Children’s participation in the design of digital artifacts in rural schools
Resumo
The definition of Participatory Design (PD) includes a valid preoccupation with power balance between designers and target users in decision-making, which researchers and practitioners still struggle to attain. The situation is more critical when design involve vulnerable groups, like children. Children’s contributions in design processes are often regarded as less valid, or unreasonable. Studies that apply PD with children often do it superficially, not taking into account the particularities of children’s behavior and the dynamics of their interaction with adults. In this sense, models and frameworks of child participation can give a more solid theoretical framing for PD with children. In this paper, we propose a theoretical model which draws from theories of child participation, for supporting PD with children. Then, we discuss the application of this model for qualitative analysis of a design process of digital educational artifacts with children from rural schools in Brazil. We perceived a focus on the co-creation of artifacts, but also a tendency of adults to assume a professorial attitude, undermining children’s autonomy on project decisions. We also observed that cultural context and school rules have a strong impact on children’s self-efficacy, limiting them to roles with less decision power. The results of applying the model to data analysis feed into planning of PD activities with children, helping researchers and designers to employ methods that promote their autonomy and participation.
Palavras-chave:
Participatory Design, Child Participation, Rural Schools
Referências
Lisanne Ackermann, Thomas Feeny, Jason Hart, and Jesse Newman. 2003. Understanding and evaluating children's participation: A review of contemporary literature. London: Plan UK/Plan International (2003).
Frederick M.C. van Amstel. 2009. Políticas de Participação no Design de Interação. In Proceedings of the 4th Information Design International Conference/ 3rd InfoDesign Brazil / 3rd Congic (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Sociedade Brasileira de Design da Informação - SBDI.
Sherry R Arnstein. 1969. A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of planners 35, 4 (1969), 216--224.
Juan E Diaz Bordenave. 1994. O que é participação. Vol. 8. Brasiliense São Paulo.
J Boyden. 1997. Childhood and the policy makers: a comparative perspective on the globalization of childhood', in A. James and A. Prout (eds), Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood. London: Falmer Press. Brennan, S. and Noggle, R. (1998), John Rawls's children', in S. M. Turner and GB Matthews (eds), The Philosopher's Child: Critical Per-spectives in the Western Tradition. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. Cassidy, C. (2006a). Child and Community of Philosophical Inquiry', in Childhood and Philosophy: Journal of the International Council of Philofophical Inquiry with Children 2, 4 (1997).
Roseli Salete Caldart. 2012. Educação do campo. Dicionário da educação do campo (2012), 259--267.
Dyego de Morais, Taciana Falcão, and Patrícia Tedesco. 2021. Participação Infantil no Design de Artefatos Digitais: Considerações Teórico-Metodológicas. In Anais do XX Simpósio Brasileiro sobre Fatores Humanos em Sistemas Computacionais (Online). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. [link]
Dyego Carlos Sales de Morais and Taciana Pontual da Rocha Falcão. 2019. Abordagem Participativa de Desenvolvimento de Jogos Digitais Educacionais no Contexto Escolar. Revista Brasileira de Informática na Educação 27, 01 (2019), 132.
Allison Druin. 1999. Cooperative Inquiry: Developing New Technologies for Children with Children. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA) (CHI '99). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 592--599.
Allison Druin. 2002. The role of children in the design of new technology. Behaviour and information technology 21, 1 (2002), 1--25.
Allison Druin and Carina Fast. 2002. The child as learner, critic, inventor, and technology design partner: An analysis of three years of Swedish student journals. International Journal of Technology and Design Education 12, 3 (2002), 189--213.
Christopher Frauenberger, Judith Good, Geraldine Fitzpatrick, and Ole Sejer Iversen. 2015. In pursuit of rigour and accountability in participatory design. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 74 (2015), 93--106.
Roger A. Hart. 2008. Stepping Back from 'The Ladder': Reflections on a Model of Participatory Work with Children. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 19--31.
