Evaluating User Disorientation: A Comparison of Hypertext and Continuous Zooming Interfaces
Resumo
Hypertext systems have reached ubiquity in the World Wide Web (WWW). One of the most common side effects of hypertext use is disorientation and this problem is exacerbated in the WWW environment. Powerful workstations allow software engineers to create innovative interfaces that improve user performance while minimizing such side effects. One such innovation is continuous zooming, an interface mechanism that provides alternative control to scrolling and jumping. A series of studies were conducted to investigate how a continuous zooming interface affected user text comprehension performance in general and user disorientation. Results suggest that zooming in text is at least as good as hypertext jumping for comprehension tasks and that users are satisfied with zooming even with minimal practice.
Palavras-chave:
Direct manipulation, disorientation, graphical zooming interface, hypertext
Referências
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Beasley, Robert E. and Waugh, M.L. (1995). Cognitive Mapping Architectures and Hypermedia Disorientation: An Empirical Study. Journal of Education Multimedia and Hypermedia, 4(2/3), pp. 239-255.
Bederson, Benjamin B. and Hollan, James D. (1994). Pad++: A Zooming Graphical Interface for Exploring Alternate Interface Physics. UIST'94. Marina del Rey, CA, November 2-4.
Bederson, Benjamin B.(1996) http://www.cs.unm.edu:80/pad++.
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Booth, Paul A. (1989). An Introduction to Human-Computer Interaction. Hilldsale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Butler, S.A. (1990). The Effect of Method of Instruction and Spatial Visualization Ability on the Subsequent Navigation of a Hierarchical Database. Technical Report (CAR-TR-488 and C-TR-2398). Center for Automation Research and the Human/Computer Interaction Laboratory, University of Maryland.
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Edwards, D. W. and Hardman, L. (1989). Lost in hyperspace: Cognitive Mapping and Navigation in a Hypertext Environment. In: Hypertezt: Theory into Practice. R. McAleese, ed. Intellect Books, Oxford, pp. 105-125.
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Furnas, G. W. (1986). Generalized Fisheye Views. Proceedings of CHI'86 Human. Factors in Computing Systems pp. 16-23. New York: ACM.
Foss, Carolyn L. (1989). Tools for Reading and Browsing Hypertext. Information Processing and Management, 25:407-418.
Foss, Donald J. and DeRidder, Mitchell (1987). Technology Transfer: On Learning a New Computer-Based System. In: Carroll, John M., ed.Interfacing Thought: Cognitive Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Gay, Geri and Mazur, Joan (1991). Navigating in Hypermedia. In: Berk, Emily and Darlin, Joseph, eds. Hypertezt/Hypermedia Handbook. N.Y. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Inc.
Hutchins, E.L.; Hollan, J.D.; and Norman, D.A. (1986). Direct Manipulation Interfaces. In: User Centered System Design: New Perspectives in Human-Machine Interaction. Norman, D.A. and Draper, W.S., eds. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Jonassen, David H. (1984). Hypertext Principles for Text and Courseware Design. Educational Psychologist, 2:269-292.
Juhel, J. (1991). Spatial Abilities and Individual Differnces in Visual Information Processing. Intelligence, 15, 117-137.
Kim, Hanhwe and Hirtle, C. S. (1995). Spatial metaphors and disorientation in hypertext browsing. Behavior & Information Technology, 14(4), 239-250.
Kinnucan, Mark T. (1992). Fisheye Views as an Aid to Subject Access in Online Catalogues. The Canadian Journal of Information Science. 17(2):25-40, July.
Landauer, Thomas K. (1992). Relations Between Cognitive Psychology and Computer System Design. In: Caroll, John M., ed. Interfacing Thought: Cognitive Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Landow, George P. (1992). Hypertezt; the Convergence of Contemporary Critical Theory and Technology. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
McKnight, Cliff and Dillon, Richardson. (1993). Hypertezt: a Psychological Perspective. N.Y.: Ellis Horwood.
Mantei, Marilyn M. (1982). Disorientation Behavior in Person-Computer Interaction. University of Southern California, Ph.D.
