Self-reflection in Games - The Representation of the Individuation Process in Celeste and Persona 2: Innocent Sin
Resumo
Video games are popular nowadays, possessing the potential to positively impact people by alleviating unpleasant emotions, giving them leisure and empowerment. Understanding psychological factors can aid in building meaningful and engaging gameplay, resulting in more beneficial impacts on players and desirable video games. This work analyzes how the games Persona 2: Innocent Sin and Celeste use core concepts from Analytical Psychology mixed with the Hero’s Journey to build compelling narratives and gameplay. Game designers should not recognize these ideas as fixed rules but as an inspiration to create meaningful video game experiences and, consequently, aid the player’s transformation.
Palavras-chave:
Narrative, Gameplay, Analytical Psychology, Hero’s Journey, Individuation
Referências
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B. K. Wiederhold, “Violent video games: Harmful trigger or harmless diversion?” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 1–2, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.29203.editorial
D. Villani, C. Carissoli, S. Triberti, A. Marchetti, G. Gilli, and G. Riva, “Videogames for emotion regulation: A systematic review,” Games for Health Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 85–99, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2017.0108
N. Johannes, M. Vuorre, and A. K. Przybylski, “Video game play is positively correlated with well-being,” Royal Society Open Science, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.202049
I. Iacovides and E. D. Mekler, “The role of gaming during difficult life experiences,” Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, p. 1–12, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300453
N. D. Bowman and R. Tamborini, “‘In the Mood to Game’: Selective exposure and mood management processes in computer game play,” New Media & Society, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 375–393, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813504274
C. V. Russoniello, K. O’Brien, and J. M. Parks, “The effectiveness of casual video games in improving mood and decreasing stress,” Journal of Cyber Therapy and Rehabilitation, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 53–66, 2009.
L. Reinecke, R. Tamborini, M. Grizzard, R. Lewis, A. Eden, and N. D. Bowman, “Characterizing mood management as need satisfaction: The effects of intrinsic needs on selective exposure and mood repair,” Journal of Communication, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 437–453, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01649.x
D. J. Leonard, “Virtual anti-racism: Pleasure, catharsis, and hope in mafia iii and watch dogs 2,” Humanity & Society, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 111–130, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1177/0160597619835863
I. Granic, A. Lobel, and R. C. M. E. Engels, “The benefits of playing video games,” The American psychologist, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 66–78, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034857
E. L. James, M. B. Bonsall, L. Hoppitt, E. M. Tunbridge, J. R. Geddes, A. L. Milton, and E. A. Holmes, “Computer game play reduces intrusive memories of experimental trauma via reconsolidation-update mechanisms,” Psychological Science, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 1201–1215, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615583071
C. V. Russoniello, M. T. Fish, and K. O’Brien, “The efficacy of playing videogames compared with antidepressants in reducing treatment-resistant symptoms of depression,” Games for Health Journal, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 332–338, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2019.0032
M. T. Fish, C. V. Russoniello,, and K. O’Brien, “The efficacy of prescribed casual videogame play in reducing symptoms of anxiety: A randomized controlled study,” Games for Health Journal, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 291–295, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2013.0092
A. M. Bean, R. K. L. Nielsen, A. J. van Rooij, and C. J. Ferguson, “Video game addiction: The push to pathologize video games,” Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 378–389, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000150
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R. M. Ryan, C. S. Rigby, and A. Przybylski, “The motivational pull of video games: A self-determination theory approach,” Motivation and Emotion, vol. 30, pp. 344–360, 2006. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9051-8
A. K. Przybylski, C. S. Rigby, and R. M. Ryan, “A motivational model of video game engagement,” Review of General Psychology, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 154–166, 2010. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019440
F. D. Grove, V. Cauberghe, and J. V. Looy, “In pursuit of play: Toward a social cognitive understanding of determinants of digital play,” Communication Theory, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 205–223, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12030
F. D. Grove, V. Cauberghe, and J. V. Looy, “Development and validation of an instrument for measuring individual motives for playing digital games,” Media Psychology, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 101–125, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2014.902318
J. H. Murray, Hamlet on the Holodeck: The Future of Narrative in Cyberspace. MIT Press, 1997.
J. H. Feil and M. Scattergood, Beginning Game Level Design. Course Technology Press, 2005.
J. Schell, The Art of Game Design: A Book of Lenses. CRC Press, 2008.
K. Salen and E. Zimmerman, Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals. MIT Press, 2003
J. McGonigal, Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World. The Penguin Press, 2011.
G. N. Yannakakis and A. Paiva, Emotion in games. Oxford University Press, 2014, pp. 459–471.
K. Isbister, Better Game Characters by Design: A Psychological Approach. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., 2006.