Roger A. Hart and Florence (Italy). International Child Development Centre. United Nations Children's Fund. 1992. Children's Participation [microform] : From Tokenism to Citizenship. Innocenti Essays No. 4 / Roger A. Hart. Distributed by ERIC Clearinghouse [Washington, D.C.]. 49 p. pages.
Ole Sejer Iversen, Rachel Charlotte Smith, and Christian Dindler. 2017. Child as Protagonist: Expanding the Role of Children in Participatory Design. In Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Interaction Design and Children (Stanford, California, USA) (IDC '17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 27--37.
Brigitte Jordan and Austin Henderson. 1995. Interaction analysis: Foundations and practice. The journal of the learning sciences 4, 1 (1995), 39--103.
Perpetua Kirby, Claire Lanyon, Kathleen Cronin, and Ruth Sinclair. 2003. Building a culture of participation: Involving children and young people in policy, service planning, delivery and evaluation. Department for Education and Skills.
Monica Landoni, Elisa Rubegni, Emma Nicol, and Janet Read. 2016. How Many Roles Can Children Play?. In Proceedings of the The 15th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (Manchester, United Kingdom) (IDC '16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 720--725.
Gerison Lansdown. 2005. ¿ Me haces caso?: El derecho de los niños pequeños a participar en las decisiones que los afectan. Bernard van Leer Foundation.
Hugh Matthews. 2003. Children and regeneration: setting an agenda for community participation and integration. Children & Society 17, 4 (2003), 264--276. arXiv: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/CHI.745
Mônica Castagna Molina. 2012. Legislação educacional do campo. Dicionário da educação do campo (2012), 453--459.
Mônica Castagna MOLINA. 2014. Políticas públicas em Educação do Campo: avanços e desafios do PNLD CAMPO. Livro Didático e Educação do Campo. Belo Horizonte: Faculdade de Educação da UFMG (2014), 25--33.
Dyego Morais, Taciana Pontual Falcão, Flávia Andrade e Peres, and Patrícia Tedesco. 2021. Processos de Desenvolvimento Participativo de Tecnologias Digitais Educacionais nos Contextos Urbano e da Educação do Campo. In Anais do XXIX Workshop sobre Educação em Computação (Evento Online). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 111--120.
Barry Percy-Smith. 2005. I've had my say but nothings changed! Where to now? Critical reflections on children's participation. In Paper presented at Emerging issues in the Geographies of Children and Youth Conference. Brunel University.
Flávia Andrade e Peres, Taciana Pontual Falcão, and Dyego Morais. 2020. Demults: Desenvolvimento Educacional de Multimídias Sustentáveis. Ludicidade, jogos digitais e gamificação na aprendizagem (2020).
Janet C. Read, Daniel Fitton, Gavin Sim, and Matt Horton. 2016. How Ideas Make It through to Designs: Process and Practice. In Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (Gothenburg, Sweden) (NordiCHI '16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 16, 10 pages.
Nandana Reddy and Kavita Ratna. 2002. A journey in children's participation. Bangalore: The Concerned for Working Children (2002).
Marlene Ribeiro. 2012. Educação rural. Dicionário da educação do campo (2012), 295--301.
Yvonne Rogers, Helen Sharp, and Jenny Preece. 2011. Interaction design: Beyond human-computer interaction. John Wiley Sons.
Selina Schepers, Katrien Dreessen, and Bieke Zaman. 2018. Rethinking children's roles in Participatory Design: The child as a process designer. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction 16 (2018), 47--54.
Harry Shier. 2001. Pathways to participation: Openings, opportunities and obligations. Children & society 15, 2 (2001), 107--117.
Harry Shier. 2010. Teoría de la participación infantil y su relevancia en la práctica cotidiana. E. d. CESESMA, Incidencia de niños niñas y adolescentes como ciudadanos/as activos/as en Nicaragua. San Ramón, Matagalpa: Universidad del Norte de Nicaragua (2010).
Phil Treseder. 1997. Empowering Children and Young People: A Training Manual: Promoting Involvement in Decision-making. Save the Children Fund.
Jaume Trilla and Ana María Novella Cámara. 2001. Educación y participación social de la infancia. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación (OEI), 2001, num. 26, p. 137--164 (2001).
