Adaptive Branching Quests Based on Automated Planning and Story Arcs
Resumo
Interactive storytelling in games is a powerful tool to create immersive and engaging experiences for players. In this context, the adherence to a predefined story arc, coupled with adaptation to individual personality traits, are essential to ensure, at the same time, thematic consistency and player involvement in story-driven games. One promising way to meet such requirements is to treat plot composition as an interactive plan-generation problem, and develop a method whereby branching quests can be adequately handled and adapted in real-time. A key feature of the method is the ability to, after evaluating the effects of player decisions, perform the adaptations needed to keep the current story arc in close approximation to the predefined story arc. The underlying player preference model uses a set of artificial neural networks trained, on the basis of the players’ responses to a brief Big Five personality test, to classify their preferences for specific quest decisions. This paper presents our quest adaptation method and summarizes the results we obtained through the application of our method in a fully implemented game prototype.
Palavras-chave:
Quest Adaptation, Automated Planning, Dramatic Structures, Branching Narratives, Interactive Storytelling
Referências
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E. Adams, "The Designer's Notebook: Three Problems for Interactive Storytellers," Gamasutra, 1999. [online]. Available at: http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/131821/the_designers_notebook_three_.php
B. Ip, "Narrative Structures in Computer and Video Games: Part 1: Context, Definitions, and Initial Findings," Games and Culture, vol. 6 (2), pp. 103-134, 2011, doi: 10.1177/1555412010364982.
B. Ip, "Narrative Structures in Computer and Video Games: Part 2: Emotions, Structures, and Archetypes," Games and Culture, vol. 6 (3), pp. 203-244, 2011, doi: 10.1177/1555412010364984.
E. S. Lima, B. Feijó, and A. L. Furtado, "Hierarchical Generation of Dynamic and Nondeterministic Quests in Games," in Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology, Funchal, Portugal, 2014, Article N. 24.
E. S. Lima, B. Feijó, and A. L. Furtado, "Player Behavior and Personality Modeling for Interactive Storytelling in Games," Entertainment Computing, vol. 28, pp. 32-48, 2018.
E. S. Lima, B. Feijó, and A. L. Furtado, "Procedural Generation of Quests for Games Using Genetic Algorithms and Automated Planning," in Proceedings of the XVIII Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment (SBGames 2019), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2019, pp. 495-504, doi: 0.1109/SBGames.2019.00028
E. S. Lima, B. Feijó, and A. L. Furtado, "Procedural Generation of Branching Quests for Games," Entertainment Computing, 2022.
A. Sullivan, M. Mateas, and N. Wardrip-Fruin, "Rules of engagement: Moving beyond combat-based quests," in Proceedings of the Intelligent Narrative Technologies III Workshop (INT3 '10), 2010, Article No. 11.
P. Ammanabrolu, W. Broniec, A. Mueller, J. Paul, and M. O. Riedl, "Toward Automated Quest Generation in Text-Adventure Games," arXiv:1909.06283 [cs.CL], 2019.
T. Chongmesuk, and V. Kotrajaras, "Multi-Paths Generation for Structural Rule Quests," in Proceedings of the 16th International Joint Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE), pp. 97-102, 2019, doi: 10.1109/JCSSE.2019.8864168.
B., Li, and M. O., Riedl, "Planning for Individualized Experiences with Quest-Centric Game Adaptation," in Proceedings of the ICAPS 2010 Workshop on Planning in Games, Toronto, Canada, 2010.
B. Li, and M. O. Riedl, "An Offline Planning Approach to Game Plotline Adaptation," in Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Interactive Digital Entertainment, Palo Alto, California, pp. 45-50, 2010.
M. Freilão, "Affective Narratives for Engagement in Digital Games," M.S. Thesis in Computer Engeneering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal, 2020.
S. P. Hernandez, V. Bulitko, and M. Spetch, "Keeping the Player on an Emotional Trajectory in Interactive Storytelling," in Proceedings of the 11th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment, pp. 65-71, 2015.
S. P. Hernandez, V. Bulitko, and E. Hilaire, "Emotion-based interactive storytelling with Artificial Intelligence," in Proceedings of the Tenth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (AIIDE'14), pp. 146-152, 2014.
A. Zook, S. Lee-Urban, M. R. Drinkwater, and M. O. Riedl, "Skill-based Mission Generation: A Data-driven Temporal Player Modeling Approach," in Proceedings of the The third workshop on Procedural Content Generation in Games (PCG'12), pp. 1-8, 2012.
J. Howard, Quests: Design, Theory, and History in Games and Narratives. Natick, Massachusetts: A K Peters/CRC Press, 2008.
B. Bonet, and H. Geffner, "Planning as Heuristic Search," Artificial Intelligence, vol. 129 (1), pp. 5-33, 2001.
J. Yorke, Into The Woods: How Stories Work and Why We Tell Them. London, UK: Penguin, 2014.
H. Koenitz, A. Di Pastena, D. Jansen, B. de Lint, and A. Moss, "The Myth of ‘Universal’ Narrative Models," in Rouse R., Koenitz H., Haahr M. (eds) Interactive Storytelling. ICIDS 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11318, Springer, 2018.
E. S. Lima, B. Feijó, and A. L. Furtado, "Adaptive Storytelling Based on Personality and Preference Modeling," Entertainment Computing, vol. 34, 100342, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.entcom.2020.100342.
