Development and Validation of a Web-Based Augmented Reality Platform for Educational Applications
Resumo
Augmented Reality (AR) reveals itself as a promising technology for education. However, its adoption in public schools faces challenges, such as costs, technical complexity, and the lack of easy-to-use tools for teachers. This article presents EducaAR, a platform with AR Web technologies for the application of augmented books, which means it uses textbook figures as markers to display 3D models. The environment supports four different user profiles, and adapts its visualization according to the profile authenticated in the environment: while the profiles of the teacher, administrator, and developer are viewed in browsers, the student is viewed on mobile devices. The student can answer a multiple-choice questionnaire on the subject addressed in the model viewed. The teacher is able to monitor the performance of students and their access frequency. Developers are responsible for adding the models on the platform and associating them with its respective book’s figure. And the administrator has management roles in the environment. The platform was used by 31 High School students in Biology classes. The models were developed by 15 teams of three students from the Bachelor’s Degree in Software Engineering (BSE) course, who used the platform as a developer profile. In addition, an Acceptance Test was conducted with the two teachers involved in the experiment. The research follows the methodological principles of Design-Based Research (DBR), and the second cycle will be presented in this article. Data collection was conducted using three distinct instruments tailored to each participant group: students completed the MAREEA assessment, teachers responded to the System Usability Scale (SUS), and developers provided feedback through a custom five-question survey. The teachers evaluated the usability of the platform as "Excellent" in all the features tested, but suggested the inclusion of tutorials or training for teachers less familiar with technologies. The results of the analysis with the developers indicate that, in order to implement EducaAR in schools with students creating 3D models, training in simplified tools and the structuring of tasks with progressive complexity are necessary. The students positively evaluated the usability of the platform, reporting high involvement in the activities and increased curiosity for the content. Nevertheless, they showed less confidence in learning more complex concepts, which suggests the adoption of complementary didactic strategies.
Referências
P. H. Chiu, P. H. Tseng, and K. T. Feng. Interactive mobile augmented reality system for image and hand motion tracking. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 67, 9995–10009, 2018.
L. P. Souza, K. F. de Sousa, and S. C. S. Juca. Gamificacao e realidade aumentada como ferramentas pedagogicas para o ensino. ETD - Educacao Tematica Digital, 27, 2025.
C. Tutkun. Teacher views on the use of augmented reality in preschool education. In 7th International African Conference on Contemporary Scientific Research, May 2024.
R. G. S. Cardoso, S. T. Pereira, J. H. Cruz, and W. R. M. Almeida. Uso da realidade aumentada em auxilio a educacao. Computer on the Beach, 2014.
I. A. da Silva. O potencial da realidade aumentada na educacao. CIET:EnPED, 2018.
V. Patil, U. Pol, J. Bhosale, and N. Valekar. The Application and Challenges of Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) Technologies in the Education Sector. NAVJYOT International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 112–115, 2024.
A. K. B. P. Patil, and S. R. Tracking methods in augmented reality – explore the usage of marker-based tracking. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020.
A. Dengel, M. Z. Iqbal, S. Grafe, and E. Mangina. A review on augmented reality authoring toolkits for education. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 3, 798032, 2022.
S. A. Nikou, M. Perifanou, and A. A. Economides. Exploring teachers’ competences to integrate augmented reality in education: Results from an international study. TechTrends, 2024.
H. S. Yang, K. Cho, J. Soh, J. Jung, and J. Lee. Hybrid visual tracking for augmented books. In Entertainment Computing-ICEC 2008: 7th International Conference, Pittsburgh, USA, 2008. Springer, 161–166.
G. Ivanova, Y. Aliev, and A. Ivanov. Augmented reality: textbook for future blended education. International Conference on e-Learning, 14, 130–136, 2014.
A. Vahldick, R. de Miranda, C. de Marques, M. G. Ferreira, and P. Schoeffel. Segunda guerra mundial experimentada com realidade aumentada: a caminho de um ambiente de autoria para professores e alunos. Simposio Brasileiro de Informatica na Educacao (SBIE), SBC, 2022, 378–389.
S. M. P. de Azevedo Pedrosa and M. A. Zappala-Guimaraes. Realidade virtual e realidade aumentada: refletindo sobre usos e beneficios na educacao. Educacao e Cultura Contemporanea, 16, 123–146, 2019.
A. A. C. de Andrade, M. C. Rodrigues, P. P. M. Tette, B. M. S. Silva, B. C. de Almeida, H. R. Pereira, T. Barbosa, and V. M. Candido. Promocao de estrategias de aprendizagem em estudantes de psicologia. Psicologia Escolar e Educacional, 24, 2020.
J. Carmigniani and B. Furht. Augmented reality: an overview. Handbook of Augmented Reality, 3–46, 2011.
T. A. Syed, M. S. Siddiqui, H. B. Abdullah, S. Jan, A. Namoun, A. Alzahrani, A. Nadeem, and A. B. Alkhodre. In-depth review of augmented reality: Tracking technologies, development tools, AR displays, collaborative AR, and security concerns. Sensors, 23(1), 2023.