Fenne van Doorn. 2016. Children as co-researchers in design: Enabling users to gather, share and enrich contextual data. Ph.D. Dissertation.
Jason C. Yip, Kiley Sobel, Caroline Pitt, Kung Jin Lee, Sijin Chen, Kari Nasu, and Laura R. Pina. 2017. Examining Adult-Child Interactions in Intergenerational Participatory Design. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Denver, Colorado, USA) (CHI '17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 5742--5754.
Frederick M.C. van Amstel. 2009. Políticas de Participação no Design de Interação. In Proceedings of the 4th Information Design International Conference/ 3rd InfoDesign Brazil / 3rd Congic (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Sociedade Brasileira de Design da Informação - SBDI.
Sherry R Arnstein. 1969. A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of planners 35, 4 (1969), 216--224.
Juan E Diaz Bordenave. 1994. O que é participação. Vol. 8. Brasiliense São Paulo.
J Boyden. 1997. Childhood and the policy makers: a comparative perspective on the globalization of childhood', in A. James and A. Prout (eds), Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood. London: Falmer Press. Brennan, S. and Noggle, R. (1998), John Rawls's children', in S. M. Turner and GB Matthews (eds), The Philosopher's Child: Critical Per-spectives in the Western Tradition. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. Cassidy, C. (2006a). Child and Community of Philosophical Inquiry', in Childhood and Philosophy: Journal of the International Council of Philofophical Inquiry with Children 2, 4 (1997).
Roseli Salete Caldart. 2012. Educação do campo. Dicionário da educação do campo (2012), 259--267.
Dyego de Morais, Taciana Falcão, and Patrícia Tedesco. 2021. Participação Infantil no Design de Artefatos Digitais: Considerações Teórico-Metodológicas. In Anais do XX Simpósio Brasileiro sobre Fatores Humanos em Sistemas Computacionais (Online). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. [link]
Dyego Carlos Sales de Morais and Taciana Pontual da Rocha Falcão. 2019. Abordagem Participativa de Desenvolvimento de Jogos Digitais Educacionais no Contexto Escolar. Revista Brasileira de Informática na Educação 27, 01 (2019), 132.
Allison Druin. 1999. Cooperative Inquiry: Developing New Technologies for Children with Children. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA) (CHI '99). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 592--599.
Allison Druin. 2002. The role of children in the design of new technology. Behaviour and information technology 21, 1 (2002), 1--25.
Allison Druin and Carina Fast. 2002. The child as learner, critic, inventor, and technology design partner: An analysis of three years of Swedish student journals. International Journal of Technology and Design Education 12, 3 (2002), 189--213.
Christopher Frauenberger, Judith Good, Geraldine Fitzpatrick, and Ole Sejer Iversen. 2015. In pursuit of rigour and accountability in participatory design. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 74 (2015), 93--106.
Roger A. Hart. 2008. Stepping Back from 'The Ladder': Reflections on a Model of Participatory Work with Children. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 19--31.
Roger A. Hart and Florence (Italy). International Child Development Centre. United Nations Children's Fund. 1992. Children's Participation [microform] : From Tokenism to Citizenship. Innocenti Essays No. 4 / Roger A. Hart. Distributed by ERIC Clearinghouse [Washington, D.C.]. 49 p. pages.
Ole Sejer Iversen, Rachel Charlotte Smith, and Christian Dindler. 2017. Child as Protagonist: Expanding the Role of Children in Participatory Design. In Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Interaction Design and Children (Stanford, California, USA) (IDC '17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 27--37.
Brigitte Jordan and Austin Henderson. 1995. Interaction analysis: Foundations and practice. The journal of the learning sciences 4, 1 (1995), 39--103.
Perpetua Kirby, Claire Lanyon, Kathleen Cronin, and Ruth Sinclair. 2003. Building a culture of participation: Involving children and young people in policy, service planning, delivery and evaluation. Department for Education and Skills.
