Protocolo de Diploma Digital Auto-Soberano com Retrocompatibilidade Tecnológica: Uma Solução Adptada a Realidade Brasileira
Resumo
Estudos revelam que o processo de emissão de Diplomas de Conclusão de Curso no Brasil pode ser complexo, demorado e vulnerável a ataques. Em 2018, uma proposta do Ministério da Educação (MEC) trouxe ao Brasil o Diploma Digital, uma solução em formato XML assinado digitalmente, que tem como um de seus objetivos a redução dos casos de diplomas falsos. Entretanto, esta solução não abrange o acompanhamento do histórico escolar do aluno, etapa na qual também podem ocorrer fraudes. Mesmo soluções que utilizam tecnologias inovadoras, como a Blockchain, não contemplam toda a jornada do estudante ou não apresentam de maneira contundente um caminho viável para o salto tecnológico. Neste artigo, será apresentado um protocolo de emissão de créditos e diplomas inteiramente baseado na plataforma Hyperledger Indy, uma tecnologia Blockchain derivada da iniciativa Hyperledger e com foco em SSI (Self-Sovereign Identity). O protocolo proposto provê validade e rastreabilidade mesmo para diplomas anteriormente emitidos com tecnologias legadas.
Palavras-chave:
Diploma, SSI, Blockchain
Referências
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Asiri, L. (2020). Blockchain For Educational Certificate Distribution. PhD thesis, Florida Institute of Technology.
Atasen, K. and Aslan, B. (2020). A blockchain based digital certification platform: Certidapp. (JMEST).
Averin, A., Snegireva, D., and Ladejshchikov, A. (2020). Model of a monitoring system for academic performance and the issuance of diplomas using blockchain technology. In IT&QM&IS, pages 88–91. IEEE.
Bahrami, M., Movahedian, A., and Deldari, A. (2020). A comprehensive blockchainbased solution for academic certificates management using smart contracts. In 2020 10th ICCKE, pages 573–578. IEEE.
Bhumichitr, K. and Channarukul, S. (2020). Acachain: Academic credential attestation system using blockchain. In IAIT2020, pages 1–8.
Blanchet, B., Smyth, B., Cheval, V., and Sylvestre, M. (2001). Proverif: Automatic cryptographic protocol verifier. https://prosecco.gforge.inria.fr/personal/bblanche/proverif/.
Brunner, C., Knirsch, F., and Engel, D. (2019). Sproof: A platform for issuing and verifying documents in a public blockchain. In ICISSP, pages 15–25.
Budhiraja, S. and Rani, R. (2019). Tudocchain-securing academic certificate digitally on blockchain. In ICICIT, pages 150–160. Springer.
Castro, R. Q. and Au-Yong-Oliveira, M. (2021). Blockchain and higher education diplomas. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(1):154–167.
Ceke, D. and Kunosic, S. (2020). Smart contracts as a diploma anti-forgery system in higher education-a pilot project. In MIPRO, pages 1662–1667. IEEE.
Cheng, H. e. a. (2020). A permissioned blockchain-based platform for education certificate verification. In BlockSys, pages 456–471. Springer.
Dima, G.-A., Jitariu, A.-G., Pisa, C., and Bianchi, G. (2018). Scholarium: Supporting identity claims through a permissioned blockchain. In RTSI, pages 1–6. IEEE.
Durant, E. and Trachy, A. (2017). Digital diploma debuts at mit. using bitcoin’s blockchain technology, the institute has become one of the first universities to issue recipientowned virtual credentials.
Fortnow, L. (1987). The complexity of perfect zero-knowledge. In STOC ’87, pages 204–209, New York, New York.
Ghazali, O. and Saleh, O. S. (2018). A graduation certificate verification model via utilization of the blockchain technology. JTEC, 10(3-2):29–34.
Han, M. e. a. (2018). A novel blockchain-based education records verification solution. In SIGITE ’18, pages 178–183.
Kaltyshev, M. (2018). Proof of university certificate using blockchain technology. PhD thesis, Häme University of Applied Sciences.