C. G. Jung, Analytical Psychology: Its Theory and Practice. Routledge, 1986.
C. G. Jung, Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Volume 7: Two Essays in Analytical Psychology. Princeton University Press, 1966.
C. G. Jung, M.-L. von Franz, J. L. Henderson, A. Jaffe, and J. Jacobi, Man and His Symbols. Dell Publishing, 1968.
J. Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton University Press, 2004.
C. Vogler, The Writer’s Journey: Mythic Structure for Writers. Michael Wiese Productions, 2007.
J. Campbell and B. Moyers, The Power of Myth. Doubleday, 1988.
C. G. Jung, Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Volume 9 (Part 2): Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self. Princeton University Press, 1969.
C. G. Jung, Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Volume 9 (Part 1): Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. Princeton University Press, 1969.
S. L. Bowman, “Active imagination, individuation, and role-playing narratives,” Tríade: Revista de Comunicação, Cultura e Midia, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 158–173, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://periodicos.uniso.br/ojs/index.php/triade/article/view/2973/2678
P. T. Palomino, A. M. Toda, W. Oliveira, L. Rodrigues, and S. Isotani, “Gamification journey: A novel approach for classifying gamer types for gamified educational systems,” SBC - Proceedings of SBGames 2019, pp. 165–173, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.sbgames.org/sbgames2019/files/papers/ArtesDesignFull/197988.pdf
C. S. Peirce, Peirce on Signs: Writings on Semiotic. UNC Press Books, 1991.
G. da Cruz Pereira and G. P. C. de Araújo, “Eu sou tu, tu és eu: A abordagem de gênero e sexualidade em persona 4 e a sua construção a partir do tarô e dos arquétipos de jung, ”Anais do XX Congresso de Ciências da Comunicação na Região Nordeste, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://portalintercom.org.br/anais/nordeste2018/resumos/R62-0966-1.pdf
G. M. M. Junior, R. L. Oliveira, J. P. da C. Nobre, and H. A. Pinheiro, “O simbolismo do mito de criação em dark souls: uma abordagem analítica,” SBC - Proceedings of SBGames 2019, pp. 766–775, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.sbgames.org/sbgames2019/files/papers/CulturaFull/198362.pdf
A. R. R. Aguiar, R. J. de L. Lucas, and G. M. M. Junior, “A construção da rebeldia no jogo persona 5,” SBC - Proceedings of SBGames 2019, pp. 637–645, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.sbgames.org/sbgames2019/files/papers/CulturaFull/198242.pdf
BuffMaister, “Persona 2 innocent sin the movie,” 2017. [Online]. Available: https://youtu.be/kPcWQvYR_zA
SnicketySlice, “Persona 2: Innocent sin analysis (part 1) - ultimate persona compendium,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://youtu.be/JcMDalzgTWs
J. Dub, “The story of celeste (all cutscenes + all dialogue),” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://youtu.be/JIXqmjYF4F4
E. Duck, “Celeste - full game (no commentary),” 2020. [Online]. Available: https://youtu.be/cX9NJPwseIQ
E. Credits, “Western rpgs vs japanese rpgs - i: What makes them different? - extra credits,” 2012. [Online]. Available: https://youtu.be/l_rvM6hubs8
A. Louis, Llewellyn’s Complete Book of Tarot: A Comprehensive Guide. Llewellyn Publications, 2016.
H. Lovecraft, Letters to Rheinhart Kleiner. Hippocampus Press, 2005.
C. G. Jung, The Undiscovered Self. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958.
C. G. Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections. Pantheon Books, 1963.
D. C. Rusch, “Mechanisms of the soul - tackling the human condition in videogames,” Proceedings of the 2009 DiGRA International Conference: Breaking New Ground: Innovation in Games, Play, Practice and Theory, 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.digra.org/wp-content/uploads/digital-library/09287.01371.pdf
J. Clement. (2021) Average weekly hours spent playing video games in selected countries worldwide as of january 2021. [Online]. Available: [link].
