Reference Architectures for Digital Twins: Results of a Literature Review
Abstract
Context: Digital Twin (DT) technology has emerged as a key enabler in the development of contemporary systems, offering dynamic, real-time representations of physical assets and processes. By facilitating advanced monitoring, simulation, and predictive analysis, Digital Twins contribute to enhanced operational efficiency, informed decision-making, and continuous innovation. Their applicability spans a wide range of domains, including manufacturing, healthcare, transportation, and smart infrastructure. Problem: Despite the growing interest of industry in using DT for improving their processes, there is a lack of understanding of the software architectures for DT solutions. Goal: This work aims to provide an overview of reference architectures for DT, characterizing its primary stakeholders, the engineering approaches used in its creation, the industry involvement in its development, and the concerns that guide its design. Method: A rapid literature review was executed, using Scopus and Google Scholar as primary databases. Results: From an initial set of 216 studies, seventeen reference architectures for DTs were found and characterized. Most architectures have been defined since 2020 for multiple domains and purposes, encompassing the involvement of various industry sectors and stakeholders. Finally, essential concerns and limitations of those architectures are discussed, paving the way for further contributions.
Keywords:
design patterns, software engineering education, jigsaw, active learning
References
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Kazi Masudul Alam and Abdulmotaleb El Saddik. 2017. C2PS: A digital twin architecture reference model for the cloud-based cyber-physical systems. IEEE access 5 (2017), 2050–2062.
Apostolos Ampatzoglou, Stamatia Bibi, Paris Avgeriou, Marijn Verbeek, and Alexander Chatzigeorgiou. 2019. Identifying, categorizing and mitigating threats to validity in software engineering secondary studies. Information and software technology 106 (2019), 201–230.
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Len Bass, Paul Clements, and Rick Kazman. 2003. Software Architecture in Practice (2 ed.). Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA.
Michael Batty. 2018. Digital twins. , 817–820 pages.
Maurizio Bevilacqua, Eleonora Bottani, Filippo Emanuele Ciarapica, Francesco Costantino, Luciano Di Donato, Alessandra Ferraro, Giovanni Mazzuto, Andrea Monteriù, Giorgia Nardini, Marco Ortenzi, et al. 2020. Digital twin reference model development to prevent operators’ risk in process plants. Sustainability 12, 3 (2020), 1088.
Jakob Bönsch, Matthes Elstermann, Andreas Kimmig, and Jivka Ovtcharova. 2022. A subject-oriented reference model for digital twins. Computers & Industrial Engineering 172 (2022), 108556.
B. Cartaxo, G. Pinto, and S. Soares. 2020. Rapid Reviews in Software Engineering. In Contemporary Empirical Methods in Software Engineering, M. Felderer and G. Travassos (Eds.). Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32489-6_13
Robert Cloutier, Gerrit Muller, Dinesh Verma, Roshanak Nilchiani, Eirik Hole, and Mary Bone. 2010. The Concept of Reference Architectures. Systems Engineering 13, 1 (2010), 14–27. DOI: 10.1002/sys.20129 arXiv: [link]
Robert Cloutier, Gerrit Muller, Dinesh Verma, Roshanak Nilchiani, Eirik Hole, and Mary Bone. 2010. The concept of reference architectures. Systems Engineering 13, 1 (2010), 14–27.
Alessandro Costantini, Giuseppe Di Modica, Jean Christian Ahouangonou, Doina Cristina Duma, Barbara Martelli, Matteo Galletti, Marica Antonacci, Daniel Nehls, Paolo Bellavista, Cedric Delamarre, et al. 2022. Iotwins: Toward implementation of distributed digital twins in industry 4.0 settings. Computers 11, 5 (2022), 67.
Alessandra De Benedictis, Nicola Mazzocca, Alessandra Somma, and Carmine Strigaro. 2022. Digital twins in healthcare: an architectural proposal and its application in a social distancing case study. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics 27, 10 (2022), 5143–5154.
Lucas Bueno Ruas De Oliveira, Katia Romero Felizardo, Daniel Feitosa, and Elisa Yumi Nakagawa. 2010. Reference models and reference architectures based on service-oriented architecture: A systematic review. In Software Architecture: 4th European Conference, ECSA 2010, Copenhagen, Denmark, August 23-26, 2010. Proceedings 4. Springer, 360–367.