Leka, E. and Selimi, B. (2020). Bcert–a decentralized academic certificate system distribution using blockchain technology. International Journal on Information Technologies & Security, 12(4).
Lepiane, C. D., Pereira, F. L., Pieri, G., Martins, D., Martina, J. E., and Rabelo, M. L. (2019). Digital degree certificates for higher education in brazil: A technical policy specification. In DocEng ’19, pages 1–10.
Liu, D. and Guo, X. (2019). Blockchain based storage and verification scheme of credible degree certificate. In IICSPI, pages 350–352. IEEE.
Liu, Y. e. a. (2020). Blockchain-based identity management systems: A review. Journal of network and computer applications, 166:102731.
López, M. A. (2020). Self-sovereign identity: The future of identity: Self-sovereignity, digital wallets, and blockchain. [link].
Merkle, R. C. (1982). Method of providing digital signatures. US Patent 4,309,569.
Morisio, M., Ardito, L., and Yokubov, B. (2018). Blockchain based storage of students career. PhD thesis, Politecnico di Torino.
Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf.
Nguyen, D.-H., Nguyen-Duc, D.-N., Huynh-Tuong, N., and Pham, H.-A. (2018). Cvss: a blockchainized certificate verifying support system. In SoICT 2018, pages 436–442.
Palma, L. M., Vigil, M. A., Pereira, F. L., and Martina, J. E. (2019). Blockchain and smart contracts for higher education registry in brazil. International Journal of Network Management, 29(3):e2061.
Palma, L. M. d. et al. (2020). Blockchain-based academic record system.
Patel, D. e. a. (2020). Issuing and verifying university certificates on blockchain. In IC-BCT 2019, pages 79–91. Springer.
Pereira, F. L. et al. (2015). Perspectivas para o desenvolvimento e implantação de um sistema de emiss˜ao de diplomas baseado em certificação digital na Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC. PhD thesis, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.
Petre, L.-C., Paque, B., and Lejeune, C. (2019). What are the potential benefits of blockchain applications for the Universit´e Catholique de Louvain? PhD thesis, Louvain School of Management.
Pilkington, M. (2016). Blockchain technology: principles and applications. In Research handbook on digital transformations. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Raval, S. (2016). Decentralized applications: harnessing Bitcoin’s blockchain technology. ”O’Reilly Media, Inc.”.
Globo G1 CE (2021). Alunos pagavam até r$ 3 mil por diploma falso emitido por faculdade no ceará. [link].
Governo Brasileiro (2001). Provisoria no 2.200-2, de 24 de agosto de 2001. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/mpv/antigas_2001/2200-2.htm.
Hypeledger Foundation (2015). Hyperledger. https://www.hyperledger.org/.
Hyperledger Foundation (2018). Hyperledger indy. https://www.hyperledger.org/use/hyperledger-indy.
Ministério da Educação Brasileiro (2018). Diploma digital. http://portal.mec.gov.br/diplomadigital/#sobre.
MIT Media Labs (2016). Blockcerts-an open infrastructure for academic credentials on the blockchain. https://www.blockcerts.org/about.html.
The Sovrin Foundation (2018). Sovrin. https://sovrin.org/.
San, A. M., Chotikakamthorn, N., and Sathitwiriyawong, C. (2019). Blockchain-based learning credential verification system with recipient privacy control. In TALE, pages 1–5. IEEE.
Sayed, R. H. (2019). Potential of blockchain technology to solve fake diploma problem. PhD thesis, University of Jyväskylä.
Schär, F. and Mösli, F. (2019). Blockchain diplomas: Using smart contracts to secure academic credentials. Journal of Higher Education Research, 41(3):48–58.
Tokarnia, M. (2014). Ex-alunos da gama filho e univercidade têm dificuldade em obter diploma. [link].
Vidal, F. R., Gouveia, F., and Soares, C. (2020a). Blockchain application in higher education diploma management and results analysis. ASTES.
Vidal, F. R., Gouveia, F., and Soares, C. (2020b). Revocation mechanisms for academic certificates stored on a blockchain. In 2020 15th CISTI, pages 1–6. IEEE.