Marchionini, Gary and Shneiderman, Ben. (1988). Finding facts vs. browsing knowledge in hypertext systems. IEEE Computer, January 1988.
Marchionini, Gary (1995). Information seeking in electronic environments. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.
Nielsen, Jakob (1990). The art of Navigating through Hypertext. Communications of the ACM. 33:296-310, March.
Nielsen, Jakob. (1995). Multimedia and Hypertezt: the Internet and Beyond. N.Y.: Academic Press.
Norman, K. L. (1994). Spatial Visualization: A Gateway to Computer-based Technology. Journal of Special Education Technology, 12, 195-205.
Páez, Linda B., Silva-Fh, José Bezerra and Marchionini, Gary (1996). Disorientation in Electronic Environments: A Study of Hypertext and Continuos Zooming Interfaces. In Press.
Rennison, Earl. (1994). Galaxy of News: An approach to visualizing and understanding expansive news landscapes. UIST'94. Marina del Rey, CA, November 2-4, pp. 3-12.
Salthouse, T.A., Babcock, R-L. Mitchell, D.R., Palmon, R. Et. al. (1990). Sourses of Individual Differences in Spatial Visualization Ability. Intelligence, 14, 187-230.
Search, Patricia (1993). HyperGlyphs Screen Design. [link]
Shneiderman, Ben (1983). Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Language. IEEE Computer, August, pp. 57-69.
Shneiderman, Ben (1987). Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Interaction. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
Utting, Kenneth and Yankelovich, Nicole (1989). Context and Orientation in Hypermedia Networks. ACM Transactions on Information Systems. 7: 58-84, January.
Vincente, K.J., Hayes, B.C., Williges, R.C. (1987). Assaying and Isolating Individual Differences in Searching a Hierarchical File System. Human Factors, 29, 349-359.
Ziegler, J.E. and Fahnrich, K.-P. (1990) Direct Manipulation. In: Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction. Helander, Martin, ed. New York: North-Holland. pp. 123-133.
Beasley, Robert E. and Waugh, M.L. (1995). Cognitive Mapping Architectures and Hypermedia Disorientation: An Empirical Study. Journal of Education Multimedia and Hypermedia, 4(2/3), pp. 239-255.
Bederson, Benjamin B. and Hollan, James D. (1994). Pad++: A Zooming Graphical Interface for Exploring Alternate Interface Physics. UIST'94. Marina del Rey, CA, November 2-4.
Bederson, Benjamin B.(1996) http://www.cs.unm.edu:80/pad++.
Begeman, Michael L. and Conklin, Jeff (1988). The Right Tool for the Job. Byte. 13(10):255-266, October.
Booth, Paul A. (1989). An Introduction to Human-Computer Interaction. Hilldsale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Butler, S.A. (1990). The Effect of Method of Instruction and Spatial Visualization Ability on the Subsequent Navigation of a Hierarchical Database. Technical Report (CAR-TR-488 and C-TR-2398). Center for Automation Research and the Human/Computer Interaction Laboratory, University of Maryland.
Darken, Rudolph P. and Sibert, John L.(1996). Wayfinding Strategies and Behaviors in Large Virtual Worlds. Proceedings of CHI'96 Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 142-149.
Donelson, William (1978). Spatial Management of Information. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH Pp. 203-206.
Edwards, D. W. and Hardman, L. (1989). Lost in hyperspace: Cognitive Mapping and Navigation in a Hypertext Environment. In: Hypertezt: Theory into Practice. R. McAleese, ed. Intellect Books, Oxford, pp. 105-125.
Egan, D. (1988). Individual Differencies in Human-computer Interaction. In: M. Helander (Ed.). Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 543-568.
Ekstrom, R. B., French, J.W., and Harmon, H.H. (1976). Manual for kit of Factor-referenced Cognitive Tests. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
Furnas, G. W. (1986). Generalized Fisheye Views. Proceedings of CHI'86 Human. Factors in Computing Systems pp. 16-23. New York: ACM.
Foss, Carolyn L. (1989). Tools for Reading and Browsing Hypertext. Information Processing and Management, 25:407-418.