Haibo Duan and Feng Tian. 2020. The development of standardized models of digital twin. IFAC-PapersOnLine 53, 5 (2020), 726–731.
Ahmad Farhadi, Stephen KH Lee, Eoin P Hinchy, Noel P O’Dowd, and Conor T McCarthy. 2022. The development of a digital twin framework for an industrial robotic drilling process. Sensors 22, 19 (2022), 7232.
Lina Garces, Silverio Martinez-Fernandez, Valdemar Vicente Graciano Neto, and Elisa Yumi Nakagawa. 2020. Architectural solutions for self-adaptive systems. Computer 53, 12 (2020), 47–59.
Lina Garcés, Silverio Martínez-Fernández, Lucas Oliveira, Pedro Valle, Claudia Ayala, Xavier Franch, and Elisa Yumi Nakagawa. 2021. Three decades of software reference architectures: A systematic mapping study. Journal of Systems and Software 179 (2021), 111004.
Lina Garcés, Flavio Oquendo, and Elisa Yumi Nakagawa. 2020. Assessment of reference architectures and reference models for ambient assisted living systems: Results of a systematic literature review. International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications (IJEHMC) 11, 1 (2020), 17–36.
Lina Garcés. 2025. Reference Architectures for Digital Twins: Results of a Literature Review. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16790938
Michael Grieves and John Vickers. 2016. Origins of the digital twin concept. Florida Institute of Technology 8 (2016), 3–20.
Michael Grieves and John Vickers. 2017. Digital twin: Mitigating unpredictable, undesirable emergent behavior in complex systems. Transdisciplinary perspectives on complex systems: New findings and approaches (2017), 85–113.
MichaelW. Grieves. 2023. Digital Twins: Past, Present, and Future. In The Digital Twin, Noel Crespi, Adam T. Drobot, and Roberto Minerva (Eds.). Springer, Cham, 87–110. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21343-4_4
Hossein Hassani, Xu Huang, and Steve MacFeely. 2022. Impactful digital twin in the healthcare revolution. Big Data and Cognitive Computing 6, 3 (2022), 83.
Yuchen Jiang, Shen Yin, Kuan Li, Hao Luo, and Okyay Kaynak. 2021. Industrial applications of digital twins. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 379, 2207 (2021), 20200360.
Philippe Kruchten, Henk Obbink, and Judith Stafford. 2006. The past, present, and future for software architecture. IEEE software 23, 2 (2006), 22–30.
Thomas Kuhn. 2017. Digitaler zwilling. Informatik-Spektrum 40 (2017), 440–444.
Jay Lee, Moslem Azamfar, Jaskaran Singh, and Shahin Siahpour. 2020. Integration of digital twin and deep learning in cyber-physical systems: towards smart manufacturing. IET Collaborative Intelligent Manufacturing 2, 1 (2020), 34–36.
Yushuai Li and Yan Zhang. 2024. Digital twin for industrial internet. Fundamental Research 4, 1 (2024), 21–24.
Kendrik Yan Hong Lim, Pai Zheng, Chun-Hsien Chen, and Lihui Huang. 2020. A digital twin-enhanced system for engineering product family design and optimization. Journal of Manufacturing Systems 57 (2020), 82–93.
Silverio Martínez-Fernández, Claudia P Ayala, Xavier Franch, and Helena Martins Marques. 2017. Benefits and drawbacks of software reference architectures: A case study. Information and software technology 88 (2017), 37–52.
Victória Melo, José Barbosa, Gonçalo Mota, Fernando de La Prieta, and Paulo Leitao. 2024. Design of an ISO 23247 Compliant Digital Twin for an Automotive Assembly Line. In 2024 IEEE 7th International Conference on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS). IEEE, 1–6.
Henry Muccini and Mahyar Tourchi Moghaddam. 2018. IoT architectural styles: A systematic mapping study. In Software Architecture: 12th European Conference on Software Architecture, ECSA 2018, Madrid, Spain, September 24–28, 2018, Proceedings 12. Springer, 68–85.
