Clause Linkage in Brazilian Portuguese Narratives: Evidence from Enhanced Dependency Annotation
Resumo
This paper explores the potential of Enhanced and Extended Enhanced Universal Dependencies for narrative analysis in Brazilian Portuguese, focusing on how enhanced dependency relations contribute to clause linkage. The study examines narrative sentences annotated in CoNLL-U format and compares basic and enhanced dependency layers. The results show that enhanced dependencies are particularly useful for recovering implicit subject relations in Portuguese and for enriching clause relations through information from prepositions and conjunctions. These enhancements enable a more explicit representation of participant continuity and event relations in narratives, supporting the transition from syntactic dependency analysis to richer semantic annotation.Referências
de Marneffe, M.-C., MacCartney, B., and Manning, C. D. (2006). Generating typed dependency parses from phrase structure parses. In Calzolari, N., Choukri, K., Gangemi, A., Maegaard, B., Mariani, J., Odijk, J., and Tapias, D., editors, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’06), Genoa, Italy. European Language Resources Association (ELRA).
de Marneffe, M.-C. and Manning, C. D. (2008). The Stanford typed dependencies representation. In Bos, J., Briscoe, E., Cahill, A., Carroll, J., Clark, S., Copestake, A., Flickinger, D., van Genabith, J., Hockenmaier, J., Joshi, A., Kaplan, R., King, T. H., Kuebler, S., Lin, D., Lønning, J. T., Manning, C., Miyao, Y., Nivre, J., Oepen, S., Sagae, K., Xue, N., and Zhang, Y., editors, Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Cross-Framework and Cross-Domain Parser Evaluation, pages 1–8, Manchester, UK. Coling 2008 Organizing Committee.
de Marneffe, M.-C., Manning, C. D., Nivre, J., and Zeman, D. (2021). Universal dependencies. Computational Linguistics, 47(2):255–308.
Dezotti, M. C. C. (1988). A fábula esópica anônima: Uma contribuição ao estudo dos ”atos de fábula”. Master’s thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Brazil.
Dezotti, M. C. C., Berliner, E., and Duarte, A. (2013). Esopo: fábulas completas. Cosac Naify, São Paulo, Brazil.
Duran, M. (2021). Manual de anotação de pos tags: orientações para anotação de etiquetas morfossintáticas em língua portuguesa, segundo as diretrizes da abordagem universal dependencies. Technical Report Relatório Técnico No. 434, Universidade de São Paulo, ICMC. Accessed: 2026-04-10.
Duran, M. (2022). Manual de anotação de relações de dependência: versão revisada e estendida. Technical Report Relatório Técnico No. 440, Universidade de São Paulo, ICMC. Accessed: 2026-04-30.
Duran, M., Souza, E., das Graças Volpe Nunes, M., Pagano, A. S., and Pardo, T. A. S. (2025). Extending the enhanced universal dependencies: Addressing subjects in prodrop languages. In Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Universal Dependencies (UDW, SyntaxFest 2025), pages 143–152, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Duran, M. S. (2024). Anotação de enhanced dependencies. Available at: [link]. Accessed: 31 May 2026.
Duran, M. S., Nunes, M. d. G. V., and Pardo, T. A. S. (2024). Inferências baseadas em sintaxe: a anotação de sujeitos implícitos. In Claro, D. B. and Pagano, A., editors, Proceedings of the 15th Brazilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology, pages 356–364, Belém do Pará, Brazil. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Guibon, G. et al. (2020). When collaborative treebank curation meets graph grammars. In Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC), pages 5291–5300.
Halliday, M. A. K. and Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2014). Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar. Routledge, London, 4 edition.
Lehmann, C. (1988). Towards a typology of clause linkage. Studies in Language, 12(2):181–225.
Matthiessen, C. and Thompson, S. A. (1988). The structure of discourse and “subordination”. In Haiman, J. and Thompson, S. A., editors, Clause Combining in Grammar and Discourse, pages 275–329. John Benjamins, Amsterdam.
Nivre, J., de Marneffe, M.-C., Ginter, F., Hajič, J., Manning, C. D., Pyysalo, S., Schuster, S., Tyers, F., and Zeman, D. (2020). Universal Dependencies v2: An evergrowing multilingual treebank collection. In Calzolari, N., Béchet, F., Blache, P., Choukri, K., Cieri, C., Declerck, T., Goggi, S., Isahara, H., Maegaard, B., Mariani, J., Mazo, H., Moreno, A., Odijk, J., and Piperidis, S., editors, Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, pages 4034–4043, Marseille, France. European Language Resources Association.
Pagano, A. S., Duran, M. S., and Pardo, T. A. S. (2023). Enhanced dependencies para o português brasileiro. In Pardo, T. A. S., Duran, M. S., and Lopes, L., editors, Proceedings of the 2nd Edition of the Universal Dependencies Brazilian Festival, pages 461–470, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Schuster, S. and Manning, C. D. (2016). Enhanced english universal dependencies: An improved representation for natural language understanding tasks. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation.
