Providing Open Source with Access Rights to Proprietary Platforms via Interoperability Regulation
Resumo
Free and open source software (FOSS) is a foundational element of the digital economy. However, monopolistic dynamics of digital markets have created a contradictory outcome: while over 90% of software produced globally contains FOSS, the largest platforms in the world are mainly proprietary. This paper argues that recent developments of interoperability regulation in diverse jurisdictions can provide FOSS access rights to features and functionalities of assets controlled exclusively by dominating platforms. These advancements can level the playing field for FOSS small companies, start-ups and non-profit communities facing dominating platforms.Referências
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Bourreau, M. (2022). DMA: Horizontal and Vertical Interoperability Obligations. Technical report, Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE).
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Broumas, A. (2020). Intellectual Commons and the Law: A Normative Theory for Commons-Based Peer Production. University of Westminster Press.
Brown, I. (2020). The technical components of interoperability as a tool for competition regulation. Technical report, Open Forum Academy.
Butler, S., Gamalielsson, J., Lundell, B., Brax, C., Mattsson, A., Gustavsson, T., Feist, J., and Lönroth, E. (2020). Maintaining interoperability in open source software: A case study of the Apache PDFBox project. Journal of Systems and Software, 159.
Competition and Markets Authority (2026). Proposed commitments from Apple and Google: app certainty and interoperable access. Technical report.
Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (2026). CADE signs a Cease and Desist Agreement with Apple. Technical report.
Cristofari, G. (2023). The Politics of Platformization – Amsterdam Dialogues on Platform Theory. INC Theory on Demand. Institute of Network Cultures.
DeNardis, L., editor (2011). Opening standards: The global politics of interoperability. Information Society Series. MIT Press, Cambridge.
Doctorow, C. (2021). How to Destroy Surveillance Capitalism. Medium editions. Stonesong Digital.
Doctorow, C. (2023). The Internet Con: How to Seize the Means of Computation. Verso Books.
Doctorow, C. (2025). Enshittification: Why Everything Suddenly Got Worse and What To Do About It. Verso Books.
Eisenmann, T., Parker, G., and Alstyne, M. V. (2009). Opening Platforms: How, When and Why? In Gawer, A., editor, Platforms, Markets and Innovation. Edward Elgar Publishing.
European Commission (2017). New European Interoperability Framework: Promoting seamless services and data flows for European public administration. Technical report.
European Commission (2025a). Case DMA.100204 SP - Apple - Article 6(7) - Process. ELI: [link].
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European Union (2022). Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 September 2022 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector and amending Directives (EU) 2019/1937 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Digital Markets Act) (Text with EEA relevance). ELI: [link].
Evangelista, R. (2014). O movimento software livre do Brasil: política, trabalho e hacking. Horizontes Antropológicos, 20(41):173–200.
Fernandes, V. (2025). Brazil’s Calibrated Revolution in Digital Competition. ProMarket.
Ferreira, A., Madruga, R., and Pereira, A. (2024). Digital Platforms: Economic and Competition Aspects and Recommendations for Regulatory Improvements in Brazil. Technical report, Secretariat of Economic Reform - Ministry of Finance - Brazil.
Flew, T. and Fiona, M., editors (2022). Digital Platform Regulation: Global Perspectives on Internet Governance. Palgrave Macmillan Cham.
Foletto, L. (2020). A Cultura é Livre: Uma História da Resistência Antipropriedade. Autonomia Literária.
Giblin, R. and Doctorow, C. (2022). Chokepoint Capitalism. Beacon Press.
Hoffmann, M., Nagle, F., and Zhou, Y. (2024). The Value of Open Source Software. HBS Working Paper Series, Harvard Business School.
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Martínez, A. R. (2025). Interoperability by design or denial? The Digital Markets Act’s notion of vertical interoperability. Revista de Defesa da Concorrência, 13(2):11–45.
Meyers, Z. (2026). Open Tech Platforms: Technology and Governance Mechanisms. Issue Paper, Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE).
Motta, M. and Peitz, M. (2025). Denial of interoperability and future first-party entry. International journal of industrial organization, 103.
Murphy, R. (2025). Mapping the Brussels Effect. Technical report, Center for European Policy Analysis, Washington DC.
Nagle, F., Dana, J., Hoffman, J., Randazzo, S., and Zhou, Y. (2022). Census II of Free and Open Source Software — Application Libraries. The Linux Foundation.
O’Connor, N. (2025). Business freedoms and fundamental rights in European Union law. Oxford studies in European law. Oxford.
OWA (2026). Apple’s Interoperability Commitments to the UK’s CMA Promise Nothing. Technical report, Open Web Advocacy.
Perez, M. (2025). Brazil’s smartphone market to transform with the official entry of new manufacturers in 2025. Technical report, Omdia.