Zai Müller-Zhang, Thomas Kuhn, and Pablo Oliveira Antonino. 2023. Towards live decision-making for service-based production: Integrated process planning and scheduling with Digital Twins and Deep-Q-Learning. Computers in Industry 149 (2023), 103933.
Elisa Yumi Nakagawa, Pablo Oliveira Antonino, Frank Schnicke, Rafael Capilla, Thomas Kuhn, and Peter Liggesmeyer. 2021. Industry 4.0 reference architectures: State of the art and future trends. Computers & Industrial Engineering 156 (2021), 107241.
Kyu Tae Park, Jehun Lee, Hyun-Jung Kim, and Sang Do Noh. 2020. Digital twinbased cyber physical production system architectural framework for personalized production. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 106 (2020), 1787–1810.
Davy Preuveneers, Wouter Joosen, and Elisabeth Ilie-Zudor. 2018. Robust digital twin compositions for industry 4.0 smart manufacturing systems. In 2018 IEEE 22nd International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Workshop (EDOCW). IEEE, 69–78.
Luis F Rivera, Miguel Jiménez, Prashanti Angara, Norha M Villegas, Gabriel Tamura, and Hausi A Müller. 2019. Towards continuous monitoring in personalized healthcare through digital twins. In Proceedings of the 29th annual international conference on computer science and software engineering. 329–335.
Roland Rosen, Georg Von Wichert, George Lo, and Kurt D Bettenhausen. 2015. About the importance of autonomy and digital twins for the future of manufacturing. Ifac-papersonline 48, 3 (2015), 567–572.
Risa Savold, Natalie Dagher, Preston Frazier, and Dennis McCallam. 2017. Architecting cyber defense: A survey of the leading cyber reference architectures and frameworks. In 2017 IEEE 4th International Conference on Cyber Security and Cloud Computing (CSCloud). IEEE, 127–138.
Katia Romero Felizardo Scannavino, Elisa Yumi Nakagawa, Sandra Camargo Pinto Ferraz Fabbri, and Fabiano Cutigi Ferrari. 2017. Revisão Sistemática da Literatura em Engenharia de Software: teoria e prática. (2017).
Bruno Sena, Ana Paula Allian, and Elisa Yumi Nakagawa. 2017. Characterizing big data software architectures: a systematic mapping study. In Proceedings of the 11th Brazilian Symposium on Software Components, Architectures, and Reuse. 1–10.
Paramesh Shamanna, Banshi Saboo, Suresh Damodharan, Jahangir Mohammed, Maluk Mohamed, Terrence Poon, Nathan Kleinman, and Mohamed Thajudeen. 2020. Reducing HbA1c in type 2 diabetes using digital twin technology-enabled precision nutrition: a retrospective analysis. Diabetes Therapy 11 (2020), 2703–2714.
Patrick Spaney, Steffen Becker, Robin Ströbel, Jürgen Fleischer, Soraya Zenhari, Hans-Christian Möhring, Ann-Kathrin Splettstößser, and Andreas Wortmann. 2023. A Model-Driven Digital Twin for Manufacturing Process Adaptation. In 2023 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems Companion (MODELS-C). IEEE, 465–469.
Gernot Steindl, Martin Stagl, Lukas Kasper,Wolfgang Kastner, and Rene Hofmann. 2020. Generic digital twin architecture for industrial energy systems. Applied Sciences 10, 24 (2020), 8903.
Matthias Volk, Sascha Bosse, Dennis Bischoff, and Klaus Turowski. 2019. Decision-support for selecting big data reference architectures. In International Conference on Business Information Systems. Springer, 3–17.
Yang Yi, Yuehui Yan, Xiaojun Liu, Zhonghua Ni, Jindan Feng, and Jinshan Liu. 2021. Digital twin-based smart assembly process design and application framework for complex products and its case study. Journal of Manufacturing Systems 58 (2021), 94–107.
Wei Yu, Panos Patros, Brent Young, Elsa Klinac, and Timothy Gordon Walmsley. 2022. Energy digital twin technology for industrial energy management: Classification, challenges and future. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 161 (2022), 112407.
Pai Zheng and Abinav Shankar Sivabalan. 2020. A generic tri-model-based approach for product-level digital twin development in a smart manufacturing environment. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 64 (2020), 101958.
