An Agent-Oriented Model-Driven Development Process for Cyber-Physical Systems
Resumo
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) integrate distributed software and hardware, requiring systematic engineering approaches. This paper presents a Model-Driven Development (MDD) process that spans the entire CPS lifecycle, from conceptual modeling (CIM) to functional implementation (Code). By leveraging agent orientation, the approach simplifies system structuring and enables semi-automated transformations through a domain-specific language (DSL). A proof of concept validates the process in a greenhouse automation scenario, demonstrating that the generated software functions as expected on real hardware. The results confirm the feasibility of this end-to-end MDD workflow for CPS development.
Palavras-chave:
Model-driven development, Cyber-physical systems, Agent orientation, CPS engineering, CPS domain-specific language, Intentional modeling, Semi-automated design, Semantic technologies
Referências
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Ayala, I., Amor, M., Horcas, J.-M., and Fuentes, L. (2019). A goal-driven software product line approach for evolving multi-agent systems in the internet of things. Knowledge-Based Systems, 184:104883.
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Cares, C., Franch, X., Quer, C., and Enric, M. (2011). A reference model for i*. In Yu, E., Giorgini, P., Maiden, N., and Mylopoulos, J., editors, Social Modeling for Requirements Engineering, pages 573–606. MIT Press.
Cares, C., Lühr, D., Mora, S., Navarro, C., Olivares, L., Sepúlveda, S., and Vidal, G. (2022b). Architecting autonomous underwater vehicles by adapting software product lines. In Conference on Integrated Computer Technologies in Mechanical Engineering–Synergetic Engineering, pages 719–730. Springer.
Cares, C., Sepúlveda, S., and Navarro, C. (2019). Agent-oriented engineering for cyber-physical systems. In Information Technology and Systems: Proceedings of ICITS 2019, pages 93–102. Springer.
Crnkovic, I. (2005). Component-based software engineering for embedded systems. In 27th international conference on Software engineering, pages 712–713.
Dalpiaz, F., Franch, X., and Horkoff, J. (2016). istar 2.0 language guide. arXiv preprint arXiv:1605.07767.
Daun, M., Brings, J., Krajinski, L., Stenkova, V., and Bandyszak, T. (2021). A grl-compliant istar extension for collaborative cyber-physical systems. Requirements En-gineering, 26(3):325–370.
de C Henshaw, M. J. (2016). Systems of systems, cyber-physical systems, the internet-of-things... whatever next? Insight, 19(3):51–54.
Gräßler, I., Wiechel, D., Roesmann, D., and Thiele, H. (2021). V-model based devel-opment of cyber-physical systems and cyber-physical production systems. Procedia CIRP, 100:253–258.
Jiang, Y., Song, H., Yang, Y., Liu, H., Gu, M., Guan, Y., Sun, J., and Sha, L. (2018). Dependable model-driven development of cps: From stateflow simulation to verified implementation. ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems, 3(1):1–31.
Kleppe, A. G., Warmer, J. B., Warmer, J., and Bast, W. (2003). MDA explained: the model driven architecture: practice and promise. Addison-Wesley Professional.
Lee, J., Bagheri, B., and Kao, H.-A. (2015). A cyber-physical systems architecture for industry 4.0-based manufacturing systems. Manufacturing letters, 3:18–23.
Liu, B., Zhang, Y.-r., Cao, X.-l., Liu, Y., Gu, B., and Wang, T.-x. (2020). A survey of model-driven techniques and tools for cyber-physical systems. Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering, 21(11):1567–1590.
Liu, Y., Peng, Y., Wang, B., Yao, S., and Liu, Z. (2017). Review on cyber-physical systems. IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica, 4(1):27–40.
Mohamed, M. A., Kardas, G., and Challenger, M. (2021). Model-driven engineering tools and languages for cyber-physical systems–a systematic literature review. IEEE Access, 9:48605–48630.
Navarro, C., Gayo, J. E. L., Jara, F. A. E., and Cares, C. (2024). Componentizing autonomous underwater vehicles by physical-running algorithms. PeerJ Computer Science, 10:e2305.