Phipps, S. (2019). Open Source and FRAND: Why Legal Issues Are The Wrong Lens. Opinion Paper, OpenForum Academy.
Powers, S. and Jablonski, M. (2015). The Real Cyber War: The Political Economy of Internet Freedom. History of Communication. University of Illinois Press.
Rezaei, R., Chiew, T. K., Lee, S. P., and Aliee, Z. S. (2014). Interoperability evaluation models: A systematic review. Computers in Industry, 65(1):1–23.
Schweitzer, H., Crémer, J., Montjoye, Y.-A., and European Commission - Directorate-General for Competition (2019). Competition policy for the digital era. Technical Report Working Paper 6, Publications Office of the European Union.
Scott Morton, F. M., Crawford, G. S., Crémer, J., Dinielli, D., Fletcher, A., Heidhues, P., and Schnitzer, M. (2023). Equitable interoperability: the “supertool” of digital platform governance. The Yale Journal on Regulation, 40(3):1013–1055.
Serpico, D., Santini, E., Suksi, J., and Celik, S. (2024). 3Os and IP Awareness raising for collaborative ecosystems - Innovation ecosystem report. Zooom Project.
Tarnoff, B. (2022). Internet for the People: The Fight for Our Digital Future. Verso Books.
United Kingdom (2024). Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024.
Walden, I. (2022). Open Source as Philosophy, Methodology, and Commerce: Using Law with Attitude. In Brock, A., editor, Open source law, policy, and practice, Oxford Academic. New York, 2 edition.
Wu, T. (2018). The Curse of Bigness: Antitrust in the New Gilded Age. Columbia Global Reports.
Zittrain, J. (2008). The Future of the Internet–And How to Stop It. Yale University Press.
Bourreau, M. (2022). DMA: Horizontal and Vertical Interoperability Obligations. Technical report, Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE).
Bourreau, M., Krämer, J., and Buiten, M. (2022). Interoperability in Digital Markets. Technical report, Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE).
Brazil (2025). Projeto de Lei 4675/2025. Proposed on 18.09.2025. Version accessed on 16.03.2026.
Bretthauer, D. (2002). Open Source Software: A History. Information technology and libraries, 21(1):3–10.
Broumas, A. (2020). Intellectual Commons and the Law: A Normative Theory for Commons-Based Peer Production. University of Westminster Press.
Brown, I. (2020). The technical components of interoperability as a tool for competition regulation. Technical report, Open Forum Academy.
Butler, S., Gamalielsson, J., Lundell, B., Brax, C., Mattsson, A., Gustavsson, T., Feist, J., and Lönroth, E. (2020). Maintaining interoperability in open source software: A case study of the Apache PDFBox project. Journal of Systems and Software, 159.
Competition and Markets Authority (2026). Proposed commitments from Apple and Google: app certainty and interoperable access. Technical report.
Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (2026). CADE signs a Cease and Desist Agreement with Apple. Technical report.
Cristofari, G. (2023). The Politics of Platformization – Amsterdam Dialogues on Platform Theory. INC Theory on Demand. Institute of Network Cultures.
DeNardis, L., editor (2011). Opening standards: The global politics of interoperability. Information Society Series. MIT Press, Cambridge.
Doctorow, C. (2021). How to Destroy Surveillance Capitalism. Medium editions. Stonesong Digital.
Doctorow, C. (2023). The Internet Con: How to Seize the Means of Computation. Verso Books.
Doctorow, C. (2025). Enshittification: Why Everything Suddenly Got Worse and What To Do About It. Verso Books.
Eisenmann, T., Parker, G., and Alstyne, M. V. (2009). Opening Platforms: How, When and Why? In Gawer, A., editor, Platforms, Markets and Innovation. Edward Elgar Publishing.
European Commission (2017). New European Interoperability Framework: Promoting seamless services and data flows for European public administration. Technical report.
European Commission (2025a). Case DMA.100204 SP - Apple - Article 6(7) - Process. ELI: [link].
European Commission (2025b). Gatekeepers Portal. [link].
European Union (2022). Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 September 2022 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector and amending Directives (EU) 2019/1937 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Digital Markets Act) (Text with EEA relevance). ELI: [link].
Evangelista, R. (2014). O movimento software livre do Brasil: política, trabalho e hacking. Horizontes Antropológicos, 20(41):173–200.
Fernandes, V. (2025). Brazil’s Calibrated Revolution in Digital Competition. ProMarket.
Ferreira, A., Madruga, R., and Pereira, A. (2024). Digital Platforms: Economic and Competition Aspects and Recommendations for Regulatory Improvements in Brazil. Technical report, Secretariat of Economic Reform - Ministry of Finance - Brazil.
