]
Roozenbeek, J., Maertens, R., McClanahan, W., & Van der Linden, S. (2021). Disentangling item and testing effects in inoculation research on online misinformation: Solomon revisited. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 81(2), 340–362. DOI: 10.1177/0013164420940378.
Roozenbeek, J., Van der Linden, S., Goldberg, B., Rathje, S., & Lewandowsky. (2022). Psychological inoculation improves resilience against misinformation on social media. Science Advances, 8(34), 1-11. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo6254
Van der Linden, S., Leiserowitz, A., Rosenthal, S., & Maibach, E. (2017). Inoculating the public against misinformation about climate change. Global Challenges, 1-7. DOI: 10.1002/gch2.201600008
Van der Linden, S., Panagopoulos, C., & Roozenbeek, J. (2020). You are fake news: Political bias in perceptions of fake news. Media, Culture & Society, 42(3), 460-470. DOI: 10.1177/0163443720906992.
Van der Linden, S., Roozenbeek, J., Maertens, R., Basol, M., Kácha, O., Rathje, S., & Traberg, C. S. (2021). How can psychological science help counter the spread of fake news? The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 24(25), 1-9. DOI: 10.1017/SJP.2021.25.
Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. DOI: 10.1126/science.aap9559.
Silva, F., Gonçalves-Souza, T., Paterno, G., Provete, D., & Vancine, M. (2022). Análises Ecológicas no R – o melhor caminho entre questões ecológicas e os métodos estatísticos mais robustos para testá-las (1ª ed.). Canal 6 Editora.
Simchon, A., Brady, W. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2022). Troll and divide: The language of online polarization. PNAS Nexus, 1(1), 1-12. DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/xjd64.
Tandoc, E., Lim, Z. W., & Ling, R. (2018). Defining “Fake News.” Digital Journalism, 6(2), 137–153. DOI: 10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143.
Traberg, C., Roozenbeek, J., & Van der Linden, S. (2022). Psychological inoculation against misinformation: Current evidence and future directions. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 700(1), 136–151. DOI: 10.1177/00027162221087936.
Traquina, N. (2005). Teorias do Jornalismo, por que as notícias são como são - Volume 1 (2ª ed.). Insular.
Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2018). Thinking about ‘information disorder’: Formats of misinformation, disinformation, and mal-information. In C. Ireton & J. Posetti (Eds.), Journalism, ‘fake news’ & disinformation (pp. 43-54). UNESCO. [link].
Wardle, C. (2018). Information disorder: The essential glossary. Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy, Harvard Kennedy School. [link].
Araújo, C. A. de. (2021). Infodemia, desinformação, pós-verdade: o desafio de conceituar os fenômenos envolvidos com os novos regimes de informação. International Review of Information Ethics, 30. Disponível em [link].
Bad News. (2022). From fake news to chaos! How bad are you? Get as many followers as you can. [online]. Disponível em [link].
Basol, M., Roozenbeek, J., Berriche, M., Uenal, F., McClanahan, W., & Van der Linden, S. (2021). Towards psychological herd immunity: Cross-cultural evidence for two prebunking interventions against COVID-19 misinformation. Big Data & Society, 8(1). DOI: 10.1177/20539517211013868.
Compton, J. (2013). Inoculation theory. In J. P. Dillard & L. Shen (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of persuasion: Developments in theory and practice (2nd ed., pp. 220-236). New York: SAGE Publications.
Compton, J., & Pfau, M. (2005). Inoculation theory of resistance to influence at maturity: Recent progress in theory development and application and suggestions for future research. Annals of the International Communication Association, 29(1), 97-146. DOI: 10.1080/23808985.2005.11679045.
Charaudeau, P. (2012). Discurso das mídias. São Paulo: Contexto.
Clark, C. A. (1970). Serious games. New York: Viking.
Dejong, S. (2023). Playing with fake news: State of fake news video games. The International Journal of Games and Social Impact, 1(1), Article 1. DOI: 10.24140/ijgsi.v1.n1.05.
Fallis, D. (2015). What is disinformation? Library Trends, 63(3), 401-426.
Goga, O., Venkatadri, G., & Gummadi, K. P. (2015). The doppelgänger bot attack: Exploring identity impersonation in online social networks. In Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference (pp. 141-153). New York: ACM.
Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012). Misinformation and its correction: Continued influence and successful debiasing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(3), 106-131. DOI: 10.1177/1529100612451018.
Lewandowsky, S., et al. (2020). The debunking handbook 2020. DOI: 10.17910/b7.1182. Disponível em [link].
Lischka, J. A. (2017). A badge of honor?: How The New York Times discredits President Trump’s fake news accusations. Journalism Studies, 20(2), 287-304. DOI: 10.5167/uzh-142117.
Maertens, R., Roozenbeek, J., Basol, M., & Van der Linden, S. (2021). Long-term effectiveness of inoculation against misinformation: Three longitudinal experiments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 27(1), 1-16. DOI: 10.1037/xap0000315.
