Non-Interactive Quantum Zero-Knowledge: Scope, Limits, and the Cost of Shared Entanglement in Authentication Protocols
Resumo
A prova de conhecimento zero quântica não interativa (NIQSZK), introduzida por Kobayashi em 2002 usando pares EPR no lugar de uma string de referência comum clássica, é frequentemente invocada como ferramenta geral para autenticação nativamente quântica, mas o termo abrange resultados de escopo muito distinto. Apresentamos um relato preciso do que o modelo de Kobayashi de fato estabelece – provas não interativas para um problema de promessa específico, Quantum State Closeness to Identity, e, por redução, Graph Non-Automorphism – contrastando-o com a linha independente e mais recente que obtém argumentos de conhecimento zero não interativos para toda a classe QMA a partir da dificuldade quântica do LWE. Usando um estudo de caso de autenticação no plano de controle de uma SDQN, comparamos os sistemas de prova disponíveis sob um modelo de custo fundamentado em benchmarks de distribuição de emaranhamento e estimativas de parâmetros reticulados, argumentando que o NIZK pós-quântico clássico domina, salvo quando a credencial é um objeto inerentemente quântico.Referências
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Coladangelo, A., Vidick, T., and Zhang, T. (2020). Non-interactive zero-knowledge arguments for QMA, with preprocessing. In Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO 2020, volume 12172, pages 799–828. Springer.
Craddock, A. N., Lazenby, A., Portmann, G. B., Sekelsky, R., and Namazi, M. (2024). Automated distribution of high-rate, high-fidelity polarization entangled photons using deployed metropolitan fibers. arXiv:2404.08626.
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Kobayashi, H. (2002). Non-interactive quantum statistical and perfect zero-knowledge. arXiv:quant-ph/0207158. Published as “Non-interactive Quantum Perfect and Statistical Zero-Knowledge,” in Algorithms and Computation, 14th International Symposium (ISAAC 2003), LNCS vol. 2906, pp. 178–188, Springer, 2003.
Menda, S. and Watrous, J. (2018). Oracle separations for quantum statistical zero-knowledge. arXiv:1801.08967.
Peikert, C. and Shiehian, S. (2022). Noninteractive zero knowledge for NP from (plain) learning with errors. In Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO 2022. Springer.
Watrous, J. (2002). Limits on the power of quantum statistical zero-knowledge. In Proceedings of the 43rd Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS), pages 459–468.
Watrous, J. (2009). Zero-knowledge against quantum attacks. SIAM Journal on Computing, 39(1):25–58. Preliminary version in STOC 2006.
Albrecht, M. R., Player, R., and Scott, S. (2015). On the concrete hardness of learning with errors. J. Math. Cryptol., 9(3):169–203.
Bartusek, J. and Jawale, R. (2025). A new approach to arguments of quantum knowledge. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2025/2155; arXiv:2510.05316.
Bitansky, N. and Shmueli, O. (2020). Post-quantum zero knowledge in constant rounds. In Proceedings of the 52nd Annual ACM SIGACT Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC), pages 269–279.
Blum, M., Feldman, P., and Micali, S. (1988). Non-interactive zero-knowledge and its applications. In Proceedings of the 20th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC), pages 103–112.
Broadbent, A., Ji, Z., Song, F., and Watrous, J. (2016). Zero-knowledge proof systems for QMA. In IEEE 57th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS 2016), pages 31–40. Journal version: SIAM Journal on Computing, 49(2):245–283, 2020.
Coladangelo, A., Vidick, T., and Zhang, T. (2020). Non-interactive zero-knowledge arguments for QMA, with preprocessing. In Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO 2020, volume 12172, pages 799–828. Springer.
Craddock, A. N., Lazenby, A., Portmann, G. B., Sekelsky, R., and Namazi, M. (2024). Automated distribution of high-rate, high-fidelity polarization entangled photons using deployed metropolitan fibers. arXiv:2404.08626.
Du, J. et al. (2024). Entanglement distribution over 155 km metropolitan fiber using a CMOS-compatible silicon chip. arXiv:2409.17558.
Kobayashi, H. (2002). Non-interactive quantum statistical and perfect zero-knowledge. arXiv:quant-ph/0207158. Published as “Non-interactive Quantum Perfect and Statistical Zero-Knowledge,” in Algorithms and Computation, 14th International Symposium (ISAAC 2003), LNCS vol. 2906, pp. 178–188, Springer, 2003.
Menda, S. and Watrous, J. (2018). Oracle separations for quantum statistical zero-knowledge. arXiv:1801.08967.
Peikert, C. and Shiehian, S. (2022). Noninteractive zero knowledge for NP from (plain) learning with errors. In Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO 2022. Springer.
Watrous, J. (2002). Limits on the power of quantum statistical zero-knowledge. In Proceedings of the 43rd Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS), pages 459–468.
Watrous, J. (2009). Zero-knowledge against quantum attacks. SIAM Journal on Computing, 39(1):25–58. Preliminary version in STOC 2006.
Publicado
01/09/2026
Como Citar
LIMA, Éricles Antônio Aquiles Barbosa.
Non-Interactive Quantum Zero-Knowledge: Scope, Limits, and the Cost of Shared Entanglement in Authentication Protocols. In: WORKSHOP CIBERSEGURANÇA QUÂNTICA: TEORIA, TECNOLOGIAS E APLICAÇÕES - SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE CIBERSEGURANÇA (SBSEG), 26. , 2026, Armação dos Búzios/RJ.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2026
.
p. 836-842.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbseg_estendido.2026.32870.