Shohin Aheleroff, Xun Xu, Ray Y Zhong, and Yuqian Lu. 2021. Digital twin as a service (DTaaS) in industry 4.0: an architecture reference model. Advanced Engineering Informatics 47 (2021), 101225.
Kazi Masudul Alam and Abdulmotaleb El Saddik. 2017. C2PS: A digital twin architecture reference model for the cloud-based cyber-physical systems. IEEE access 5 (2017), 2050–2062.
Apostolos Ampatzoglou, Stamatia Bibi, Paris Avgeriou, Marijn Verbeek, and Alexander Chatzigeorgiou. 2019. Identifying, categorizing and mitigating threats to validity in software engineering secondary studies. Information and software technology 106 (2019), 201–230.
Ramesh Ananthavijayan, Prabhakar Karthikeyan Shanmugam, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen, Frede Blaabjerg, and Viliam Fedak. 2019. Software architectures for smart grid system—A bibliographical survey. Energies 12, 6 (2019), 1183.
Samuil Angelov, Jos Trienekens, and Rob Kusters. 2013. Software reference architectures-exploring their usage and design in practice. In Software Architecture: 7th European Conference, ECSA 2013, Montpellier, France, July 1-5, 2013. Proceedings 7. Springer, 17–24.
Len Bass, Paul Clements, and Rick Kazman. 2003. Software Architecture in Practice (2 ed.). Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA.
Michael Batty. 2018. Digital twins. , 817–820 pages.
Maurizio Bevilacqua, Eleonora Bottani, Filippo Emanuele Ciarapica, Francesco Costantino, Luciano Di Donato, Alessandra Ferraro, Giovanni Mazzuto, Andrea Monteriù, Giorgia Nardini, Marco Ortenzi, et al. 2020. Digital twin reference model development to prevent operators’ risk in process plants. Sustainability 12, 3 (2020), 1088.
Jakob Bönsch, Matthes Elstermann, Andreas Kimmig, and Jivka Ovtcharova. 2022. A subject-oriented reference model for digital twins. Computers & Industrial Engineering 172 (2022), 108556.
B. Cartaxo, G. Pinto, and S. Soares. 2020. Rapid Reviews in Software Engineering. In Contemporary Empirical Methods in Software Engineering, M. Felderer and G. Travassos (Eds.). Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32489-6_13
Robert Cloutier, Gerrit Muller, Dinesh Verma, Roshanak Nilchiani, Eirik Hole, and Mary Bone. 2010. The Concept of Reference Architectures. Systems Engineering 13, 1 (2010), 14–27. DOI: 10.1002/sys.20129 arXiv: [link]
Robert Cloutier, Gerrit Muller, Dinesh Verma, Roshanak Nilchiani, Eirik Hole, and Mary Bone. 2010. The concept of reference architectures. Systems Engineering 13, 1 (2010), 14–27.
Alessandro Costantini, Giuseppe Di Modica, Jean Christian Ahouangonou, Doina Cristina Duma, Barbara Martelli, Matteo Galletti, Marica Antonacci, Daniel Nehls, Paolo Bellavista, Cedric Delamarre, et al. 2022. Iotwins: Toward implementation of distributed digital twins in industry 4.0 settings. Computers 11, 5 (2022), 67.
Alessandra De Benedictis, Nicola Mazzocca, Alessandra Somma, and Carmine Strigaro. 2022. Digital twins in healthcare: an architectural proposal and its application in a social distancing case study. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics 27, 10 (2022), 5143–5154.
Lucas Bueno Ruas De Oliveira, Katia Romero Felizardo, Daniel Feitosa, and Elisa Yumi Nakagawa. 2010. Reference models and reference architectures based on service-oriented architecture: A systematic review. In Software Architecture: 4th European Conference, ECSA 2010, Copenhagen, Denmark, August 23-26, 2010. Proceedings 4. Springer, 360–367.
Haibo Duan and Feng Tian. 2020. The development of standardized models of digital twin. IFAC-PapersOnLine 53, 5 (2020), 726–731.
Ahmad Farhadi, Stephen KH Lee, Eoin P Hinchy, Noel P O’Dowd, and Conor T McCarthy. 2022. The development of a digital twin framework for an industrial robotic drilling process. Sensors 22, 19 (2022), 7232.
