Strategies for Use Case Modeling: A Systematic Literature Review
Resumo
A major challenge in teaching use-case modeling (UCM) is to mitigate the difficulties of students that prevent them from producing use-case models with quality. The strategies for UCM are scattered in the literature in several areas, and may not be known to the students, who therefore fail to receive the benefits that would mitigate their difficulties. This paper aims to present a systematic literature review (SLR) to identify, gather and analyze strategies for UCM. During the SLR, two thousand two hundred sixty-six studies published between 2008 and 2018 were returned from 6 bases (ACM, IEEE, Scopus, Science Direct, SpringerLink and Engineering Village), which resulted in the selection of 39 primary studies. These were classified, following the coding procedures of Grounded Theory, into 13 categories of different strategies for UCM. The results can help teachers in the adoption of the most appropriate UCM strategies for their students. Besides, they provide a quick reference for teachers and researchers interested in conducting additional studies on teaching strategies for UCM.
Referências
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C. Wohlin, "Guidelines for snowballing in systematic literature studies and a replication in software engineering". 18th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering (EASE 2014), p. 1--10.
M. Kalinowski, D. N. Card and G.H. Travassos, "Evidence-Based Guidelines to Defect Causal Analysis", IEEE Software, v. 29, p. 16--18, 2012.
B. Anda, H. Dreiem, D. Sjøberg and M. Jørgensen, "Estimating software development effort based on use cases - experiences from industry," in: M. Gogolla, C. Kobryn (Eds.), UML 2001 The Unified Modeling Language. Modeling Languages, Concepts, and Tools, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2185, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 2001, pp. 487--502.
M. El-Attar and J. Miller, "AGADUC: towards a more precise presentation of functional requirement in use case models," in: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Software Engineering Research, Management and Applications, 2006, pp. 346--353.
M. El-Attar and J. Miller, "Constructing high quality use case models: a systematic review of current practices," Require. Eng. 17 (3) (2012) 187--201.
S. Liu, J. Sun, H. Xiao, B. Wadhwa, J. S. Dong and X. Wang, "Improving Quality of Use Case Documents through Learning and User Interaction," 2016, 21st International Conference on Engineering of Complex Computer Systems (ICECCS), Dubai, 2016, pp. 101--110.
E.C.M. Hernandes, Zamboni, A.B.Thommazo and S.C.P.F. Fabbri, "Using GQM and TAM to evaluate StArt - a tool that supports systematic review", CLEI Eletronic J., vol. 15, n 1, pp. 1--13, 2012.
F. Dias, A. Schmitz, M. Campos, A. Correa and A. Alencar, "Elaboration of use case specifications: an approach based on use case fragments" In: ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC) Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil, 2008, pp. 614--618.
D. Beimel and E. Kedmi-Shahar. "Improving the identification of functional system requirements when novice analysts create use case diagram: the benefits of applying conceptual mental models." Requirements Engineering (2018): 1--20.
D. Ko, S. Kim, and S. Park, "Automatic recommendation to omitted steps in use case specification" Requirements Engineering (2018).
M. Ochodek, K. Koronowski, A. Matysiak, P. Miklosik, S. Kopczyńska, 2017, "Sketching Use-Case Scenarios Based on Use-Case Goals and Patterns," In: Madeyski L., Śmiałek M., Hnatkowska B., Huzar Z. (eds) Software Engineering: Challenges and Solutions. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 504. Springer, Cham
K. El Miloudi and A. Ettouhami, "A Multiview Formal Model of Use Case Diagrams Using Z Notation: Towards Improving Functional Requirements Quality," Journal of Engineering, vol. 2018, Article ID 6854920, 9 pages, 2018.
M, El-Attar and J. Miller, "Improving the quality of use case models using antipatterns," Software & Systems Modeling, April 2010, Volume 9, Issue 2, pp 141--160.
E. Ahmed, "Use of ontologies in software engineering," In: SEDE, 2008 pp 145--150.
A. A. Issa, A. I. AlAli, "Automated Requirements Engineering: use case patterns-driven approach". IET Software. 5(3), 287--303 (2011).
D. Dermeval, J. Vilela, I. I. Bittencourt, et al., "Applications of Ontologies in Requirements Engineering: a systematic review of the literature" Requirements Engineering (2016) 21: 405
D. Gasevic, N. Kaviani and M. Milanovic (2009) Ontologies and Software Engineering. In: Staab S, Studer R (eds) Handbook on ontologies, international handbooks on information systems. Springer, Berlin, pp 593--615 Y.
