Problemas de Parsons na Educação em Computação: Uma Atualização de Revisão Sistemática da Literatura (2022–2026)
Resumo
Este trabalho apresenta uma atualização da Revisão Sistemática da Literatura (RSL) sobre Problemas de Parsons (PP) conduzida por [Ericson et al. 2022a]. O objetivo é identificar as evidências produzidas entre janeiro de 2022 e abril de 2026 sobre esse tipo de exercício de programação, especialmente sobre suas variantes. Foram utilizados os mesmos mecanismos de busca originais e os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, adicionando-se dois assistentes de IA como novas fontes de busca. Entre os 53 trabalhos encontrados, novas variantes foram identificadas, como micro Parsons e chunky Parsons. Além disso, abordagens adaptativas com apoio da Inteligência Artificial (IA) generativa apresentam potencial para ampliar o engajamento e a personalização da aprendizagem. Apesar dos avanços, ainda há lacunas relacionadas ao uso dos PP em áreas como IA e cibersegurança, bem como estudos voltados à equidade e inclusão nesse tipo de exercício visual.
Palavras-chave:
Problemas de Parsons, Revisão Sistemática da Literatura, Educação em Computação
Referências
Bell, J., Deschamps, A., Kapoor, E., Karki, S., Kim, J., González, N. M., Pitchford, W., Sturua, E., Wade, C., and Rebelsky, S. A. (2026). An Innovative Approach to Parsons Problems for Teaching and Learning Functional Programming, pages 114–120. Association for Computing Machinery.
Beltrame, J. V. F. (2023). Uma plataforma web com parsons puzzles para apoio ao aprendizado de programação. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Bacharelado em Ciência da Computação), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS.
Bender, J., Dziena, A., and Kaiser, G. (2022a). Learning computational thinking efficiently with block-based Parsons puzzles. In Iyer, S., Shih, J.-L., Chen, W., and Md Khambari, M. N., editors, 30th International Conference on Computers in Education Conference, ICCE 2022 – Proceedings, volume 1, pages 439–448. Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in Education.
Bender, J., Zhao, B., Dziena, A., and Kaiser, G. (2022b). Integrating Parsons puzzles within Scratch enables efficient computational thinking learning. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning.
Caraco, S., Lojo, N., Verdicchio, M., and Fox, A. (2024). Generating multi-part autogradable faded Parsons problems from code-writing exercises. In SIGCSE 2024 - Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, volume 1, pages 179 – 185. Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.
Du, Y., Luxton-Reilly, A., and Denny, P. (2020). A review of research on Parsons problems. In Luxton-Reilly, A. and Szabo, C., editors, ACE 2020, Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Australasian Computing Education Conference, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, February 4-6, 2020, pages 195–202. ACM.
Ericson, B. and Haynes-Magyar, C. (2022). Adaptive Parsons problems as active learning activities during lecture. In Proceedings of the 27th ACM Conference on on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education Vol. 1, pages 290–296. Association for Computing Machinery.
Ericson, B. J., Denny, P., Prather, J., Duran, R., Hellas, A., Leinonen, J., Miller, C. S., Morrison, B. B., Pearce, J. L., and Rodger, S. H. (2022a). Parsons problems and beyond: Systematic literature review and empirical study designs. In Proceedings of the 2022 Working Group Reports on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, pages 191–234. Association for Computing Machinery.
Ericson, B. J., Maeda, H., and Dhillon, P. S. (2022b). Detecting struggling students from interactive ebook data: A case study using CSAwesome. In Proceedings of the 53rd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education - Volume 1, pages 418–424. Association for Computing Machinery.
Ericson, B. J., Pearce, J. L., Rodger, S. H., Csizmadia, A., Garcia, R., Gutierrez, F. J., Liaskos, K., Padiyath, A., Scott, M. J., Smith IV, D. H., Warriem, J. M., and Bernuy, A. Z. (2023). Multi-institutional multi-national studies of Parsons problems. In Proceedings of the 2023 Working Group Reports on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, pages 57–107. Association for Computing Machinery.
Fromont, F., Jayamanne, H., and Denny, P. (2023). Exploring the difficulty of faded Parsons problems for programming education. In ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pages 113–122. Association for Computing Machinery.