Foss, Donald J. and DeRidder, Mitchell (1987). Technology Transfer: On Learning a New Computer-Based System. In: Carroll, John M., ed.Interfacing Thought: Cognitive Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Gay, Geri and Mazur, Joan (1991). Navigating in Hypermedia. In: Berk, Emily and Darlin, Joseph, eds. Hypertezt/Hypermedia Handbook. N.Y. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Inc.
Hutchins, E.L.; Hollan, J.D.; and Norman, D.A. (1986). Direct Manipulation Interfaces. In: User Centered System Design: New Perspectives in Human-Machine Interaction. Norman, D.A. and Draper, W.S., eds. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Jonassen, David H. (1984). Hypertext Principles for Text and Courseware Design. Educational Psychologist, 2:269-292.
Juhel, J. (1991). Spatial Abilities and Individual Differnces in Visual Information Processing. Intelligence, 15, 117-137.
Kim, Hanhwe and Hirtle, C. S. (1995). Spatial metaphors and disorientation in hypertext browsing. Behavior & Information Technology, 14(4), 239-250.
Kinnucan, Mark T. (1992). Fisheye Views as an Aid to Subject Access in Online Catalogues. The Canadian Journal of Information Science. 17(2):25-40, July.
Landauer, Thomas K. (1992). Relations Between Cognitive Psychology and Computer System Design. In: Caroll, John M., ed. Interfacing Thought: Cognitive Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Landow, George P. (1992). Hypertezt; the Convergence of Contemporary Critical Theory and Technology. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
McKnight, Cliff and Dillon, Richardson. (1993). Hypertezt: a Psychological Perspective. N.Y.: Ellis Horwood.
Mantei, Marilyn M. (1982). Disorientation Behavior in Person-Computer Interaction. University of Southern California, Ph.D.
Marchionini, Gary and Shneiderman, Ben. (1988). Finding facts vs. browsing knowledge in hypertext systems. IEEE Computer, January 1988.
Marchionini, Gary (1995). Information seeking in electronic environments. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.
Nielsen, Jakob (1990). The art of Navigating through Hypertext. Communications of the ACM. 33:296-310, March.
Nielsen, Jakob. (1995). Multimedia and Hypertezt: the Internet and Beyond. N.Y.: Academic Press.
Norman, K. L. (1994). Spatial Visualization: A Gateway to Computer-based Technology. Journal of Special Education Technology, 12, 195-205.
Páez, Linda B., Silva-Fh, José Bezerra and Marchionini, Gary (1996). Disorientation in Electronic Environments: A Study of Hypertext and Continuos Zooming Interfaces. In Press.
Rennison, Earl. (1994). Galaxy of News: An approach to visualizing and understanding expansive news landscapes. UIST'94. Marina del Rey, CA, November 2-4, pp. 3-12.
Salthouse, T.A., Babcock, R-L. Mitchell, D.R., Palmon, R. Et. al. (1990). Sourses of Individual Differences in Spatial Visualization Ability. Intelligence, 14, 187-230.
Search, Patricia (1993). HyperGlyphs Screen Design. [link]
Shneiderman, Ben (1983). Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Language. IEEE Computer, August, pp. 57-69.
Shneiderman, Ben (1987). Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Interaction. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
Utting, Kenneth and Yankelovich, Nicole (1989). Context and Orientation in Hypermedia Networks. ACM Transactions on Information Systems. 7: 58-84, January.
Vincente, K.J., Hayes, B.C., Williges, R.C. (1987). Assaying and Isolating Individual Differences in Searching a Hierarchical File System. Human Factors, 29, 349-359.
Ziegler, J.E. and Fahnrich, K.-P. (1990) Direct Manipulation. In: Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction. Helander, Martin, ed. New York: North-Holland. pp. 123-133.
Publicado
14/10/1996
Como Citar
SILVA-FH, José Bezerra da; PÁEZ, Linda B.; MARCHIONINI, Gary.
Evaluating User Disorientation: A Comparison of Hypertext and Continuous Zooming Interfaces. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE ENGENHARIA DE SOFTWARE (SBES), 10. , 1996, São Carlos/SP.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
1996
.
p. 225-240.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbes.1996.24446.