A. Silva, D. Savić, S. Vlajić, I. Antović, S. Lazarević, V. Stanojević, M. Milić, "Patterns for Better Use Cases Specification," in Proceedings of EuroPLOP'2015, Draft Version, 2015, Hillside Europe.
Y. A. Khan, M. El-Attar, "Using model transformation to refactor use case models based on antipatterns," Information Systems Frontiers, 2016, Volume 18, Number 1, Page 171.
R. Couto, A. N. Ribeiro and J. C. Campos, 2016, "Validating an approach to formalize use cases with ontologies," Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Formal Engineering Approaches to Software Components and Architectures. 205:1--15.
M. El-Attar and J. Miller, "Producing robust use case diagrams via reverse engineering of use case descriptions," Softw Sys Model 7(1):67--83.
M. El-Attar, "Improving the quality of use case models and their utilization in software development", 2009, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta.
M. Bagiampou and A. Kameas, "A Use Case Diagrams ontology that can be used as common reference for Software Engineering education," 2012 6th IEEE International Conference Intelligent Systems, Sofia, 2012, pp. 035--040.
X. Yuan and S. Tripathi, "Combining ontologies for requirements elicitation," 2015 IEEE International Model-Driven Requirements Engineering Workshop (MoDRE), Ottawa, ON, 2015, pp. 1--5.
Y. A, Khan, and M. El-Attar, 2012, "A model transformation approach towards refactoring use case models based on antipatterns", 21st International Conference on Software Engineering and Data Engineering (SEDE'12), Los Angeles, California, USA (pp. 49--54).
D. V. Dzung and A. Ohnishi, "Ontology-based reasoning in requirements elicitation," In: 2009 seventh iEEE international conference on software engineering and formal methods, pp 263--272.
M. Staples and M. Niazi, "Experiences using systematic review guidelines," Journal System and Software, 2007, 80(9):1425--1437.
V.R. Basili, G. Caldiera and H. D. Rombach. Goal Question Metric Paradigm. In John C. Marciniak, editor, Encyclopedia of Software Engineering, volume 1. John Wiley & Sons, 1994.
R. Fourati, N. Bouassida, H. B. Abdallah, (2011). A metric-based approach for anti-pattern detection in UML designs. In R. Lee (Ed.), Computer and information science 2011. vol. 364 (pp. 17--33). Heidelberg: Springer Berlin.
A. Bouzidi, N. Haddar, M. B. Abdallah and K. Haddar, "Deriving Use Case Models from BPMN Models,", 2017 IEEE/ACS 14th International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA), Hammamet, 2017, pp. 238--243.
E.F. Cruz, R.J. Machado, M. Y. Santos, 2014 "From Business Process Models to Use Case Models: A Systematic Approach," In: Aveiro D., Tribolet J., Gouveia D. (eds) Advances in Enterprise Engineering VIII. EEWC 2014. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, vol 174. Springer, Cham.
U. Erra, A. Portnova, G. Scanniello, "Comparing two communication media in use case modeling: results from a controlled experiment," ESEM 2010 Proceedings of the 2010 ACM-IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement.
A. J. de Souza, and A. L. O. Cavalcanti, 2016, "Visual Language for Use Case Description," Software - Practice and Experience Volume 46, Issue 9, 1 September 2016, Pages 1239--1261.
E. Holger, "Automatic layout of UML use case diagrams," SoftVis '08 Proceedings of the 4th ACM symposium on Software visualization, Pages 105--114 Ammersee, Germany -- September 16-17, 2008
D. SaviÄ, S. VlajiÄ, S. LazareviÄ, I. AntoviÄ, et. Al, "Use case specification using the SilabReq Domain Specific Language," Computing and Informatics Volume 34, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 877--910.
E. S. Nascimento, W. Silva, B. B.N. Franca, B. Gadelha, T. Conte, "Um Modelo sobre as Dificuldades para Especificar Casos de Uso", In Conference Ibero-American on Software Engineering (CIBSE), Argentina, 2017.
V. Hoffmann, H. Lichter, A. Nyssen, A. Walter, "Towards the Integration of UML and Textual Use Case Modeling," Journal of Object Technology, Vol. 8, 2009, No. 3, pp. 85--100.
E. M. Jebril, A.T. Imam and M. Al-Fayuomi, "An Algorithmic Approach to Extract Actions and Actors (AAEAA)," Proceedings of the International Conference on Geoinformatics and Data Analysis, Prague, Czech Republic -- April 20 - 22, 2018.
K. P. Sawant, S. Roy, D. Parachuri and F. Plesse, "Enforcing structure on textual use cases via annotation models," ISEC '14 Proceedings of the 7 th India Software Engineering Conference, Chennai, India -- February 19 - 21, 2014.