Flew, T. and Fiona, M., editors (2022). Digital Platform Regulation: Global Perspectives on Internet Governance. Palgrave Macmillan Cham.
Foletto, L. (2020). A Cultura é Livre: Uma História da Resistência Antipropriedade. Autonomia Literária.
Giblin, R. and Doctorow, C. (2022). Chokepoint Capitalism. Beacon Press.
Hoffmann, M., Nagle, F., and Zhou, Y. (2024). The Value of Open Source Software. HBS Working Paper Series, Harvard Business School.
Japan (2024). Act on Promotion of Competition for Specified Smartphone Software Mobile Software Competition Act.
Japan Fair Trade Commission (2025). Mobile Software Competition Act Subordinate Legislations and Guidelines. Technical report.
Krämer, J. and Feasey, R. (2021). Device neutrality: openness, non-discrimination and transparency. Technical report, Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE).
Lasota, L. (2023). Regulating corporate behaviour in digital ecosystems: Increasing fairness and contestability of digital markets with Free Software. In Sedmak, S. and et al, editors, Proceedings of the Management International Conference 2023 ”Toward Green, Inclusive, and Digital Growth”, Trieste. University of Primorska.
Lasota, L., Häuer, M., Kashlan, B., and Dietel, T. (2025). Sovereign and Sustainable Infrastructure Powered by Open Standards and Open-Source. Policy Paper, Just Transition Center - Martin Luther University of Halle Wittenberg.
Manganelli, A. and Nicita, A. (2020). The governance of telecom markets : economics, law and institutions in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, Springer Nature Switzerland.
Martínez, A. R. (2025). Interoperability by design or denial? The Digital Markets Act’s notion of vertical interoperability. Revista de Defesa da Concorrência, 13(2):11–45.
Meyers, Z. (2026). Open Tech Platforms: Technology and Governance Mechanisms. Issue Paper, Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE).
Motta, M. and Peitz, M. (2025). Denial of interoperability and future first-party entry. International journal of industrial organization, 103.
Murphy, R. (2025). Mapping the Brussels Effect. Technical report, Center for European Policy Analysis, Washington DC.
Nagle, F., Dana, J., Hoffman, J., Randazzo, S., and Zhou, Y. (2022). Census II of Free and Open Source Software — Application Libraries. The Linux Foundation.
O’Connor, N. (2025). Business freedoms and fundamental rights in European Union law. Oxford studies in European law. Oxford.
OWA (2026). Apple’s Interoperability Commitments to the UK’s CMA Promise Nothing. Technical report, Open Web Advocacy.
Perez, M. (2025). Brazil’s smartphone market to transform with the official entry of new manufacturers in 2025. Technical report, Omdia.
Phipps, S. (2019). Open Source and FRAND: Why Legal Issues Are The Wrong Lens. Opinion Paper, OpenForum Academy.
Powers, S. and Jablonski, M. (2015). The Real Cyber War: The Political Economy of Internet Freedom. History of Communication. University of Illinois Press.
Rezaei, R., Chiew, T. K., Lee, S. P., and Aliee, Z. S. (2014). Interoperability evaluation models: A systematic review. Computers in Industry, 65(1):1–23.
Schweitzer, H., Crémer, J., Montjoye, Y.-A., and European Commission - Directorate-General for Competition (2019). Competition policy for the digital era. Technical Report Working Paper 6, Publications Office of the European Union.
Scott Morton, F. M., Crawford, G. S., Crémer, J., Dinielli, D., Fletcher, A., Heidhues, P., and Schnitzer, M. (2023). Equitable interoperability: the “supertool” of digital platform governance. The Yale Journal on Regulation, 40(3):1013–1055.
Serpico, D., Santini, E., Suksi, J., and Celik, S. (2024). 3Os and IP Awareness raising for collaborative ecosystems - Innovation ecosystem report. Zooom Project.
Tarnoff, B. (2022). Internet for the People: The Fight for Our Digital Future. Verso Books.
United Kingdom (2024). Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024.
Walden, I. (2022). Open Source as Philosophy, Methodology, and Commerce: Using Law with Attitude. In Brock, A., editor, Open source law, policy, and practice, Oxford Academic. New York, 2 edition.
Wu, T. (2018). The Curse of Bigness: Antitrust in the New Gilded Age. Columbia Global Reports.
Zittrain, J. (2008). The Future of the Internet–And How to Stop It. Yale University Press.
Publicado
19/07/2026
Como Citar
LASOTA, Lucas.
Providing Open Source with Access Rights to Proprietary Platforms via Interoperability Regulation. In: WORKSHOP SOBRE AS IMPLICAÇÕES DA COMPUTAÇÃO NA SOCIEDADE (WICS), 7. , 2026, Gramado/RS.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2026
.
p. 345-355.
ISSN 2763-8707.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/wics.2026.23467.
