Evaluation of Tile-based Parallelism in VVC Encoders for 360-degree Videos
Resumo
This work evaluates the parallelism potential and the coding efficiency of Tile-enabled encoding of 360-degree videos for the Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard. Six 4K conventional videos and eight 360-degree videos were tested with various tile configurations. The results showed that increasing the number of tiles led to speedup gains, with a maximum speedup of 15.52. However, coding efficiency, measured by BD-Rate, generally increases as the number of tiles increases.The results suggest that while both video types benefit from tile configurations, optimal configurations provide better speed gains and less degradation in coding efficiency, particularly in 360-degree videos.Referências
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Belememis, P., Panagou, N., Loukopoulos, T., and Koziri, M. (2020). Review and comparative analysis of parallel video encoding techniques for vvc. In Applications of Digital Image Processing XLIII, volume 11510, pages 258–276. SPIE.
Bossen, F., Boyce, J., Suehring, K., Li, X., and Seregin, V. (2020). Jvet-t2010: Vtm common test conditions and software reference configurations for sdr video. Technical report, JVET.
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Bross, B., Wang, Y.-K., Ye, Y., Liu, S., Chen, J., Sullivan, G. J., and Ohm, J.-R. (2021). Overview of the versatile video coding (vvc) standard and its applications. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 31(10):3736–3764.
Chi, C. C., Alvarez-Mesa, M., Juurlink, B., Clare, G., Henry, F., Pateux, S., and Schierl, T. (2012). Parallel scalability and efficiency of hevc parallelization approaches. IEEE Transactions on circuits and systems for video technology, 22(12):1827–1838.
Hanhart, P., Boyce, J., Choi, K., and Lin, J. (2018). Jvet-l1012: Jvet common test conditions and evaluation procedures for 360◦ video. Doc., JVET.
He, Y., Choi, K., Lin, J.-L., Sun, Y., Coban, M., Lu, Y., Abbas, A., Zhou, M., Deng, Z., and Oh, H.-M. (2024). Library for handling 360 degree panoramic projection formats. Accessed: Jan. 2024.
Jeong, J.-B., Lee, S., Kim, I., Lee, S., and Ryu, E.-S. (2020). Implementing vvc tile extractor for 360-degree video streaming using motion-constrained tile set. Journal of Broadcast Engineering, 25(7):1073–1080.
Lee, M., Song, H., Park, J., Jeon, B., Kang, J., Kim, J.-G., Lee, Y.-L., Kang, J.-W., and Sim, D. (2023). Overview of versatile video coding (h. 266/vvc) and its coding performance analysis. IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing & Computing, 12(2):122–154.
Margetis, G., Tsagkatakis, G., Stamou, S., and Stephanidis, C. (2023). Integrating visual and network data with deep learning for streaming video quality assessment.
Panagou, N., Belememis, P., and Koziri, M. (2022). Image segmentation methods for subpicture partitioning in the vvc video encoder. Electronics, 11(13):2070.
Papaioannou, G. I., Koziri, M. G., Papadopoulos, P. K., Loukopoulos, T., and Anagnostopoulos, I. (2020). Tile based wavefront parallelism in hevc. In 2020 15th International Workshop on Semantic and Social Media Adaptation and Personalization (SMA, pages 1–5. IEEE.
Sandvine (2023). Global internet phenomena report. Accessed: Mar. 2025.
Skupin, R., Sanchez, Y., Wang, Y.-K., Hannuksela, M. M., Boyce, J., and Wien, M. (2017). Standardization status of 360 degree video coding and delivery. In 2017 IEEE Visual Communications and Image Processing (VCIP), pages 1–4. IEEE.
Storch, I., Agostini, L., Zatt, B., Bampi, S., and Palomino, D. (2021). Fastinter360: A fast inter mode decision for hevc 360 video coding. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 32(5):3235–3249.
Storch, I., da Silva Cruz, L. A., Agostini, L., Zatt, B., and Palomino, D. (2019). The impacts of equirectangular 360-degrees videos in the intra-frame prediction of hevc. Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 14(1):1–10.
Storch, I., Palomino, D., Zatt, B., and Agostini, L. (2020). Speedup evaluation of hevc parallel video coding using tiles. J. of Real-Time Image Processing, 17:1469–1486.
Sullivan, G. J., Ohm, J.-R., Han, W.-J., and Wiegand, T. (2012). Overview of the high efficiency video coding (hevc) standard. IEEE Transactions on circuits and systems for video technology, 22(12):1649–1668.
Wang, Y.-K., Skupin, R., Hannuksela, M. M., Deshpande, S., Drugeon, V., Sjöberg, R., Choi, B., Seregin, V., Sanchez, Y., Boyce, J. M., et al. (2021). The high-level syntax of the versatile video coding (vvc) standard. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 31(10):3779–3800.
Ye, Y., Alshina, E., and Boyce, J. (2018). Jvet-e1003: Algorithm descriptions of projection format conversion and video quality metrics in 360lib.
Zhao, S., Wenger, S., Sanchez, Y., Wang, Y.-K., and Hannuksela, M. M. (2022). RTP Payload Format for Versatile Video Coding (VVC). RFC 9328.