Mitgutsch, K., & Alvarado, N. (2012). Purposeful by design? A serious game design assessment framework. In Proceedings of the International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (pp. 121-128). New York: Association for Computing Machinery. DOI: 10.1145/2282338.2282364.
McGuire, W. J. (1964). Inducing resistance against persuasion: Some contemporary approaches. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 1, 191-229. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60052-0.
McGuire, W. J. (1970). A vaccine for brainwash. Psychology Today, 3, 36-64. In S. Lewandowsky & S. Van der Linden (2021). Countering misinformation and fake news through inoculation and prebunking. European Review of Social Psychology, 32(2), 348-384. DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2021.1876983.
Pacete, L. (2023, 9 de março). Brasil é o terceiro maior consumidor de redes sociais em todo o mundo. Forbes Tech. [link].
Pfau, M., Ivanov, B., Houston, B., Haigh, M., Sims, J., Gilchrist, E., & Richert, N. (2005). Inoculation and mental processing: The instrumental role of associative networks in the process of resistance to counterattitudinal influence. Communication Monographs, 72(4), 414-441. DOI: 10.1080/03637750500322578.
Roozenbeek, J., & Van der Linden, S. (2018). The fake news game: Actively inoculating against the risk of misinformation. Journal of Risk Research, 22(5), 570-580. DOI: 10.17863/CAM.26097.
Roozenbeek, J., & Van der Linden, S. (2019). Fake news game confers psychological resistance against online misinformation. Palgrave Communications, 5, 65. DOI: 10.1057/s41599-019-0279-9.
Roozenbeek, J., & Van der Linden, S. (2020). A psychological vaccine against fake news. In R. Greifeneder, E. Jaffé, J. Newman, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), The psychology of fake news: Accepting, sharing, and correcting misinformation (pp. 233-249). London: Psychology Press.
Roozenbeek, J., Van der Linden, S., & Nygren, T. (2020). Prebunking interventions based on “inoculation” theory can reduce susceptibility to misinformation across cultures. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1(10), 1-23. [link].
Roozenbeek, J., & Van der Linden, S. (2021). Inoculation theory and misinformation. Riga: NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence. [link]
Roozenbeek, J., Maertens, R., McClanahan, W., & Van der Linden, S. (2021). Disentangling item and testing effects in inoculation research on online misinformation: Solomon revisited. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 81(2), 340–362. DOI: 10.1177/0013164420940378.
Roozenbeek, J., Van der Linden, S., Goldberg, B., Rathje, S., & Lewandowsky. (2022). Psychological inoculation improves resilience against misinformation on social media. Science Advances, 8(34), 1-11. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo6254
Van der Linden, S., Leiserowitz, A., Rosenthal, S., & Maibach, E. (2017). Inoculating the public against misinformation about climate change. Global Challenges, 1-7. DOI: 10.1002/gch2.201600008
Van der Linden, S., Panagopoulos, C., & Roozenbeek, J. (2020). You are fake news: Political bias in perceptions of fake news. Media, Culture & Society, 42(3), 460-470. DOI: 10.1177/0163443720906992.
Van der Linden, S., Roozenbeek, J., Maertens, R., Basol, M., Kácha, O., Rathje, S., & Traberg, C. S. (2021). How can psychological science help counter the spread of fake news? The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 24(25), 1-9. DOI: 10.1017/SJP.2021.25.
Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. DOI: 10.1126/science.aap9559.
Silva, F., Gonçalves-Souza, T., Paterno, G., Provete, D., & Vancine, M. (2022). Análises Ecológicas no R – o melhor caminho entre questões ecológicas e os métodos estatísticos mais robustos para testá-las (1ª ed.). Canal 6 Editora.
Simchon, A., Brady, W. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2022). Troll and divide: The language of online polarization. PNAS Nexus, 1(1), 1-12. DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/xjd64.
Tandoc, E., Lim, Z. W., & Ling, R. (2018). Defining “Fake News.” Digital Journalism, 6(2), 137–153. DOI: 10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143.
Traberg, C., Roozenbeek, J., & Van der Linden, S. (2022). Psychological inoculation against misinformation: Current evidence and future directions. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 700(1), 136–151. DOI: 10.1177/00027162221087936.
Traquina, N. (2005). Teorias do Jornalismo, por que as notícias são como são - Volume 1 (2ª ed.). Insular.
Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2018). Thinking about ‘information disorder’: Formats of misinformation, disinformation, and mal-information. In C. Ireton & J. Posetti (Eds.), Journalism, ‘fake news’ & disinformation (pp. 43-54). UNESCO. [link].
Wardle, C. (2018). Information disorder: The essential glossary. Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy, Harvard Kennedy School. [link].
Publicado
29/09/2026
Como Citar
SILVA, Karoline Maria Fernandes da Costa e; PRESSER, Nadi Helena; MONTEIRO-KREBS, Luciana; CARMO, Rodrigo F. R..
Serious Games contra a desinformação: aplicando o método prebunking de inoculação no contexto brasileiro. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE JOGOS E ENTRETENIMENTO DIGITAL (SBGAMES), 25. , 2026, Goiânia/GO.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2026
.
p. 1587-1596.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbgames.2026.24504.