Wood, G. et al. (2014). Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. Ethereum project yellow paper, 151(2014):1–32.
Yeh, L.-Y. e. a. (2018). E-university applications: A privacy-preserving diploma notarization platform in taiwan. In EEE, pages 44–50.
Allen, C. (2016). The path to self-sovereign identity. [link].
Arenas, R. and Fernandez, P. (2018). Credenceledger: A permissioned blockchain for verifiable academic credentials. In ICE/ITMC, pages 1–6. IEEE.
Asiri, L. (2020). Blockchain For Educational Certificate Distribution. PhD thesis, Florida Institute of Technology.
Atasen, K. and Aslan, B. (2020). A blockchain based digital certification platform: Certidapp. (JMEST).
Averin, A., Snegireva, D., and Ladejshchikov, A. (2020). Model of a monitoring system for academic performance and the issuance of diplomas using blockchain technology. In IT&QM&IS, pages 88–91. IEEE.
Bahrami, M., Movahedian, A., and Deldari, A. (2020). A comprehensive blockchainbased solution for academic certificates management using smart contracts. In 2020 10th ICCKE, pages 573–578. IEEE.
Bhumichitr, K. and Channarukul, S. (2020). Acachain: Academic credential attestation system using blockchain. In IAIT2020, pages 1–8.
Blanchet, B., Smyth, B., Cheval, V., and Sylvestre, M. (2001). Proverif: Automatic cryptographic protocol verifier. https://prosecco.gforge.inria.fr/personal/bblanche/proverif/.
Brunner, C., Knirsch, F., and Engel, D. (2019). Sproof: A platform for issuing and verifying documents in a public blockchain. In ICISSP, pages 15–25.
Budhiraja, S. and Rani, R. (2019). Tudocchain-securing academic certificate digitally on blockchain. In ICICIT, pages 150–160. Springer.
Castro, R. Q. and Au-Yong-Oliveira, M. (2021). Blockchain and higher education diplomas. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(1):154–167.
Ceke, D. and Kunosic, S. (2020). Smart contracts as a diploma anti-forgery system in higher education-a pilot project. In MIPRO, pages 1662–1667. IEEE.
Cheng, H. e. a. (2020). A permissioned blockchain-based platform for education certificate verification. In BlockSys, pages 456–471. Springer.
Dima, G.-A., Jitariu, A.-G., Pisa, C., and Bianchi, G. (2018). Scholarium: Supporting identity claims through a permissioned blockchain. In RTSI, pages 1–6. IEEE.
Durant, E. and Trachy, A. (2017). Digital diploma debuts at mit. using bitcoin’s blockchain technology, the institute has become one of the first universities to issue recipientowned virtual credentials.
Fortnow, L. (1987). The complexity of perfect zero-knowledge. In STOC ’87, pages 204–209, New York, New York.
Ghazali, O. and Saleh, O. S. (2018). A graduation certificate verification model via utilization of the blockchain technology. JTEC, 10(3-2):29–34.
Han, M. e. a. (2018). A novel blockchain-based education records verification solution. In SIGITE ’18, pages 178–183.
Kaltyshev, M. (2018). Proof of university certificate using blockchain technology. PhD thesis, Häme University of Applied Sciences.
Leka, E. and Selimi, B. (2020). Bcert–a decentralized academic certificate system distribution using blockchain technology. International Journal on Information Technologies & Security, 12(4).
Lepiane, C. D., Pereira, F. L., Pieri, G., Martins, D., Martina, J. E., and Rabelo, M. L. (2019). Digital degree certificates for higher education in brazil: A technical policy specification. In DocEng ’19, pages 1–10.
Liu, D. and Guo, X. (2019). Blockchain based storage and verification scheme of credible degree certificate. In IICSPI, pages 350–352. IEEE.
Liu, Y. e. a. (2020). Blockchain-based identity management systems: A review. Journal of network and computer applications, 166:102731.
López, M. A. (2020). Self-sovereign identity: The future of identity: Self-sovereignity, digital wallets, and blockchain. [link].