Belememis, P., Panagou, N., Loukopoulos, T., and Koziri, M. (2020). Review and comparative analysis of parallel video encoding techniques for vvc. In Applications of Digital Image Processing XLIII, volume 11510, pages 258–276. SPIE.
Bossen, F., Boyce, J., Suehring, K., Li, X., and Seregin, V. (2020). Jvet-t2010: Vtm common test conditions and software reference configurations for sdr video. Technical report, JVET.
Bossen, F., Flynn, D., Li, X., Sharman, K., and Sühring, K. (2024). Vtm reference software for vvc. Accessed: Jan. 2024.
Bross, B., Wang, Y.-K., Ye, Y., Liu, S., Chen, J., Sullivan, G. J., and Ohm, J.-R. (2021). Overview of the versatile video coding (vvc) standard and its applications. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 31(10):3736–3764.
Chi, C. C., Alvarez-Mesa, M., Juurlink, B., Clare, G., Henry, F., Pateux, S., and Schierl, T. (2012). Parallel scalability and efficiency of hevc parallelization approaches. IEEE Transactions on circuits and systems for video technology, 22(12):1827–1838.
Hanhart, P., Boyce, J., Choi, K., and Lin, J. (2018). Jvet-l1012: Jvet common test conditions and evaluation procedures for 360◦ video. Doc., JVET.
He, Y., Choi, K., Lin, J.-L., Sun, Y., Coban, M., Lu, Y., Abbas, A., Zhou, M., Deng, Z., and Oh, H.-M. (2024). Library for handling 360 degree panoramic projection formats. Accessed: Jan. 2024.
Jeong, J.-B., Lee, S., Kim, I., Lee, S., and Ryu, E.-S. (2020). Implementing vvc tile extractor for 360-degree video streaming using motion-constrained tile set. Journal of Broadcast Engineering, 25(7):1073–1080.
Lee, M., Song, H., Park, J., Jeon, B., Kang, J., Kim, J.-G., Lee, Y.-L., Kang, J.-W., and Sim, D. (2023). Overview of versatile video coding (h. 266/vvc) and its coding performance analysis. IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing & Computing, 12(2):122–154.
Margetis, G., Tsagkatakis, G., Stamou, S., and Stephanidis, C. (2023). Integrating visual and network data with deep learning for streaming video quality assessment.
Panagou, N., Belememis, P., and Koziri, M. (2022). Image segmentation methods for subpicture partitioning in the vvc video encoder. Electronics, 11(13):2070.
Papaioannou, G. I., Koziri, M. G., Papadopoulos, P. K., Loukopoulos, T., and Anagnostopoulos, I. (2020). Tile based wavefront parallelism in hevc. In 2020 15th International Workshop on Semantic and Social Media Adaptation and Personalization (SMA, pages 1–5. IEEE.
Sandvine (2023). Global internet phenomena report. Accessed: Mar. 2025.
Skupin, R., Sanchez, Y., Wang, Y.-K., Hannuksela, M. M., Boyce, J., and Wien, M. (2017). Standardization status of 360 degree video coding and delivery. In 2017 IEEE Visual Communications and Image Processing (VCIP), pages 1–4. IEEE.
Storch, I., Agostini, L., Zatt, B., Bampi, S., and Palomino, D. (2021). Fastinter360: A fast inter mode decision for hevc 360 video coding. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 32(5):3235–3249.
Storch, I., da Silva Cruz, L. A., Agostini, L., Zatt, B., and Palomino, D. (2019). The impacts of equirectangular 360-degrees videos in the intra-frame prediction of hevc. Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 14(1):1–10.
Storch, I., Palomino, D., Zatt, B., and Agostini, L. (2020). Speedup evaluation of hevc parallel video coding using tiles. J. of Real-Time Image Processing, 17:1469–1486.
Sullivan, G. J., Ohm, J.-R., Han, W.-J., and Wiegand, T. (2012). Overview of the high efficiency video coding (hevc) standard. IEEE Transactions on circuits and systems for video technology, 22(12):1649–1668.
Wang, Y.-K., Skupin, R., Hannuksela, M. M., Deshpande, S., Drugeon, V., Sjöberg, R., Choi, B., Seregin, V., Sanchez, Y., Boyce, J. M., et al. (2021). The high-level syntax of the versatile video coding (vvc) standard. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 31(10):3779–3800.
Ye, Y., Alshina, E., and Boyce, J. (2018). Jvet-e1003: Algorithm descriptions of projection format conversion and video quality metrics in 360lib.
Zhao, S., Wenger, S., Sanchez, Y., Wang, Y.-K., and Hannuksela, M. M. (2022). RTP Payload Format for Versatile Video Coding (VVC). RFC 9328.
Publicado
20/07/2025
Como Citar
BELTRÃO, Éric; STORCH, Iago; AGOSTINI, Luciano; ZATT, Bruno; PALOMINO, Daniel.
Evaluation of Tile-based Parallelism in VVC Encoders for 360-degree Videos. In: SEMINÁRIO INTEGRADO DE SOFTWARE E HARDWARE (SEMISH), 52. , 2025, Maceió/AL.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2025
.
p. 157-168.
ISSN 2595-6205.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/semish.2025.8119.
