Exploring Content Game Elements to Support Gamification Design in Educational Systems: Narrative and Storytelling
Resumo
Several studies on gamification applied to educational systems aim at encouraging students to do certain tasks and improving their learning. According to the literature, most gamification frameworks are structural (e.g. scoring systems, ranking, etc.), with few content-related frameworks. To the best of our knowledge, there is no narrative framework available. Therefore, this paper analyses data obtained from a survey about the students' preferred game elements in an educational context, with a focus on Association Rules found concerning Narrative and Storytelling elements. We show that Narrative and Storytelling are tightly related and provide insights of their use in groups with other game elements, enabling the creation of gamified strategies based on these aspects.
Palavras-chave:
Gamification, Educational Systems, Game Elements, Narrative, Storytelling
Referências
Adams, D.M., Mayer, R.E., MacNamara, A., Koenig, A., and Wainess, R. (2012). Narrative games for learning: Testing the discovery and narrative hypotheses. Journal of educational psychology, 104(1):235.
Agrawal, R., Imieli?ski, T., Swami, A., Agrawal, R., Imieli?ski, T., and Swami, A. (1993). Mining association rules between sets of items in large databases.
Augustine, S. (1876). The confessions. Clark.
Bogost, I. (2014). Gamification is Bullshit. In The Gameful World. The MIT Press, 1st edition.
Borges, S. d. S., Durelli, V. H. S., Reis, H. M., and Isotani, S. (2014). A systematic mapping on gamification applied to education. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing - SAC’14, number Icmc, pages 216–222.
Campbell, J. (2008). The hero with a thousand faces, volume 17. New World Library.
Champagnat, R., Delmas, G., and Augeraud, M. (2010). A storytelling model for educational games: Hero’s interactive journey. International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning, 2(1-2):4–20.
Chauvin, S., Levieux, G., Donnart, J.-Y., and Natkin, S. (2015). Making sense of emergent narratives: An architecture supporting player-triggered narrative processes. In 2015 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG), pages 91–98. IEEE.
Deterding, S., Khaled, R., Nacke, L. E., and Dixon, D. (2011a). Gamification: Toward a definition. CHI 2011 Workshop Gamification Research Network, pages 12–15.
Deterding, S., Sicart, M., Nacke, L., O’Hara, K., and Dixon, D. (2011b). Gamification: using game-design elements in non-gaming contexts. Proceedings of the 2011 annual conference extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems - CHI EA’11, page 2425.
Hamari, J., Koivisto, J., and Sarsa, H. (2014). Does Gamification Work? - A Literature Review of Empirical Studies on Gamification. 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
Hendrikx, M., Meijer, S., Van Der Velden, J., and Iosup, A. (2013). Procedural content generation for games: A survey. ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMM), 9(1):1.
Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. NYU press.
Kapp, K. M. (2012). The Gamification of Learning and Instruction: Game-based Methods and Strategies for Training and Education.
Landers, R. N. (2014). Developing a theory of gamified learning: Linking serious games and gamification of learning. Simulation & Gaming, 45(6):752–768.
Landers, R. N., Armstrong, M. B., and Collmus, A. B. (2017). How to use game elements to enhance learning: Applications of the theory of gamified learning. In Serious games and edutainment applications, pages 457–483. Springer.
Manimaran, J. and Velmurugan, T. (2015a). Analysing the quality of association rules by computing an interestingness measures. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 8(15):1–12.
Manimaran, J. and Velmurugan, T. (2015b). Analysing the quality of association rules by computing an interestingness measures. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 8(15):1–12.
Palomino, P. T., Toda, A. M., Oliveira, W., Cristea, A. I., and Isotani, S. (2019). Narrative for gamification in education: why should you care? In International Conference of Advanced Learning Techniques - Icalt 2019.
Preece, J., Rogers, Y., and Sharp, H. (2015). Interaction design: beyond human-computer interaction. John Wiley & Sons.
Ricoeur, P. (2010). Time and narrative, volume 1. University of Chicago Press.
Salen, K., Tekinba?, K. S., and Zimmerman, E. (2004). Rules of play: Game design fundamentals. MIT press.
Seaborn, K. and Fels, D. I. (2014). Gamification in Theory and Action: A Survey. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 74:14–31.
Smith-Robbins, S. (2011). This Game Sucks: How to Improve the Gamification of Education. Educause Review, 46(1):58–59.
Tavakol, M. and Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of cronbach’s alpha. International journal of medical education, 2:53.
Toda, A. M., Oliveira, W., Klock, A. C., Palomino, P. T., Pimenta, M., Gasparini, I., Shi, L., Bittencourt, I., Isotani, S., and Cristea, A. I. (2019). A taxonomy of game elements for gamification in educational contexts: Proposal and evaluation. In Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies and Technology-enhanced Learning 2019 (ICALT’19).
Toda, A. M., Oliveira, W., Shi, L., Bittencourt, I., Isotani, S., and Cristea, A. (2019). Planning Gamification Strategies based on User Characteristics and DM: A Gender-based Case Study. In Proceedings of the Educational Data Mining 2019 conference, number i, pages 438–443, Montréal.
Toda, A. M., Valle, P. H. D. D., and Isotani, S. (2018). The Dark Side of Gamification: An Overview of Negative Effects of Gamification in Education. In Communications in Computer and Information Science, volume 832, pages 143–156. Springer, Cham.