R. L. Q. Portugal, P. Engiel, J. Pivatelli and J. C. S. d. P. Leite, "Facing the Challenges of Teaching Requirements Engineering," 2016 IEEE/ACM 38th International Conference on Software Engineering Companion (ICSE-C), Austin, TX, 2016, pp. 461--470.
D. K. Deeptimahanti and R. Sanyal, "Semi-automatic Generation of UML Models from Natural Language Requirements," Proceeding ISEC '11 Proceedings of the 4th India Software Engineering Conference Pages 165--174 Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India -- February 24-27, 2011.
A. Rago, C. Marcos and J. A. Diaz-Pace, "Identifying duplicate functionality in textual use cases by aligning semantic actions," Software and Systems Modeling, May 2016, Volume 15, Issue 2, pp 579--603.
T. Nkamaura and Y. Tachikawa, "Requirements engineering education using role-play training," 2016 IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering (TALE), Bangkok, 2016, pp. 231--238.
R. Biddle, J. Noble and E. Tempero, "Role-play and Use Case Cards for Requirements Review," Proceedings of the Twelfth Australasian Conference on Information Systems, 2012.
G. Costain, and B. Mckenna, 2011, "Experiencing the elicitation of user requirements and recording them in use case diagrams through role play", Journal of Information Systems Education, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 367--380.
G. Costain, "Cognitive Support During Object-Oriented Software Development: The Case of UML Diagrams," 2008, Unpublished Doctoral Thesis. University of Auckland, New Zealand.
B. S. Kumar, I. Krishnamurthi, 2016, "Improving User Participation in Requirement Elicitation and Analysis by Applying Gamification Using Architect's Use Case Diagram," In: Vijayakumar V., Neelanarayanan V. (eds) Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Big Data and Cloud Computing Challenges (ISBCC - 16'). Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, vol 49. Springer, Cham.
J. M. Corbin, A. Strauss, (2008). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. 3rd Edition. SAGE Publications.Google Scholar
N. Bolloju, (2006). Exploring Quality Dependencies among UML Artifacts Developed by Novice Systems Analysts. In 12th Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS 2006) pp. 472.
K. Siau, L. Poi-Peng (2006). Identifying difficulties in learning UML. Information Systems Management, vol. 23, n. 3, pp. 43--51.
B. Kitchenham, "Procedures for Performing Systematic Reviews", Keele, UK, Keele University 33, 2004.
B. Kitchenham, and S. Charters, "Guidelines for performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering, version 2.3, Keele/Staffs-UK and Durham-UK, 2007
A. Cockburn, "Writing Effective Use Cases," Reading, Addison Wesley: Massachusetts 2000.
I. Jacobson, "Use cases - Yesterday, today, and tomorrow", Software and System Modeling, vol. 3, No.3, pp. 210--220, 2004.
C. Wohlin, "Guidelines for snowballing in systematic literature studies and a replication in software engineering". 18th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering (EASE 2014), p. 1--10.
M. Kalinowski, D. N. Card and G.H. Travassos, "Evidence-Based Guidelines to Defect Causal Analysis", IEEE Software, v. 29, p. 16--18, 2012.
B. Anda, H. Dreiem, D. Sjøberg and M. Jørgensen, "Estimating software development effort based on use cases - experiences from industry," in: M. Gogolla, C. Kobryn (Eds.), UML 2001 The Unified Modeling Language. Modeling Languages, Concepts, and Tools, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2185, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 2001, pp. 487--502.
M. El-Attar and J. Miller, "AGADUC: towards a more precise presentation of functional requirement in use case models," in: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Software Engineering Research, Management and Applications, 2006, pp. 346--353.
M. El-Attar and J. Miller, "Constructing high quality use case models: a systematic review of current practices," Require. Eng. 17 (3) (2012) 187--201.
S. Liu, J. Sun, H. Xiao, B. Wadhwa, J. S. Dong and X. Wang, "Improving Quality of Use Case Documents through Learning and User Interaction," 2016, 21st International Conference on Engineering of Complex Computer Systems (ICECCS), Dubai, 2016, pp. 101--110.
E.C.M. Hernandes, Zamboni, A.B.Thommazo and S.C.P.F. Fabbri, "Using GQM and TAM to evaluate StArt - a tool that supports systematic review", CLEI Eletronic J., vol. 15, n 1, pp. 1--13, 2012.
F. Dias, A. Schmitz, M. Campos, A. Correa and A. Alencar, "Elaboration of use case specifications: an approach based on use case fragments" In: ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC) Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil, 2008, pp. 614--618.