Garcia, R., Falkner, K., and Vivian, R. (2018). Scaffolding the design process using Parsons problems. In Proceedings of the 18th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research, Koli Calling '18, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Gutierrez, A. d. C., Denny, P., and Luxton-Reilly, A. (2024). Automating personalized Parsons problems with customized contexts and concepts. In Proceedings of the 2024 on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1, pages 688–694. Association for Computing Machinery.
Haynes-Magyar, C. (2024). Neurodiverse programmers and the accessibility of Parsons problems: An exploratory multiple-case study. In SIGCSE 2024 – Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, volume 1, pages 491 – 497. Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.
Henklain, M. H. O., Carvalho, L. S. G., and Feitosa, E. L. (2025). Dificuldades no aprendizado de programação: Um exame baseado em mapeamento sistemático da literatura e interpretação analítico-comportamental. Revista Brasileira de Informática na Educação, 33:1484–1521.
Hou, I., Man, O., Mettille, S., Gutierrez, S., Angelikas, K., and MacNeil, S. (2024a). More robots are coming: Large multimodal models (ChatGPT) can solve visually diverse images of Parsons problems. In ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pages 29 – 38. Association for Computing Machinery.
Hou, X., Ericson, B. J., and Wang, X. (2022). Using adaptive Parsons problems to scaffold write-code problems. In Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research - Volume 1, pages 15–26. Association for Computing Machinery.
Hou, X., Wu, Z., Wang, X., and Ericson, B. (2024b). CodeTailor: Personalized Parsons puzzles are preferred over ai-generated solutions to support learning. arXiv.org.
Hou, X., Wu, Z., Wang, X., and Ericson, B. J. (2024c). CodeTailor: LLM-powered personalized Parsons puzzles for engaging support while learning programming. In L@S 2024 - Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale, pages 51 – 62. Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.
Ihantola, P. and Karavirta, V. (2011). Two-dimensional Parson's puzzles: The concept, tools, and first observations. Journal of Information Technology Education. Innovations in Practice, 10:119.
Izidoro, R. G. (2024). Extensão de uma plataforma web para criação de parsons puzzles de apoio ao ensino de programação para iniciantes. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Bacharelado em Ciência da Computação), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS.
Kitchenham, B. and Charters, S. (2007). Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering. Technical Report EBSE Technical Report EBSE-2007-01, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Keele University and Durham University.
Kitchenham, B., Madeyski, L., and Budgen, D. (2023). SEGRESS: Software Engineering Guidelines for REporting Secondary Studies. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 49(3):1273–1298.
Kluthe, T., Moore, W. J. R., Hofman, A., Gorlewicz, J. L., Contreras, G., Roy, N., Smith, D., Giudice, N. A., Allee, W., Williams, H., Blaser, B., and Stefk, A. (2026). Toward accessible Parsons problems on mobile platforms. In SIGCSE TS 2026 - Proceedings of the 57th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V.1, pages 589 – 595. Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.
Lojo, N. and Fox, A. (2022). Teaching test-writing as a variably-scaffolded programming pattern. In Proceedings of the 27th ACM Conference on on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education Vol. 1, pages 498–504. Association for Computing Machinery.
Muldner, K., Jennings, J., and Chiarelli, V. (2022). A review of worked examples in programming activities. ACM Trans. Comput. Educ., 23.
Park, T. H., Kim, M. C., Chhabra, S., Lee, B., and Forte, A. (2016). Reading hierarchies in code: Assessment of a basic computational skill. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on innovation and technology in computer science education, pages 302–307.
Parsons, D. and Haden, P. (2006). Parson's programming puzzles: a fun and effective learning tool for first programming courses. In Proceedings of the 8th Australasian Conference on Computing Education - Volume 52, ACE '06, page 157–163, AUS. Australian Computer Society, Inc.
Poulsen, S., Sarsa, S., Prather, J., Leinonen, J., Becker, B. A., Hellas, A., Denny, P., and Reeves, B. N. (2024). Solving proof block problems using large language models. In Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 1, pages 1063–1069. Association for Computing Machinery.
Reeves, B., Sarsa, S., Prather, J., Denny, P., Becker, B. A., Hellas, A., Kimmel, B., Powell, G., and Leinonen, J. (2023). Evaluating the performance of code generation models for solving Parsons problems with small prompt variations. In Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1, pages 299–305. Association for Computing Machinery.