Merkle, R. C. (1982). Method of providing digital signatures. US Patent 4,309,569.
Morisio, M., Ardito, L., and Yokubov, B. (2018). Blockchain based storage of students career. PhD thesis, Politecnico di Torino.
Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf.
Nguyen, D.-H., Nguyen-Duc, D.-N., Huynh-Tuong, N., and Pham, H.-A. (2018). Cvss: a blockchainized certificate verifying support system. In SoICT 2018, pages 436–442.
Palma, L. M., Vigil, M. A., Pereira, F. L., and Martina, J. E. (2019). Blockchain and smart contracts for higher education registry in brazil. International Journal of Network Management, 29(3):e2061.
Palma, L. M. d. et al. (2020). Blockchain-based academic record system.
Patel, D. e. a. (2020). Issuing and verifying university certificates on blockchain. In IC-BCT 2019, pages 79–91. Springer.
Pereira, F. L. et al. (2015). Perspectivas para o desenvolvimento e implantação de um sistema de emiss˜ao de diplomas baseado em certificação digital na Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC. PhD thesis, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.
Petre, L.-C., Paque, B., and Lejeune, C. (2019). What are the potential benefits of blockchain applications for the Universit´e Catholique de Louvain? PhD thesis, Louvain School of Management.
Pilkington, M. (2016). Blockchain technology: principles and applications. In Research handbook on digital transformations. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Raval, S. (2016). Decentralized applications: harnessing Bitcoin’s blockchain technology. ”O’Reilly Media, Inc.”.
Globo G1 CE (2021). Alunos pagavam até r$ 3 mil por diploma falso emitido por faculdade no ceará. [link].
Governo Brasileiro (2001). Provisoria no 2.200-2, de 24 de agosto de 2001. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/mpv/antigas_2001/2200-2.htm.
Hypeledger Foundation (2015). Hyperledger. https://www.hyperledger.org/.
Hyperledger Foundation (2018). Hyperledger indy. https://www.hyperledger.org/use/hyperledger-indy.
Ministério da Educação Brasileiro (2018). Diploma digital. http://portal.mec.gov.br/diplomadigital/#sobre.
MIT Media Labs (2016). Blockcerts-an open infrastructure for academic credentials on the blockchain. https://www.blockcerts.org/about.html.
The Sovrin Foundation (2018). Sovrin. https://sovrin.org/.
San, A. M., Chotikakamthorn, N., and Sathitwiriyawong, C. (2019). Blockchain-based learning credential verification system with recipient privacy control. In TALE, pages 1–5. IEEE.
Sayed, R. H. (2019). Potential of blockchain technology to solve fake diploma problem. PhD thesis, University of Jyväskylä.
Schär, F. and Mösli, F. (2019). Blockchain diplomas: Using smart contracts to secure academic credentials. Journal of Higher Education Research, 41(3):48–58.
Tokarnia, M. (2014). Ex-alunos da gama filho e univercidade têm dificuldade em obter diploma. [link].
Vidal, F. R., Gouveia, F., and Soares, C. (2020a). Blockchain application in higher education diploma management and results analysis. ASTES.
Vidal, F. R., Gouveia, F., and Soares, C. (2020b). Revocation mechanisms for academic certificates stored on a blockchain. In 2020 15th CISTI, pages 1–6. IEEE.
Wood, G. et al. (2014). Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. Ethereum project yellow paper, 151(2014):1–32.
Yeh, L.-Y. e. a. (2018). E-university applications: A privacy-preserving diploma notarization platform in taiwan. In EEE, pages 44–50.
Publicado
04/10/2021
Como Citar
CAMPELLI, Luca; PALMA, Lucas; MARTINA, Jean.
Protocolo de Diploma Digital Auto-Soberano com Retrocompatibilidade Tecnológica: Uma Solução Adptada a Realidade Brasileira. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE SEGURANÇA DA INFORMAÇÃO E DE SISTEMAS COMPUTACIONAIS (SBSEG), 21. , 2021, Belém.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2021
.
p. 323-336.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbseg.2021.17325.