Togelius, J., Kastbjerg, E., Schedl, D., and Yannakakis, G. N. (2011). What is procedural content generation?: Mario on the borderline. In Proceedings of the 2nd international workshop on procedural content generation in games, page 3. ACM.
Agrawal, R., Imieli?ski, T., Swami, A., Agrawal, R., Imieli?ski, T., and Swami, A. (1993). Mining association rules between sets of items in large databases.
Augustine, S. (1876). The confessions. Clark.
Bogost, I. (2014). Gamification is Bullshit. In The Gameful World. The MIT Press, 1st edition.
Borges, S. d. S., Durelli, V. H. S., Reis, H. M., and Isotani, S. (2014). A systematic mapping on gamification applied to education. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing - SAC’14, number Icmc, pages 216–222.
Campbell, J. (2008). The hero with a thousand faces, volume 17. New World Library.
Champagnat, R., Delmas, G., and Augeraud, M. (2010). A storytelling model for educational games: Hero’s interactive journey. International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning, 2(1-2):4–20.
Chauvin, S., Levieux, G., Donnart, J.-Y., and Natkin, S. (2015). Making sense of emergent narratives: An architecture supporting player-triggered narrative processes. In 2015 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG), pages 91–98. IEEE.
Deterding, S., Khaled, R., Nacke, L. E., and Dixon, D. (2011a). Gamification: Toward a definition. CHI 2011 Workshop Gamification Research Network, pages 12–15.
Deterding, S., Sicart, M., Nacke, L., O’Hara, K., and Dixon, D. (2011b). Gamification: using game-design elements in non-gaming contexts. Proceedings of the 2011 annual conference extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems - CHI EA’11, page 2425.
Hamari, J., Koivisto, J., and Sarsa, H. (2014). Does Gamification Work? - A Literature Review of Empirical Studies on Gamification. 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
Hendrikx, M., Meijer, S., Van Der Velden, J., and Iosup, A. (2013). Procedural content generation for games: A survey. ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMM), 9(1):1.
Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. NYU press.
Kapp, K. M. (2012). The Gamification of Learning and Instruction: Game-based Methods and Strategies for Training and Education.
Landers, R. N. (2014). Developing a theory of gamified learning: Linking serious games and gamification of learning. Simulation & Gaming, 45(6):752–768.
Landers, R. N., Armstrong, M. B., and Collmus, A. B. (2017). How to use game elements to enhance learning: Applications of the theory of gamified learning. In Serious games and edutainment applications, pages 457–483. Springer.
Manimaran, J. and Velmurugan, T. (2015a). Analysing the quality of association rules by computing an interestingness measures. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 8(15):1–12.
Manimaran, J. and Velmurugan, T. (2015b). Analysing the quality of association rules by computing an interestingness measures. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 8(15):1–12.
Palomino, P. T., Toda, A. M., Oliveira, W., Cristea, A. I., and Isotani, S. (2019). Narrative for gamification in education: why should you care? In International Conference of Advanced Learning Techniques - Icalt 2019.
Preece, J., Rogers, Y., and Sharp, H. (2015). Interaction design: beyond human-computer interaction. John Wiley & Sons.
Ricoeur, P. (2010). Time and narrative, volume 1. University of Chicago Press.
Salen, K., Tekinba?, K. S., and Zimmerman, E. (2004). Rules of play: Game design fundamentals. MIT press.
Seaborn, K. and Fels, D. I. (2014). Gamification in Theory and Action: A Survey. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 74:14–31.
Smith-Robbins, S. (2011). This Game Sucks: How to Improve the Gamification of Education. Educause Review, 46(1):58–59.
Tavakol, M. and Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of cronbach’s alpha. International journal of medical education, 2:53.
Toda, A. M., Oliveira, W., Klock, A. C., Palomino, P. T., Pimenta, M., Gasparini, I., Shi, L., Bittencourt, I., Isotani, S., and Cristea, A. I. (2019). A taxonomy of game elements for gamification in educational contexts: Proposal and evaluation. In Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies and Technology-enhanced Learning 2019 (ICALT’19).
Toda, A. M., Oliveira, W., Shi, L., Bittencourt, I., Isotani, S., and Cristea, A. (2019). Planning Gamification Strategies based on User Characteristics and DM: A Gender-based Case Study. In Proceedings of the Educational Data Mining 2019 conference, number i, pages 438–443, Montréal.
Toda, A. M., Valle, P. H. D. D., and Isotani, S. (2018). The Dark Side of Gamification: An Overview of Negative Effects of Gamification in Education. In Communications in Computer and Information Science, volume 832, pages 143–156. Springer, Cham.
Togelius, J., Kastbjerg, E., Schedl, D., and Yannakakis, G. N. (2011). What is procedural content generation?: Mario on the borderline. In Proceedings of the 2nd international workshop on procedural content generation in games, page 3. ACM.
Publicado
11/11/2019
Como Citar
PALOMINO, Paula T.; TODA, Armando M.; OLIVEIRA, Wilk; RODRIGUES, Luiz; CRISTEA, Alexandra I.; ISOTANI, Seiji.
Exploring Content Game Elements to Support Gamification Design in Educational Systems: Narrative and Storytelling. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE INFORMÁTICA NA EDUCAÇÃO (SBIE), 30. , 2019, Brasília/DF.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2019
.
p. 773-782.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/cbie.sbie.2019.773.