Reis, A. C. L. (2023). Uso de problemas de parson no ensino de programação introdutória. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Bacharelado em Engenharia da Computação), Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM.
Sanhueza, F., Gutierrez, F. J., and Vasquez, A. (2024). Exploring the acceptance and effectiveness of Parsons problems on scaffolding CS1 retakers. In Proceedings of the 2024 on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1, pages 681–687. Association for Computing Machinery.
Santos, A. M. S., Souza, C., and Araujo, L. G. J. (2025). Parsonflow: Um jogo baseado em problemas de parson para auxiliar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem em programação. Brazilian Symposium on Games and Digital Entertainment.
Shabrina, P., Mostafavi, B., Tithi, S. D., Chi, M., and Barnes, T. (2023). Learning problem decomposition-recomposition with data-driven chunky Parsons problems within an intelligent logic tutor. Proceedings of the International Conference on Educational Data Mining, pages 40 – 54.
Sheng, Y., Li, B., Wu, Z., Zhong, P., and Duan, G. (2023). A C language learning platform based on Parsons problems. Communications in Computer and Information Science, 1812 CCIS:541 – 552.
Smith IV, D. H., Fowler, M., and Zilles, C. (2023). Investigating the role and impact of distractors on Parsons problems in CS1 assessments. In Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1, pages 417–423. Association for Computing Machinery.
Smith IV, D. H. and Zilles, C. (2023). Discovering, autogenerating, and evaluating distractors for Python Parsons problems in CS1. In Proceedings of the 54th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 1, pages 924–930. Association for Computing Machinery.
Sweller, J., Ayres, P., and Kalyuga, S. (2011). Cognitive Load Theory. Explorations in the Learning Sciences, Instructional Systems and Performance Technologies. Springer New York.
Szabo, C., Sheard, J., Malmi, L., and Kinnunen, P. (2025). Parsons problems and computing education learning theories. In J., L. and R., D., editors, Proceedings of 25th International Conference on Computing Education Research, Koli Calling 2025. Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.
Weinman, N., Fox, A., and Hearst, M. A. (2021). Improving instruction of programming patterns with faded Parsons problems. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '21, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Wu, Z. and Ericson, B. J. (2024). SQL puzzles: Evaluating micro Parsons problems with diferent types of feedback as practice for novice programmers. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings. Association for Computing Machinery.
Wu, Z., Ericson, B. J., and Brooks, C. (2023). Using micro Parsons problems to scaffold the learning of regular expressions. In Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1, pages 457–463. Association for Computing Machinery.
Beltrame, J. V. F. (2023). Uma plataforma web com parsons puzzles para apoio ao aprendizado de programação. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Bacharelado em Ciência da Computação), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS.
Bender, J., Dziena, A., and Kaiser, G. (2022a). Learning computational thinking efficiently with block-based Parsons puzzles. In Iyer, S., Shih, J.-L., Chen, W., and Md Khambari, M. N., editors, 30th International Conference on Computers in Education Conference, ICCE 2022 – Proceedings, volume 1, pages 439–448. Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in Education.
Bender, J., Zhao, B., Dziena, A., and Kaiser, G. (2022b). Integrating Parsons puzzles within Scratch enables efficient computational thinking learning. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning.
Caraco, S., Lojo, N., Verdicchio, M., and Fox, A. (2024). Generating multi-part autogradable faded Parsons problems from code-writing exercises. In SIGCSE 2024 - Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, volume 1, pages 179 – 185. Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.
Du, Y., Luxton-Reilly, A., and Denny, P. (2020). A review of research on Parsons problems. In Luxton-Reilly, A. and Szabo, C., editors, ACE 2020, Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Australasian Computing Education Conference, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, February 4-6, 2020, pages 195–202. ACM.
Ericson, B. and Haynes-Magyar, C. (2022). Adaptive Parsons problems as active learning activities during lecture. In Proceedings of the 27th ACM Conference on on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education Vol. 1, pages 290–296. Association for Computing Machinery.