D. Beimel and E. Kedmi-Shahar. "Improving the identification of functional system requirements when novice analysts create use case diagram: the benefits of applying conceptual mental models." Requirements Engineering (2018): 1--20.
D. Ko, S. Kim, and S. Park, "Automatic recommendation to omitted steps in use case specification" Requirements Engineering (2018).
M. Ochodek, K. Koronowski, A. Matysiak, P. Miklosik, S. Kopczyńska, 2017, "Sketching Use-Case Scenarios Based on Use-Case Goals and Patterns," In: Madeyski L., Śmiałek M., Hnatkowska B., Huzar Z. (eds) Software Engineering: Challenges and Solutions. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 504. Springer, Cham
K. El Miloudi and A. Ettouhami, "A Multiview Formal Model of Use Case Diagrams Using Z Notation: Towards Improving Functional Requirements Quality," Journal of Engineering, vol. 2018, Article ID 6854920, 9 pages, 2018.
M, El-Attar and J. Miller, "Improving the quality of use case models using antipatterns," Software & Systems Modeling, April 2010, Volume 9, Issue 2, pp 141--160.
E. Ahmed, "Use of ontologies in software engineering," In: SEDE, 2008 pp 145--150.
A. A. Issa, A. I. AlAli, "Automated Requirements Engineering: use case patterns-driven approach". IET Software. 5(3), 287--303 (2011).
D. Dermeval, J. Vilela, I. I. Bittencourt, et al., "Applications of Ontologies in Requirements Engineering: a systematic review of the literature" Requirements Engineering (2016) 21: 405
D. Gasevic, N. Kaviani and M. Milanovic (2009) Ontologies and Software Engineering. In: Staab S, Studer R (eds) Handbook on ontologies, international handbooks on information systems. Springer, Berlin, pp 593--615 Y.
A. Silva, D. Savić, S. Vlajić, I. Antović, S. Lazarević, V. Stanojević, M. Milić, "Patterns for Better Use Cases Specification," in Proceedings of EuroPLOP'2015, Draft Version, 2015, Hillside Europe.
Y. A. Khan, M. El-Attar, "Using model transformation to refactor use case models based on antipatterns," Information Systems Frontiers, 2016, Volume 18, Number 1, Page 171.
R. Couto, A. N. Ribeiro and J. C. Campos, 2016, "Validating an approach to formalize use cases with ontologies," Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Formal Engineering Approaches to Software Components and Architectures. 205:1--15.
M. El-Attar and J. Miller, "Producing robust use case diagrams via reverse engineering of use case descriptions," Softw Sys Model 7(1):67--83.
M. El-Attar, "Improving the quality of use case models and their utilization in software development", 2009, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta.
M. Bagiampou and A. Kameas, "A Use Case Diagrams ontology that can be used as common reference for Software Engineering education," 2012 6th IEEE International Conference Intelligent Systems, Sofia, 2012, pp. 035--040.
X. Yuan and S. Tripathi, "Combining ontologies for requirements elicitation," 2015 IEEE International Model-Driven Requirements Engineering Workshop (MoDRE), Ottawa, ON, 2015, pp. 1--5.
Y. A, Khan, and M. El-Attar, 2012, "A model transformation approach towards refactoring use case models based on antipatterns", 21st International Conference on Software Engineering and Data Engineering (SEDE'12), Los Angeles, California, USA (pp. 49--54).
D. V. Dzung and A. Ohnishi, "Ontology-based reasoning in requirements elicitation," In: 2009 seventh iEEE international conference on software engineering and formal methods, pp 263--272.
M. Staples and M. Niazi, "Experiences using systematic review guidelines," Journal System and Software, 2007, 80(9):1425--1437.
V.R. Basili, G. Caldiera and H. D. Rombach. Goal Question Metric Paradigm. In John C. Marciniak, editor, Encyclopedia of Software Engineering, volume 1. John Wiley & Sons, 1994.
R. Fourati, N. Bouassida, H. B. Abdallah, (2011). A metric-based approach for anti-pattern detection in UML designs. In R. Lee (Ed.), Computer and information science 2011. vol. 364 (pp. 17--33). Heidelberg: Springer Berlin.
A. Bouzidi, N. Haddar, M. B. Abdallah and K. Haddar, "Deriving Use Case Models from BPMN Models,", 2017 IEEE/ACS 14th International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA), Hammamet, 2017, pp. 238--243.
E.F. Cruz, R.J. Machado, M. Y. Santos, 2014 "From Business Process Models to Use Case Models: A Systematic Approach," In: Aveiro D., Tribolet J., Gouveia D. (eds) Advances in Enterprise Engineering VIII. EEWC 2014. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, vol 174. Springer, Cham.