E. S. Lima, B. Feijó, A. L. Furtado, and V. M. Gottin, "Personality and Preference Modeling for Adaptive Storytelling," in Proceedings of the XVII Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, 2018, pp. 538-547.
B. Rammstedt, and O. P. Johnb, "Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German," Journal of Research in Personality, vol. 41 (1), pp. 203-212, 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2006.02.001.
E. Adams, "The Designer's Notebook: Three Problems for Interactive Storytellers," Gamasutra, 1999. [online]. Available at: http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/131821/the_designers_notebook_three_.php
B. Ip, "Narrative Structures in Computer and Video Games: Part 1: Context, Definitions, and Initial Findings," Games and Culture, vol. 6 (2), pp. 103-134, 2011, doi: 10.1177/1555412010364982.
B. Ip, "Narrative Structures in Computer and Video Games: Part 2: Emotions, Structures, and Archetypes," Games and Culture, vol. 6 (3), pp. 203-244, 2011, doi: 10.1177/1555412010364984.
E. S. Lima, B. Feijó, and A. L. Furtado, "Hierarchical Generation of Dynamic and Nondeterministic Quests in Games," in Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology, Funchal, Portugal, 2014, Article N. 24.
E. S. Lima, B. Feijó, and A. L. Furtado, "Player Behavior and Personality Modeling for Interactive Storytelling in Games," Entertainment Computing, vol. 28, pp. 32-48, 2018.
E. S. Lima, B. Feijó, and A. L. Furtado, "Procedural Generation of Quests for Games Using Genetic Algorithms and Automated Planning," in Proceedings of the XVIII Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment (SBGames 2019), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2019, pp. 495-504, doi: 0.1109/SBGames.2019.00028
E. S. Lima, B. Feijó, and A. L. Furtado, "Procedural Generation of Branching Quests for Games," Entertainment Computing, 2022.
A. Sullivan, M. Mateas, and N. Wardrip-Fruin, "Rules of engagement: Moving beyond combat-based quests," in Proceedings of the Intelligent Narrative Technologies III Workshop (INT3 '10), 2010, Article No. 11.
P. Ammanabrolu, W. Broniec, A. Mueller, J. Paul, and M. O. Riedl, "Toward Automated Quest Generation in Text-Adventure Games," arXiv:1909.06283 [cs.CL], 2019.
T. Chongmesuk, and V. Kotrajaras, "Multi-Paths Generation for Structural Rule Quests," in Proceedings of the 16th International Joint Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE), pp. 97-102, 2019, doi: 10.1109/JCSSE.2019.8864168.
B., Li, and M. O., Riedl, "Planning for Individualized Experiences with Quest-Centric Game Adaptation," in Proceedings of the ICAPS 2010 Workshop on Planning in Games, Toronto, Canada, 2010.
B. Li, and M. O. Riedl, "An Offline Planning Approach to Game Plotline Adaptation," in Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Interactive Digital Entertainment, Palo Alto, California, pp. 45-50, 2010.
M. Freilão, "Affective Narratives for Engagement in Digital Games," M.S. Thesis in Computer Engeneering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal, 2020.
S. P. Hernandez, V. Bulitko, and M. Spetch, "Keeping the Player on an Emotional Trajectory in Interactive Storytelling," in Proceedings of the 11th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment, pp. 65-71, 2015.
S. P. Hernandez, V. Bulitko, and E. Hilaire, "Emotion-based interactive storytelling with Artificial Intelligence," in Proceedings of the Tenth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (AIIDE'14), pp. 146-152, 2014.
A. Zook, S. Lee-Urban, M. R. Drinkwater, and M. O. Riedl, "Skill-based Mission Generation: A Data-driven Temporal Player Modeling Approach," in Proceedings of the The third workshop on Procedural Content Generation in Games (PCG'12), pp. 1-8, 2012.
J. Howard, Quests: Design, Theory, and History in Games and Narratives. Natick, Massachusetts: A K Peters/CRC Press, 2008.
B. Bonet, and H. Geffner, "Planning as Heuristic Search," Artificial Intelligence, vol. 129 (1), pp. 5-33, 2001.
J. Yorke, Into The Woods: How Stories Work and Why We Tell Them. London, UK: Penguin, 2014.
H. Koenitz, A. Di Pastena, D. Jansen, B. de Lint, and A. Moss, "The Myth of ‘Universal’ Narrative Models," in Rouse R., Koenitz H., Haahr M. (eds) Interactive Storytelling. ICIDS 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11318, Springer, 2018.
E. S. Lima, B. Feijó, and A. L. Furtado, "Adaptive Storytelling Based on Personality and Preference Modeling," Entertainment Computing, vol. 34, 100342, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.entcom.2020.100342.
E. S. Lima, B. Feijó, A. L. Furtado, and V. M. Gottin, "Personality and Preference Modeling for Adaptive Storytelling," in Proceedings of the XVII Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, 2018, pp. 538-547.
B. Rammstedt, and O. P. Johnb, "Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German," Journal of Research in Personality, vol. 41 (1), pp. 203-212, 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2006.02.001.
Publicado
18/10/2021
Como Citar
LIMA, Edirlei Soares de; FEIJÓ, Bruno; FURTADO, Antonio L..
Adaptive Branching Quests Based on Automated Planning and Story Arcs. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE JOGOS E ENTRETENIMENTO DIGITAL (SBGAMES), 20. , 2021, Online.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2021
.
p. 9-18.