Ericson, B. J., Denny, P., Prather, J., Duran, R., Hellas, A., Leinonen, J., Miller, C. S., Morrison, B. B., Pearce, J. L., and Rodger, S. H. (2022a). Parsons problems and beyond: Systematic literature review and empirical study designs. In Proceedings of the 2022 Working Group Reports on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, pages 191–234. Association for Computing Machinery.
Ericson, B. J., Maeda, H., and Dhillon, P. S. (2022b). Detecting struggling students from interactive ebook data: A case study using CSAwesome. In Proceedings of the 53rd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education - Volume 1, pages 418–424. Association for Computing Machinery.
Ericson, B. J., Pearce, J. L., Rodger, S. H., Csizmadia, A., Garcia, R., Gutierrez, F. J., Liaskos, K., Padiyath, A., Scott, M. J., Smith IV, D. H., Warriem, J. M., and Bernuy, A. Z. (2023). Multi-institutional multi-national studies of Parsons problems. In Proceedings of the 2023 Working Group Reports on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, pages 57–107. Association for Computing Machinery.
Fromont, F., Jayamanne, H., and Denny, P. (2023). Exploring the difficulty of faded Parsons problems for programming education. In ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pages 113–122. Association for Computing Machinery.
Garcia, R., Falkner, K., and Vivian, R. (2018). Scaffolding the design process using Parsons problems. In Proceedings of the 18th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research, Koli Calling '18, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Gutierrez, A. d. C., Denny, P., and Luxton-Reilly, A. (2024). Automating personalized Parsons problems with customized contexts and concepts. In Proceedings of the 2024 on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1, pages 688–694. Association for Computing Machinery.
Haynes-Magyar, C. (2024). Neurodiverse programmers and the accessibility of Parsons problems: An exploratory multiple-case study. In SIGCSE 2024 – Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, volume 1, pages 491 – 497. Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.
Henklain, M. H. O., Carvalho, L. S. G., and Feitosa, E. L. (2025). Dificuldades no aprendizado de programação: Um exame baseado em mapeamento sistemático da literatura e interpretação analítico-comportamental. Revista Brasileira de Informática na Educação, 33:1484–1521.
Hou, I., Man, O., Mettille, S., Gutierrez, S., Angelikas, K., and MacNeil, S. (2024a). More robots are coming: Large multimodal models (ChatGPT) can solve visually diverse images of Parsons problems. In ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pages 29 – 38. Association for Computing Machinery.
Hou, X., Ericson, B. J., and Wang, X. (2022). Using adaptive Parsons problems to scaffold write-code problems. In Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research - Volume 1, pages 15–26. Association for Computing Machinery.
Hou, X., Wu, Z., Wang, X., and Ericson, B. (2024b). CodeTailor: Personalized Parsons puzzles are preferred over ai-generated solutions to support learning. arXiv.org.
Hou, X., Wu, Z., Wang, X., and Ericson, B. J. (2024c). CodeTailor: LLM-powered personalized Parsons puzzles for engaging support while learning programming. In L@S 2024 - Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale, pages 51 – 62. Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.
Ihantola, P. and Karavirta, V. (2011). Two-dimensional Parson's puzzles: The concept, tools, and first observations. Journal of Information Technology Education. Innovations in Practice, 10:119.
Izidoro, R. G. (2024). Extensão de uma plataforma web para criação de parsons puzzles de apoio ao ensino de programação para iniciantes. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Bacharelado em Ciência da Computação), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS.
Kitchenham, B. and Charters, S. (2007). Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering. Technical Report EBSE Technical Report EBSE-2007-01, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Keele University and Durham University.
Kitchenham, B., Madeyski, L., and Budgen, D. (2023). SEGRESS: Software Engineering Guidelines for REporting Secondary Studies. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 49(3):1273–1298.
Kluthe, T., Moore, W. J. R., Hofman, A., Gorlewicz, J. L., Contreras, G., Roy, N., Smith, D., Giudice, N. A., Allee, W., Williams, H., Blaser, B., and Stefk, A. (2026). Toward accessible Parsons problems on mobile platforms. In SIGCSE TS 2026 - Proceedings of the 57th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V.1, pages 589 – 595. Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.
Lojo, N. and Fox, A. (2022). Teaching test-writing as a variably-scaffolded programming pattern. In Proceedings of the 27th ACM Conference on on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education Vol. 1, pages 498–504. Association for Computing Machinery.