Monica Landoni, Elisa Rubegni, Emma Nicol, and Janet Read. 2016. How Many Roles Can Children Play?. In Proceedings of the The 15th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (Manchester, United Kingdom) (IDC '16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 720--725.
Gerison Lansdown. 2005. ¿ Me haces caso?: El derecho de los niños pequeños a participar en las decisiones que los afectan. Bernard van Leer Foundation.
Hugh Matthews. 2003. Children and regeneration: setting an agenda for community participation and integration. Children & Society 17, 4 (2003), 264--276. arXiv: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/CHI.745
Mônica Castagna Molina. 2012. Legislação educacional do campo. Dicionário da educação do campo (2012), 453--459.
Mônica Castagna MOLINA. 2014. Políticas públicas em Educação do Campo: avanços e desafios do PNLD CAMPO. Livro Didático e Educação do Campo. Belo Horizonte: Faculdade de Educação da UFMG (2014), 25--33.
Dyego Morais, Taciana Pontual Falcão, Flávia Andrade e Peres, and Patrícia Tedesco. 2021. Processos de Desenvolvimento Participativo de Tecnologias Digitais Educacionais nos Contextos Urbano e da Educação do Campo. In Anais do XXIX Workshop sobre Educação em Computação (Evento Online). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 111--120.
Barry Percy-Smith. 2005. I've had my say but nothings changed! Where to now? Critical reflections on children's participation. In Paper presented at Emerging issues in the Geographies of Children and Youth Conference. Brunel University.
Flávia Andrade e Peres, Taciana Pontual Falcão, and Dyego Morais. 2020. Demults: Desenvolvimento Educacional de Multimídias Sustentáveis. Ludicidade, jogos digitais e gamificação na aprendizagem (2020).
Janet C. Read, Daniel Fitton, Gavin Sim, and Matt Horton. 2016. How Ideas Make It through to Designs: Process and Practice. In Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (Gothenburg, Sweden) (NordiCHI '16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 16, 10 pages.
Nandana Reddy and Kavita Ratna. 2002. A journey in children's participation. Bangalore: The Concerned for Working Children (2002).
Marlene Ribeiro. 2012. Educação rural. Dicionário da educação do campo (2012), 295--301.
Yvonne Rogers, Helen Sharp, and Jenny Preece. 2011. Interaction design: Beyond human-computer interaction. John Wiley Sons.
Selina Schepers, Katrien Dreessen, and Bieke Zaman. 2018. Rethinking children's roles in Participatory Design: The child as a process designer. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction 16 (2018), 47--54.
Harry Shier. 2001. Pathways to participation: Openings, opportunities and obligations. Children & society 15, 2 (2001), 107--117.
Harry Shier. 2010. Teoría de la participación infantil y su relevancia en la práctica cotidiana. E. d. CESESMA, Incidencia de niños niñas y adolescentes como ciudadanos/as activos/as en Nicaragua. San Ramón, Matagalpa: Universidad del Norte de Nicaragua (2010).
Phil Treseder. 1997. Empowering Children and Young People: A Training Manual: Promoting Involvement in Decision-making. Save the Children Fund.
Jaume Trilla and Ana María Novella Cámara. 2001. Educación y participación social de la infancia. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación (OEI), 2001, num. 26, p. 137--164 (2001).
Fenne van Doorn. 2016. Children as co-researchers in design: Enabling users to gather, share and enrich contextual data. Ph.D. Dissertation.
Jason C. Yip, Kiley Sobel, Caroline Pitt, Kung Jin Lee, Sijin Chen, Kari Nasu, and Laura R. Pina. 2017. Examining Adult-Child Interactions in Intergenerational Participatory Design. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Denver, Colorado, USA) (CHI '17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 5742--5754.
Publicado
17/10/2022
Como Citar
MORAIS, Dyego; FALCÃO, Taciana Pontual; TEDESCO, Patrícia.
Children’s participation in the design of digital artifacts in rural schools. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO SOBRE FATORES HUMANOS EM SISTEMAS COMPUTACIONAIS (IHC), 21. , 2022, Diamantina.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2022
.