U. Erra, A. Portnova, G. Scanniello, "Comparing two communication media in use case modeling: results from a controlled experiment," ESEM 2010 Proceedings of the 2010 ACM-IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement.
A. J. de Souza, and A. L. O. Cavalcanti, 2016, "Visual Language for Use Case Description," Software - Practice and Experience Volume 46, Issue 9, 1 September 2016, Pages 1239--1261.
E. Holger, "Automatic layout of UML use case diagrams," SoftVis '08 Proceedings of the 4th ACM symposium on Software visualization, Pages 105--114 Ammersee, Germany -- September 16-17, 2008
D. SaviÄ, S. VlajiÄ, S. LazareviÄ, I. AntoviÄ, et. Al, "Use case specification using the SilabReq Domain Specific Language," Computing and Informatics Volume 34, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 877--910.
E. S. Nascimento, W. Silva, B. B.N. Franca, B. Gadelha, T. Conte, "Um Modelo sobre as Dificuldades para Especificar Casos de Uso", In Conference Ibero-American on Software Engineering (CIBSE), Argentina, 2017.
V. Hoffmann, H. Lichter, A. Nyssen, A. Walter, "Towards the Integration of UML and Textual Use Case Modeling," Journal of Object Technology, Vol. 8, 2009, No. 3, pp. 85--100.
E. M. Jebril, A.T. Imam and M. Al-Fayuomi, "An Algorithmic Approach to Extract Actions and Actors (AAEAA)," Proceedings of the International Conference on Geoinformatics and Data Analysis, Prague, Czech Republic -- April 20 - 22, 2018.
K. P. Sawant, S. Roy, D. Parachuri and F. Plesse, "Enforcing structure on textual use cases via annotation models," ISEC '14 Proceedings of the 7 th India Software Engineering Conference, Chennai, India -- February 19 - 21, 2014.
R. L. Q. Portugal, P. Engiel, J. Pivatelli and J. C. S. d. P. Leite, "Facing the Challenges of Teaching Requirements Engineering," 2016 IEEE/ACM 38th International Conference on Software Engineering Companion (ICSE-C), Austin, TX, 2016, pp. 461--470.
D. K. Deeptimahanti and R. Sanyal, "Semi-automatic Generation of UML Models from Natural Language Requirements," Proceeding ISEC '11 Proceedings of the 4th India Software Engineering Conference Pages 165--174 Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India -- February 24-27, 2011.
A. Rago, C. Marcos and J. A. Diaz-Pace, "Identifying duplicate functionality in textual use cases by aligning semantic actions," Software and Systems Modeling, May 2016, Volume 15, Issue 2, pp 579--603.
T. Nkamaura and Y. Tachikawa, "Requirements engineering education using role-play training," 2016 IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering (TALE), Bangkok, 2016, pp. 231--238.
R. Biddle, J. Noble and E. Tempero, "Role-play and Use Case Cards for Requirements Review," Proceedings of the Twelfth Australasian Conference on Information Systems, 2012.
G. Costain, and B. Mckenna, 2011, "Experiencing the elicitation of user requirements and recording them in use case diagrams through role play", Journal of Information Systems Education, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 367--380.
G. Costain, "Cognitive Support During Object-Oriented Software Development: The Case of UML Diagrams," 2008, Unpublished Doctoral Thesis. University of Auckland, New Zealand.
B. S. Kumar, I. Krishnamurthi, 2016, "Improving User Participation in Requirement Elicitation and Analysis by Applying Gamification Using Architect's Use Case Diagram," In: Vijayakumar V., Neelanarayanan V. (eds) Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Big Data and Cloud Computing Challenges (ISBCC - 16'). Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, vol 49. Springer, Cham.
J. M. Corbin, A. Strauss, (2008). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. 3rd Edition. SAGE Publications.Google Scholar
N. Bolloju, (2006). Exploring Quality Dependencies among UML Artifacts Developed by Novice Systems Analysts. In 12th Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS 2006) pp. 472.
K. Siau, L. Poi-Peng (2006). Identifying difficulties in learning UML. Information Systems Management, vol. 23, n. 3, pp. 43--51.
Publicado
21/01/2020
Como Citar
BISPO, Cristiana Pereira; MAGALHÃES, Ana Patrícia; FERNANDES, Sergio.
Strategies for Use Case Modeling: A Systematic Literature Review. In: EDUCATION - SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE ENGENHARIA DE SOFTWARE (SBES), 33. , 2019, Salvador.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2020
.