Lina Garces, Silverio Martinez-Fernandez, Valdemar Vicente Graciano Neto, and Elisa Yumi Nakagawa. 2020. Architectural solutions for self-adaptive systems. Computer 53, 12 (2020), 47–59.
Lina Garcés, Silverio Martínez-Fernández, Lucas Oliveira, Pedro Valle, Claudia Ayala, Xavier Franch, and Elisa Yumi Nakagawa. 2021. Three decades of software reference architectures: A systematic mapping study. Journal of Systems and Software 179 (2021), 111004.
Lina Garcés, Flavio Oquendo, and Elisa Yumi Nakagawa. 2020. Assessment of reference architectures and reference models for ambient assisted living systems: Results of a systematic literature review. International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications (IJEHMC) 11, 1 (2020), 17–36.
Lina Garcés. 2025. Reference Architectures for Digital Twins: Results of a Literature Review. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16790938
Michael Grieves and John Vickers. 2016. Origins of the digital twin concept. Florida Institute of Technology 8 (2016), 3–20.
Michael Grieves and John Vickers. 2017. Digital twin: Mitigating unpredictable, undesirable emergent behavior in complex systems. Transdisciplinary perspectives on complex systems: New findings and approaches (2017), 85–113.
MichaelW. Grieves. 2023. Digital Twins: Past, Present, and Future. In The Digital Twin, Noel Crespi, Adam T. Drobot, and Roberto Minerva (Eds.). Springer, Cham, 87–110. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21343-4_4
Hossein Hassani, Xu Huang, and Steve MacFeely. 2022. Impactful digital twin in the healthcare revolution. Big Data and Cognitive Computing 6, 3 (2022), 83.
Yuchen Jiang, Shen Yin, Kuan Li, Hao Luo, and Okyay Kaynak. 2021. Industrial applications of digital twins. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 379, 2207 (2021), 20200360.
Philippe Kruchten, Henk Obbink, and Judith Stafford. 2006. The past, present, and future for software architecture. IEEE software 23, 2 (2006), 22–30.
Thomas Kuhn. 2017. Digitaler zwilling. Informatik-Spektrum 40 (2017), 440–444.
Jay Lee, Moslem Azamfar, Jaskaran Singh, and Shahin Siahpour. 2020. Integration of digital twin and deep learning in cyber-physical systems: towards smart manufacturing. IET Collaborative Intelligent Manufacturing 2, 1 (2020), 34–36.
Yushuai Li and Yan Zhang. 2024. Digital twin for industrial internet. Fundamental Research 4, 1 (2024), 21–24.
Kendrik Yan Hong Lim, Pai Zheng, Chun-Hsien Chen, and Lihui Huang. 2020. A digital twin-enhanced system for engineering product family design and optimization. Journal of Manufacturing Systems 57 (2020), 82–93.
Silverio Martínez-Fernández, Claudia P Ayala, Xavier Franch, and Helena Martins Marques. 2017. Benefits and drawbacks of software reference architectures: A case study. Information and software technology 88 (2017), 37–52.
Victória Melo, José Barbosa, Gonçalo Mota, Fernando de La Prieta, and Paulo Leitao. 2024. Design of an ISO 23247 Compliant Digital Twin for an Automotive Assembly Line. In 2024 IEEE 7th International Conference on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS). IEEE, 1–6.
Henry Muccini and Mahyar Tourchi Moghaddam. 2018. IoT architectural styles: A systematic mapping study. In Software Architecture: 12th European Conference on Software Architecture, ECSA 2018, Madrid, Spain, September 24–28, 2018, Proceedings 12. Springer, 68–85.
Zai Müller-Zhang, Thomas Kuhn, and Pablo Oliveira Antonino. 2023. Towards live decision-making for service-based production: Integrated process planning and scheduling with Digital Twins and Deep-Q-Learning. Computers in Industry 149 (2023), 103933.
Elisa Yumi Nakagawa, Pablo Oliveira Antonino, Frank Schnicke, Rafael Capilla, Thomas Kuhn, and Peter Liggesmeyer. 2021. Industry 4.0 reference architectures: State of the art and future trends. Computers & Industrial Engineering 156 (2021), 107241.