B. K. Wiederhold, “Violent video games: Harmful trigger or harmless diversion?” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 1–2, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.29203.editorial
D. Villani, C. Carissoli, S. Triberti, A. Marchetti, G. Gilli, and G. Riva, “Videogames for emotion regulation: A systematic review,” Games for Health Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 85–99, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2017.0108
N. Johannes, M. Vuorre, and A. K. Przybylski, “Video game play is positively correlated with well-being,” Royal Society Open Science, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.202049
I. Iacovides and E. D. Mekler, “The role of gaming during difficult life experiences,” Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, p. 1–12, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300453
N. D. Bowman and R. Tamborini, “‘In the Mood to Game’: Selective exposure and mood management processes in computer game play,” New Media & Society, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 375–393, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813504274
C. V. Russoniello, K. O’Brien, and J. M. Parks, “The effectiveness of casual video games in improving mood and decreasing stress,” Journal of Cyber Therapy and Rehabilitation, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 53–66, 2009.
L. Reinecke, R. Tamborini, M. Grizzard, R. Lewis, A. Eden, and N. D. Bowman, “Characterizing mood management as need satisfaction: The effects of intrinsic needs on selective exposure and mood repair,” Journal of Communication, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 437–453, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01649.x
D. J. Leonard, “Virtual anti-racism: Pleasure, catharsis, and hope in mafia iii and watch dogs 2,” Humanity & Society, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 111–130, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1177/0160597619835863
I. Granic, A. Lobel, and R. C. M. E. Engels, “The benefits of playing video games,” The American psychologist, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 66–78, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034857
E. L. James, M. B. Bonsall, L. Hoppitt, E. M. Tunbridge, J. R. Geddes, A. L. Milton, and E. A. Holmes, “Computer game play reduces intrusive memories of experimental trauma via reconsolidation-update mechanisms,” Psychological Science, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 1201–1215, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615583071
C. V. Russoniello, M. T. Fish, and K. O’Brien, “The efficacy of playing videogames compared with antidepressants in reducing treatment-resistant symptoms of depression,” Games for Health Journal, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 332–338, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2019.0032
M. T. Fish, C. V. Russoniello,, and K. O’Brien, “The efficacy of prescribed casual videogame play in reducing symptoms of anxiety: A randomized controlled study,” Games for Health Journal, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 291–295, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2013.0092
A. M. Bean, R. K. L. Nielsen, A. J. van Rooij, and C. J. Ferguson, “Video game addiction: The push to pathologize video games,” Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 378–389, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000150
J. M. von der Heiden, B. Braun, K. W. M ?uller, and B. Egloff, “The association between video gaming and psychological functioning,” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 10, p. 1731, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01731
D. J. Kuss, M. D. Griffiths, and H. M. Pontes, “DSM-5 diagnosis of internet gaming disorder: Some ways forward in overcoming issues and concerns in the gaming studies field,” Journal of behavioral addictions, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 133–141, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.032
E. L. Deci and R. M. Ryan, Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. Plenum Press, 1985.
R. M. Ryan, C. S. Rigby, and A. Przybylski, “The motivational pull of video games: A self-determination theory approach,” Motivation and Emotion, vol. 30, pp. 344–360, 2006. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9051-8
A. K. Przybylski, C. S. Rigby, and R. M. Ryan, “A motivational model of video game engagement,” Review of General Psychology, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 154–166, 2010. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019440
F. D. Grove, V. Cauberghe, and J. V. Looy, “In pursuit of play: Toward a social cognitive understanding of determinants of digital play,” Communication Theory, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 205–223, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12030
F. D. Grove, V. Cauberghe, and J. V. Looy, “Development and validation of an instrument for measuring individual motives for playing digital games,” Media Psychology, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 101–125, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2014.902318
J. H. Murray, Hamlet on the Holodeck: The Future of Narrative in Cyberspace. MIT Press, 1997.
J. H. Feil and M. Scattergood, Beginning Game Level Design. Course Technology Press, 2005.
J. Schell, The Art of Game Design: A Book of Lenses. CRC Press, 2008.
K. Salen and E. Zimmerman, Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals. MIT Press, 2003
J. McGonigal, Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World. The Penguin Press, 2011.
G. N. Yannakakis and A. Paiva, Emotion in games. Oxford University Press, 2014, pp. 459–471.
K. Isbister, Better Game Characters by Design: A Psychological Approach. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., 2006.