Norris, D. (2015). The internet of things: Do-it-yourself at home projects for arduino, raspberry pi, and beaglebone black. McGraw-Hill Education.
Oudina, Z. and Derdour, M. (2023). Toward modeling trust cyber-physical systems: A model-based system engineering method. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 14(7):441–452.
Padgham, L. and Winikoff, M. (2005). Developing intelligent agent systems: A practical guide. John Wiley & Sons.
Pastor, Ó., España, S., and Panach, J. I. (2016). Learning pros and cons of model-driven development in a practical teaching experience. In International Conference on Conceptual Modeling, pages 218–227. Springer.
Pidd, M. (2003). Tools for Thinking: Modelling in Management Science. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2nd edition.
Selic, B. (2003). The pragmatics of model-driven development. IEEE software, 20(5):19– 25.
Sjöberg, P., Mendez, D., and Gorschek, T. (2023). Contemporary challenges when developing cyber-physical systems of systems-a case study. In 2023 IEEE/ACM 11th International Workshop on Software Engineering for Systems-of-Systems and Software Ecosystems (SESoS), pages 46–53. IEEE.
Staroletov, S., Shilov, N., Konyukhov, I., Zyubin, V., Liakh, T., Rozov, A., Shilov, I., Baar, T., and Schulte, H. (2019). Model-driven methods to design of reliable multiagent cyber-physical systems. In CEUR workshop proceedings, volume 2478, pages 74–91.
Staron, M. (2006). Adopting model driven software development in industry–a case study at two companies. In International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems, pages 57–72. Springer.
Wooldridge, M., Jennings, N. R., and Kinny, D. (2000). The gaia methodology for agent-oriented analysis and design. Autonomous Agents and multi-agent systems, 3:285–312.
Ayala, I., Amor, M., Horcas, J.-M., and Fuentes, L. (2019). A goal-driven software product line approach for evolving multi-agent systems in the internet of things. Knowledge-Based Systems, 184:104883.
Bézivin, J. (2005). On the unification power of models. Software & Systems Modeling, 4(2):171–188.
Bresciani, P., Perini, A., Giorgini, P., Giunchiglia, F., and Mylopoulos, J. (2004). Tropos: An agent-oriented software development methodology. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 8:203–236.
Burrafato, P. and Cossentino, M. (2002). Designing a multi-agent solution for a bookstore with the passi methodology. AOIS@ CAiSE, 57.
Cares, C., Chebanyuk, O., and Navarro, C. (2022a). A model-driven approach for cyber-physical systems: a method engineering perspective. Proceedings of the XVII-th International Conference on Software Engineering SoftEngine 2022, page 14.
Cares, C., Franch, X., Quer, C., and Enric, M. (2011). A reference model for i*. In Yu, E., Giorgini, P., Maiden, N., and Mylopoulos, J., editors, Social Modeling for Requirements Engineering, pages 573–606. MIT Press.
Cares, C., Lühr, D., Mora, S., Navarro, C., Olivares, L., Sepúlveda, S., and Vidal, G. (2022b). Architecting autonomous underwater vehicles by adapting software product lines. In Conference on Integrated Computer Technologies in Mechanical Engineering–Synergetic Engineering, pages 719–730. Springer.
Cares, C., Sepúlveda, S., and Navarro, C. (2019). Agent-oriented engineering for cyber-physical systems. In Information Technology and Systems: Proceedings of ICITS 2019, pages 93–102. Springer.
Crnkovic, I. (2005). Component-based software engineering for embedded systems. In 27th international conference on Software engineering, pages 712–713.
Dalpiaz, F., Franch, X., and Horkoff, J. (2016). istar 2.0 language guide. arXiv preprint arXiv:1605.07767.
Daun, M., Brings, J., Krajinski, L., Stenkova, V., and Bandyszak, T. (2021). A grl-compliant istar extension for collaborative cyber-physical systems. Requirements En-gineering, 26(3):325–370.
de C Henshaw, M. J. (2016). Systems of systems, cyber-physical systems, the internet-of-things... whatever next? Insight, 19(3):51–54.