Muldner, K., Jennings, J., and Chiarelli, V. (2022). A review of worked examples in programming activities. ACM Trans. Comput. Educ., 23.
Park, T. H., Kim, M. C., Chhabra, S., Lee, B., and Forte, A. (2016). Reading hierarchies in code: Assessment of a basic computational skill. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on innovation and technology in computer science education, pages 302–307.
Parsons, D. and Haden, P. (2006). Parson's programming puzzles: a fun and effective learning tool for first programming courses. In Proceedings of the 8th Australasian Conference on Computing Education - Volume 52, ACE '06, page 157–163, AUS. Australian Computer Society, Inc.
Poulsen, S., Sarsa, S., Prather, J., Leinonen, J., Becker, B. A., Hellas, A., Denny, P., and Reeves, B. N. (2024). Solving proof block problems using large language models. In Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 1, pages 1063–1069. Association for Computing Machinery.
Reeves, B., Sarsa, S., Prather, J., Denny, P., Becker, B. A., Hellas, A., Kimmel, B., Powell, G., and Leinonen, J. (2023). Evaluating the performance of code generation models for solving Parsons problems with small prompt variations. In Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1, pages 299–305. Association for Computing Machinery.
Reis, A. C. L. (2023). Uso de problemas de parson no ensino de programação introdutória. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Bacharelado em Engenharia da Computação), Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM.
Sanhueza, F., Gutierrez, F. J., and Vasquez, A. (2024). Exploring the acceptance and effectiveness of Parsons problems on scaffolding CS1 retakers. In Proceedings of the 2024 on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1, pages 681–687. Association for Computing Machinery.
Santos, A. M. S., Souza, C., and Araujo, L. G. J. (2025). Parsonflow: Um jogo baseado em problemas de parson para auxiliar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem em programação. Brazilian Symposium on Games and Digital Entertainment.
Shabrina, P., Mostafavi, B., Tithi, S. D., Chi, M., and Barnes, T. (2023). Learning problem decomposition-recomposition with data-driven chunky Parsons problems within an intelligent logic tutor. Proceedings of the International Conference on Educational Data Mining, pages 40 – 54.
Sheng, Y., Li, B., Wu, Z., Zhong, P., and Duan, G. (2023). A C language learning platform based on Parsons problems. Communications in Computer and Information Science, 1812 CCIS:541 – 552.
Smith IV, D. H., Fowler, M., and Zilles, C. (2023). Investigating the role and impact of distractors on Parsons problems in CS1 assessments. In Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1, pages 417–423. Association for Computing Machinery.
Smith IV, D. H. and Zilles, C. (2023). Discovering, autogenerating, and evaluating distractors for Python Parsons problems in CS1. In Proceedings of the 54th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 1, pages 924–930. Association for Computing Machinery.
Sweller, J., Ayres, P., and Kalyuga, S. (2011). Cognitive Load Theory. Explorations in the Learning Sciences, Instructional Systems and Performance Technologies. Springer New York.
Szabo, C., Sheard, J., Malmi, L., and Kinnunen, P. (2025). Parsons problems and computing education learning theories. In J., L. and R., D., editors, Proceedings of 25th International Conference on Computing Education Research, Koli Calling 2025. Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.
Weinman, N., Fox, A., and Hearst, M. A. (2021). Improving instruction of programming patterns with faded Parsons problems. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '21, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Wu, Z. and Ericson, B. J. (2024). SQL puzzles: Evaluating micro Parsons problems with diferent types of feedback as practice for novice programmers. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings. Association for Computing Machinery.
Wu, Z., Ericson, B. J., and Brooks, C. (2023). Using micro Parsons problems to scaffold the learning of regular expressions. In Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1, pages 457–463. Association for Computing Machinery.
Publicado
05/10/2026
Como Citar
ORTEGA, Marcelo Ferreira; DE CARVALHO, Leandro Silva Galvão; FERNANDES, David; DE HOLANDA, Maristela Terto.
Problemas de Parsons na Educação em Computação: Uma Atualização de Revisão Sistemática da Literatura (2022–2026). In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE INFORMÁTICA NA EDUCAÇÃO (SBIE), 37. , 2026, Goiânia/GO.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2026
.
p. 1029-1045.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbie.2026.27469.