C. C. D. Silva. Design de interacao: diretrizes para projetos de realidade aumentada. 2018.
F. Zhou, H. B.-L. Duh, and M. Billinghurst. Trends in augmented reality tracking, interaction and display: A review of ten years of ISMAR. 2008 7th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality, 2008.
V. W. Febrihartanti, B. S. Hantono, and A. Nasikun. Analysis of marker factors effect on the detection process of image-based tracking in web augmented reality. ICITEE 2024, 16th International Conference on Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, IEEE, 2024, 380–385.
C. Weng, S. Otanga, S. M. Christianto, and R. J.-C. Chu. Enhancing students’ biology learning by using augmented reality as a learning supplement. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 58(4), 747–770, 2020.
G. Beisenbayeva, A. Mubarakov, Z. Seylova, L. Zhadrayeva, and B. Artymbayeva. Evaluating the impact of an augmented reality app on geometry learning in Kazakh secondary schools. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 23, 2024.
L. En-Nhili, S. Boubih, A. Essadiq, and M. E. Alaoui. Effectiveness of augmented reality as a pedagogical engineering tool. IJTPE Journal, 16, 300–307, 2024.
I. Coma-Tatay, S. Casas-Yrurzum, P. Casanova-Salas, and M. Fernandez-Marin. FI-AR Learning: A web-based platform for augmented reality educational content. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 78(5), 6093–6118, 2019.
E. Liu, S. Cai, Z. Liu, and C. Liu. WebART: Web-based augmented reality learning resources authoring tool and its user experience study among teachers. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 16(1), 53–65, 2022.
M. Ez-Zaouia, I. Marfisi-Schottman, and C. Mercier. Authoring tools: the road to democratizing augmented reality for education. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Supported Education, 1, 115–127, 2023.
A. L. Brown. Design experiments: Theoretical and methodological challenges in creating complex interventions in classroom settings. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 2, 141–178, 1992.
K. Gravemeijer and P. Cobb. Design research from a learning design perspective. Educational Design Research, 17–51, 2006.
J. van den Akker, K. Gravemeijer, S. McKenney, and N. Nieveen. Introducing Educational Design Research. Routledge, 2006.
DBRC. Design-based research: An emerging paradigm for educational inquiry. Educational Researcher, 32, 5–8, 2003.
G. Majgaard, M. Misfeldt, and J. Nielsen. How design-based research and action research contribute to the development of a new design for learning. Designs for Learning, 4, 8–27, 2011.
D. Walker. Toward productive design studies. Routledge, 2006, 9–19.
A. Cocciolo. Reviewing design-based research. 2005.
A. Vahldick, A. Santos, L. Kuster, M. Ferreira, and P. Schoeffel. Tecnologia em evolucao: Ampliando horizontes na realidade aumentada para professores atraves da web e deteccao de imagens. 2023, 22–31.
Brasil. Lei nº 13.005, de 25 de junho de 2014. Aprova o Plano Nacional de Educacao - PNE e da outras providencias. Diario Oficial da Republica Federativa do Brasil, 2014.
M. G. Dalla Corte, S. d. R. M. Gomez, and G. P. Rosso. Creditacao da extensao universitaria no curriculo dos cursos de graduacao: estado do conhecimento. Politicas Educativas–PolEd, 2018.
M. H. S. C. Sleutjes. Refletindo sobre os tres pilares de sustentacao das universidades: ensino-pesquisa-extensao. Revista de Administracao Publica, 33(3), 99–a, 1999.
K. Charmaz. A construcao da teoria fundamentada: guia pratico para analise qualitativa. Bookman Editora, 2009.
R. S. Nadiyah and S. Faaizah. The development of online project based collaborative learning using ADDIE model. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 1803–1812, 2015.
L. F. de Oliveira, C. L. Rodrigues, and K. R. G. da Silva. A software acceptance testing approach with accessibility for the deaf. Universal Access in the Information Society, 2024.
J. Brooke. SUS: A quick and dirty usability scale. Usability Evaluation in Industry, 189, 1995.
A. Bangor, P. T. Kortum, and J. T. Miller. An empirical evaluation of the System Usability Scale. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 24, 574–594, 2008.
S. Jamieson. Likert scales: How to (ab)use them. Medical Education, 38, 1217–1218, 2004.
I. E. Ismail, R. Elisa Nalawati, and A. Putra. System usability scale and net promoter score on donation application of toddlers equipment. 2021 4th International Conference of Computer and Informatics Engineering (IC2IE), IEEE, 2021, 170–174.
F. Herpich, F. Becker Nunes, G. Petri, P. Nicolete, and L. M. R. Tarouco. Modelo de avaliacao de abordagens educacionais em realidade aumentada movel. RENOTE, 17(1), 355–364, 2019.
H. Yuem. MindAR | mind-ar-js. 2025. Available: [link]