Kyu Tae Park, Jehun Lee, Hyun-Jung Kim, and Sang Do Noh. 2020. Digital twinbased cyber physical production system architectural framework for personalized production. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 106 (2020), 1787–1810.
Davy Preuveneers, Wouter Joosen, and Elisabeth Ilie-Zudor. 2018. Robust digital twin compositions for industry 4.0 smart manufacturing systems. In 2018 IEEE 22nd International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Workshop (EDOCW). IEEE, 69–78.
Luis F Rivera, Miguel Jiménez, Prashanti Angara, Norha M Villegas, Gabriel Tamura, and Hausi A Müller. 2019. Towards continuous monitoring in personalized healthcare through digital twins. In Proceedings of the 29th annual international conference on computer science and software engineering. 329–335.
Roland Rosen, Georg Von Wichert, George Lo, and Kurt D Bettenhausen. 2015. About the importance of autonomy and digital twins for the future of manufacturing. Ifac-papersonline 48, 3 (2015), 567–572.
Risa Savold, Natalie Dagher, Preston Frazier, and Dennis McCallam. 2017. Architecting cyber defense: A survey of the leading cyber reference architectures and frameworks. In 2017 IEEE 4th International Conference on Cyber Security and Cloud Computing (CSCloud). IEEE, 127–138.
Katia Romero Felizardo Scannavino, Elisa Yumi Nakagawa, Sandra Camargo Pinto Ferraz Fabbri, and Fabiano Cutigi Ferrari. 2017. Revisão Sistemática da Literatura em Engenharia de Software: teoria e prática. (2017).
Bruno Sena, Ana Paula Allian, and Elisa Yumi Nakagawa. 2017. Characterizing big data software architectures: a systematic mapping study. In Proceedings of the 11th Brazilian Symposium on Software Components, Architectures, and Reuse. 1–10.
Paramesh Shamanna, Banshi Saboo, Suresh Damodharan, Jahangir Mohammed, Maluk Mohamed, Terrence Poon, Nathan Kleinman, and Mohamed Thajudeen. 2020. Reducing HbA1c in type 2 diabetes using digital twin technology-enabled precision nutrition: a retrospective analysis. Diabetes Therapy 11 (2020), 2703–2714.
Patrick Spaney, Steffen Becker, Robin Ströbel, Jürgen Fleischer, Soraya Zenhari, Hans-Christian Möhring, Ann-Kathrin Splettstößser, and Andreas Wortmann. 2023. A Model-Driven Digital Twin for Manufacturing Process Adaptation. In 2023 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems Companion (MODELS-C). IEEE, 465–469.
Gernot Steindl, Martin Stagl, Lukas Kasper,Wolfgang Kastner, and Rene Hofmann. 2020. Generic digital twin architecture for industrial energy systems. Applied Sciences 10, 24 (2020), 8903.
Matthias Volk, Sascha Bosse, Dennis Bischoff, and Klaus Turowski. 2019. Decision-support for selecting big data reference architectures. In International Conference on Business Information Systems. Springer, 3–17.
Yang Yi, Yuehui Yan, Xiaojun Liu, Zhonghua Ni, Jindan Feng, and Jinshan Liu. 2021. Digital twin-based smart assembly process design and application framework for complex products and its case study. Journal of Manufacturing Systems 58 (2021), 94–107.
Wei Yu, Panos Patros, Brent Young, Elsa Klinac, and Timothy Gordon Walmsley. 2022. Energy digital twin technology for industrial energy management: Classification, challenges and future. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 161 (2022), 112407.
Pai Zheng and Abinav Shankar Sivabalan. 2020. A generic tri-model-based approach for product-level digital twin development in a smart manufacturing environment. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 64 (2020), 101958.
Published
2025-09-22
How to Cite
COSTA, Guilherme Mafra da; GARCÉS, Lina.
Reference Architectures for Digital Twins: Results of a Literature Review. In: BRAZILIAN SYMPOSIUM ON SOFTWARE COMPONENTS, ARCHITECTURES, AND REUSE (SBCARS), 19. , 2025, Recife/PE.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2025
.
p. 36-46.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbcars.2025.14115.
