Annotation Difficulties in Natural Language Inference

  • Aikaterini-Lida Kalouli LMU
  • Livy Real Americanas S. A.
  • Annebeth Buis University of Colorado
  • Martha Palmer University of Colorado
  • Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute

Resumo


State-of-the-art models have obtained high accuracy on mainstream Natural Language Inference (NLI) datasets. However, recent research has suggested that the task is far from solved. Current models struggle to generalize and fail to consider the inherent human disagreements in tasks such as NLI. In this work, we conduct an experiment based on a small subset of the NLI corpora such as SNLI and SICK. It reveals that some inference cases are inherently harder to annotate than others, although good-quality guidelines can reduce this difficulty to some extent. We propose adding a Difficulty Score to NLI datasets, to capture the human difficulty level of agreement.

Referências

Bowman, S. R., Angeli, G., Potts, C., and Manning, C. D. (2015). A large annotated corpus for learning natural language inference. In Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 632–642, Lisbon, Portugal. Association for Computational Linguistics.

Camburu, O.-M., Rocktäschel, T., Lukasiewicz, T., and Blunsom, P. (2018). e-SNLI: Natural language inference with natural language explanations. In Bengio, S.,Wallach, H., Larochelle, H., Grauman, K., Cesa-Bianchi, N., and Garnett, R., editors, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31, pages 9539–9549. Curran Associates, Inc.

Dasgupta, I., Guo, D., Stuhlm¨uller, A., Gershman, S. J., and Goodman, N. D. (2018). Evaluating compositionality in sentence embeddings. CoRR, abs/1802.04302. de Marneffe, M.-C., Rafferty, A. N., and Manning, C. D. (2008). Finding contradictions in text. In Proceedings of ACL-08.

de Marneffe, M.-C., Simons, M., and Tonhauser, J. (2018). Factivity in doubt: Clauseembedding predicates in naturally occurring discourse (poster). Sinn und Bedeutung 23.

Fonseca, E. R., dos Santos, L. B., Criscuolo, M., and Aluísio, S. M. (2016). Assin: Avaliação de similaridade semântica e inferência textual. In Proceedings of PROPOR, pages 1–8.

Glockner, M., Shwartz, V., and Goldberg, Y. (2018). Breaking NLI systems with sentences that require simple lexical inferences. In Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers), pages 650–655. Association for Computational Linguistics.

Gururangan, S., Swayamdipta, S., Levy, O., Schwartz, R., Bowman, S., and Smith, N. A. (2018). Annotation artifacts in natural language inference data. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers), pages 107–112. Association for Computational Linguistics.

Kalouli, A.-L., Buis, A., Real, L., Palmer, M., and de Paiva, V. (2019). Explaining simple natural language inference. In Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop, pages 132–143, Florence, Italy. Association for Computational Linguistics.

Kalouli, A.-L., Real, L., and de Paiva, V. (2017). Correcting Contradictions. In Proceedings of Computing Natural Language Inference (CONLI)Workshop, 19 September 2017.

Kumar, S. and Talukdar, P. (2020). NILE : Natural language inference with faithful natural language explanations. In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 8730–8742, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics.

Liu, X., He, P., Chen,W., and Gao, J. (2019). Multi-task deep neural networks for natural language understanding. CoRR, abs/1901.11504.

Majumder, B. P., Camburu, O., Lukasiewicz, T., and McAuley, J. J. (2021). Rationaleinspired natural language explanations with commonsense. CoRR, abs/2106.13876.

Manning, C. D. (2006). Local textual inference: it’s hard to circumscribe, but you know it when you see it–and nlp needs it. https://nlp.stanford.edu/manning/papers/TextualInference.pdf.

Marelli, M., Menini, S., Baroni, M., Bentivogli, L., Bernardi, R., and Zamparelli, R. (2014). A SICK cure for the evaluation of compositional distributional semantic models. In Proceedings of LREC 2014.

McCoy, T., Pavlick, E., and Linzen, T. (2019). Right for the wrong reasons: Diagnosing syntactic heuristics in natural language inference. In Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 3428–3448, Florence, Italy. Association for Computational Linguistics.

Nie, Y., Wang, Y., and Bansal, M. (2018). Analyzing compositionality-sensitivity of NLI models. CoRR, abs/1811.07033.

Palomaki, J., Rhinehart, O., and Tseng, M. (2018). A case for a range of acceptable annotations. In SAD/CrowdBias@ HCOMP, pages 19–31.

Pavlick, E. and Callison-Burch, C. (2016). Most “babies” are “little” and most “problems” are “huge”: Compositional entailment in adjective-nouns. In Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 2164–2173, Berlin, Germany. Association for Computational Linguistics.

Pavlick, E. and Kwiatkowski, T. (2019). Inherent disagreements in human textual inferences. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 7:677–694.

Poliak, A., Naradowsky, J., Haldar, A., Rudinger, R., and Van Durme, B. (2018). Hypothesis only baselines in natural language inference. In Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics, pages 180–191, New Orleans, Louisiana. Association for Computational Linguistics.

Real, L., Rodrigues, A., e Silva, A. V., Albiero, B., Guide, B., Thalenberg, B., Silva, C., Cˆamara, I. C. S., de Oliveira Lima, G., Souza, R., Stanojevic, M., and de Paiva, V. (2018). Sick-br: a portuguese corpus for inference. In PROPOR 2018.

Ribeiro, M. T., Singh, S., and Guestrin, C. (2016). “Why should I trust you?”: Explaining the predictions of any classifier. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, KDD ’16, page 1135–1144, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.

Richardson, K., Hu, H., Moss, L. S., and Sabharwal, A. (2019). Probing natural language inference models through semantic fragments. CoRR, abs/1909.07521.

Zhang, Z.,Wu, Y., Zhao, H., Li, Z., Zhang, S., Zhou, X., and Zhou, X. (2019). Semanticsaware BERT for language understanding.
Publicado
29/11/2021
KALOULI, Aikaterini-Lida; REAL, Livy; BUIS, Annebeth; PALMER, Martha; PAIVA, Valeria de. Annotation Difficulties in Natural Language Inference. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE TECNOLOGIA DA INFORMAÇÃO E DA LINGUAGEM HUMANA (STIL), 13. , 2021, Evento Online. Anais [...]. Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2021 . p. 247-254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/stil.2021.17804.