C. G. Jung, Analytical Psychology: Its Theory and Practice. Routledge, 1986.
C. G. Jung, Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Volume 7: Two Essays in Analytical Psychology. Princeton University Press, 1966.
C. G. Jung, M.-L. von Franz, J. L. Henderson, A. Jaffe, and J. Jacobi, Man and His Symbols. Dell Publishing, 1968.
J. Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton University Press, 2004.
C. Vogler, The Writer’s Journey: Mythic Structure for Writers. Michael Wiese Productions, 2007.
J. Campbell and B. Moyers, The Power of Myth. Doubleday, 1988.
C. G. Jung, Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Volume 9 (Part 2): Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self. Princeton University Press, 1969.
C. G. Jung, Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Volume 9 (Part 1): Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. Princeton University Press, 1969.
S. L. Bowman, “Active imagination, individuation, and role-playing narratives,” Tríade: Revista de Comunicação, Cultura e Midia, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 158–173, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://periodicos.uniso.br/ojs/index.php/triade/article/view/2973/2678
P. T. Palomino, A. M. Toda, W. Oliveira, L. Rodrigues, and S. Isotani, “Gamification journey: A novel approach for classifying gamer types for gamified educational systems,” SBC - Proceedings of SBGames 2019, pp. 165–173, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.sbgames.org/sbgames2019/files/papers/ArtesDesignFull/197988.pdf
C. S. Peirce, Peirce on Signs: Writings on Semiotic. UNC Press Books, 1991.
G. da Cruz Pereira and G. P. C. de Araújo, “Eu sou tu, tu és eu: A abordagem de gênero e sexualidade em persona 4 e a sua construção a partir do tarô e dos arquétipos de jung, ”Anais do XX Congresso de Ciências da Comunicação na Região Nordeste, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://portalintercom.org.br/anais/nordeste2018/resumos/R62-0966-1.pdf
G. M. M. Junior, R. L. Oliveira, J. P. da C. Nobre, and H. A. Pinheiro, “O simbolismo do mito de criação em dark souls: uma abordagem analítica,” SBC - Proceedings of SBGames 2019, pp. 766–775, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.sbgames.org/sbgames2019/files/papers/CulturaFull/198362.pdf
A. R. R. Aguiar, R. J. de L. Lucas, and G. M. M. Junior, “A construção da rebeldia no jogo persona 5,” SBC - Proceedings of SBGames 2019, pp. 637–645, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.sbgames.org/sbgames2019/files/papers/CulturaFull/198242.pdf
BuffMaister, “Persona 2 innocent sin the movie,” 2017. [Online]. Available: https://youtu.be/kPcWQvYR_zA
SnicketySlice, “Persona 2: Innocent sin analysis (part 1) - ultimate persona compendium,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://youtu.be/JcMDalzgTWs
J. Dub, “The story of celeste (all cutscenes + all dialogue),” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://youtu.be/JIXqmjYF4F4
E. Duck, “Celeste - full game (no commentary),” 2020. [Online]. Available: https://youtu.be/cX9NJPwseIQ
E. Credits, “Western rpgs vs japanese rpgs - i: What makes them different? - extra credits,” 2012. [Online]. Available: https://youtu.be/l_rvM6hubs8
A. Louis, Llewellyn’s Complete Book of Tarot: A Comprehensive Guide. Llewellyn Publications, 2016.
H. Lovecraft, Letters to Rheinhart Kleiner. Hippocampus Press, 2005.
C. G. Jung, The Undiscovered Self. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958.
C. G. Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections. Pantheon Books, 1963.
D. C. Rusch, “Mechanisms of the soul - tackling the human condition in videogames,” Proceedings of the 2009 DiGRA International Conference: Breaking New Ground: Innovation in Games, Play, Practice and Theory, 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.digra.org/wp-content/uploads/digital-library/09287.01371.pdf
Publicado
18/10/2021
Como Citar
TAVARES, Amanda C. R.; MOTA, Rosilane Ribeiro da; MELO, Walter.
Self-reflection in Games - The Representation of the Individuation Process in Celeste and Persona 2: Innocent Sin. In: TRILHA DE ARTES & DESIGN – ARTIGOS COMPLETOS - SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE JOGOS E ENTRETENIMENTO DIGITAL (SBGAMES), 20. , 2021, Online.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2021
.
p. 198-207.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbgames_estendido.2021.19640.