Gräßler, I., Wiechel, D., Roesmann, D., and Thiele, H. (2021). V-model based devel-opment of cyber-physical systems and cyber-physical production systems. Procedia CIRP, 100:253–258.
Jiang, Y., Song, H., Yang, Y., Liu, H., Gu, M., Guan, Y., Sun, J., and Sha, L. (2018). Dependable model-driven development of cps: From stateflow simulation to verified implementation. ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems, 3(1):1–31.
Kleppe, A. G., Warmer, J. B., Warmer, J., and Bast, W. (2003). MDA explained: the model driven architecture: practice and promise. Addison-Wesley Professional.
Lee, J., Bagheri, B., and Kao, H.-A. (2015). A cyber-physical systems architecture for industry 4.0-based manufacturing systems. Manufacturing letters, 3:18–23.
Liu, B., Zhang, Y.-r., Cao, X.-l., Liu, Y., Gu, B., and Wang, T.-x. (2020). A survey of model-driven techniques and tools for cyber-physical systems. Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering, 21(11):1567–1590.
Liu, Y., Peng, Y., Wang, B., Yao, S., and Liu, Z. (2017). Review on cyber-physical systems. IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica, 4(1):27–40.
Mohamed, M. A., Kardas, G., and Challenger, M. (2021). Model-driven engineering tools and languages for cyber-physical systems–a systematic literature review. IEEE Access, 9:48605–48630.
Navarro, C., Gayo, J. E. L., Jara, F. A. E., and Cares, C. (2024). Componentizing autonomous underwater vehicles by physical-running algorithms. PeerJ Computer Science, 10:e2305.
Norris, D. (2015). The internet of things: Do-it-yourself at home projects for arduino, raspberry pi, and beaglebone black. McGraw-Hill Education.
Oudina, Z. and Derdour, M. (2023). Toward modeling trust cyber-physical systems: A model-based system engineering method. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 14(7):441–452.
Padgham, L. and Winikoff, M. (2005). Developing intelligent agent systems: A practical guide. John Wiley & Sons.
Pastor, Ó., España, S., and Panach, J. I. (2016). Learning pros and cons of model-driven development in a practical teaching experience. In International Conference on Conceptual Modeling, pages 218–227. Springer.
Pidd, M. (2003). Tools for Thinking: Modelling in Management Science. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2nd edition.
Selic, B. (2003). The pragmatics of model-driven development. IEEE software, 20(5):19– 25.
Sjöberg, P., Mendez, D., and Gorschek, T. (2023). Contemporary challenges when developing cyber-physical systems of systems-a case study. In 2023 IEEE/ACM 11th International Workshop on Software Engineering for Systems-of-Systems and Software Ecosystems (SESoS), pages 46–53. IEEE.
Staroletov, S., Shilov, N., Konyukhov, I., Zyubin, V., Liakh, T., Rozov, A., Shilov, I., Baar, T., and Schulte, H. (2019). Model-driven methods to design of reliable multiagent cyber-physical systems. In CEUR workshop proceedings, volume 2478, pages 74–91.
Staron, M. (2006). Adopting model driven software development in industry–a case study at two companies. In International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems, pages 57–72. Springer.
Wooldridge, M., Jennings, N. R., and Kinny, D. (2000). The gaia methodology for agent-oriented analysis and design. Autonomous Agents and multi-agent systems, 3:285–312.
Publicado
12/05/2025
Como Citar
NAVARRO, Claudio; DEVIA, Lorenzo; GAYO, Jose E. Labra; CARES, Carlos.
An Agent-Oriented Model-Driven Development Process for Cyber-Physical Systems. In: CONGRESSO IBERO-AMERICANO EM ENGENHARIA DE SOFTWARE (CIBSE), 28. , 2025, Ciudad Real/Espanha.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2025
.
p. 150-164.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/cibse.2025.35298.