Souza, E. (2026). Anotador de dependências sintáticas enriquecidas (eud) para o português. Web interface and source code. Source code available at [link]. Accessed: 31 May 2026.
Souza, E., Duran, M., Nunes, M. d. G. V., Sampaio, G., Belasco, G., and Pardo, T. (2024). Automatic annotation of enhanced Universal Dependencies for Brazilian Portuguese. In Claro, D. B. and Pagano, A., editors, Proceedings of the 15th Brazilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology, pages 22–31, Belém do Pará, Brazil. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Souza, E., Silveira, A., Cavalcanti, T., Castro, M., and Freitas, C. (2021). PetroGold – corpus padrão ouro para o dominio do petroleo. In Ruiz, E. E. S. and Torrent, T. T., editors, Proceedings of the 13th Brazilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology, pages 29–38, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Straka, M., Hajič, J., and Straková, J. (2016). Udpipe: Trainable pipeline for processing conll-u files performing tokenization, morphological analysis, pos tagging and parsing. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pages 4290–4297.
Van Gysel, J. E., Vigus, M., Chun, J., Lai, K., Moeller, S., Yao, J., O’Gorman, T., Cowell, A., Croft, W., Huang, C.-R., et al. (2021). Designing a uniform meaning representation for natural language processing. KI-Künstliche Intelligenz, 35(3):343–360.
de Marneffe, M.-C. and Manning, C. D. (2008). The Stanford typed dependencies representation. In Bos, J., Briscoe, E., Cahill, A., Carroll, J., Clark, S., Copestake, A., Flickinger, D., van Genabith, J., Hockenmaier, J., Joshi, A., Kaplan, R., King, T. H., Kuebler, S., Lin, D., Lønning, J. T., Manning, C., Miyao, Y., Nivre, J., Oepen, S., Sagae, K., Xue, N., and Zhang, Y., editors, Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Cross-Framework and Cross-Domain Parser Evaluation, pages 1–8, Manchester, UK. Coling 2008 Organizing Committee.
de Marneffe, M.-C., Manning, C. D., Nivre, J., and Zeman, D. (2021). Universal dependencies. Computational Linguistics, 47(2):255–308.
Dezotti, M. C. C. (1988). A fábula esópica anônima: Uma contribuição ao estudo dos ”atos de fábula”. Master’s thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Brazil.
Dezotti, M. C. C., Berliner, E., and Duarte, A. (2013). Esopo: fábulas completas. Cosac Naify, São Paulo, Brazil.
Duran, M. (2021). Manual de anotação de pos tags: orientações para anotação de etiquetas morfossintáticas em língua portuguesa, segundo as diretrizes da abordagem universal dependencies. Technical Report Relatório Técnico No. 434, Universidade de São Paulo, ICMC. Accessed: 2026-04-10.
Duran, M. (2022). Manual de anotação de relações de dependência: versão revisada e estendida. Technical Report Relatório Técnico No. 440, Universidade de São Paulo, ICMC. Accessed: 2026-04-30.
Duran, M., Souza, E., das Graças Volpe Nunes, M., Pagano, A. S., and Pardo, T. A. S. (2025). Extending the enhanced universal dependencies: Addressing subjects in prodrop languages. In Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Universal Dependencies (UDW, SyntaxFest 2025), pages 143–152, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Duran, M. S. (2024). Anotação de enhanced dependencies. Available at: [link]. Accessed: 31 May 2026.
Duran, M. S., Nunes, M. d. G. V., and Pardo, T. A. S. (2024). Inferências baseadas em sintaxe: a anotação de sujeitos implícitos. In Claro, D. B. and Pagano, A., editors, Proceedings of the 15th Brazilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology, pages 356–364, Belém do Pará, Brazil. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Guibon, G. et al. (2020). When collaborative treebank curation meets graph grammars. In Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC), pages 5291–5300.
Halliday, M. A. K. and Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2014). Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar. Routledge, London, 4 edition.
Lehmann, C. (1988). Towards a typology of clause linkage. Studies in Language, 12(2):181–225.
Matthiessen, C. and Thompson, S. A. (1988). The structure of discourse and “subordination”. In Haiman, J. and Thompson, S. A., editors, Clause Combining in Grammar and Discourse, pages 275–329. John Benjamins, Amsterdam.
Nivre, J., de Marneffe, M.-C., Ginter, F., Hajič, J., Manning, C. D., Pyysalo, S., Schuster, S., Tyers, F., and Zeman, D. (2020). Universal Dependencies v2: An evergrowing multilingual treebank collection. In Calzolari, N., Béchet, F., Blache, P., Choukri, K., Cieri, C., Declerck, T., Goggi, S., Isahara, H., Maegaard, B., Mariani, J., Mazo, H., Moreno, A., Odijk, J., and Piperidis, S., editors, Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, pages 4034–4043, Marseille, France. European Language Resources Association.
Pagano, A. S., Duran, M. S., and Pardo, T. A. S. (2023). Enhanced dependencies para o português brasileiro. In Pardo, T. A. S., Duran, M. S., and Lopes, L., editors, Proceedings of the 2nd Edition of the Universal Dependencies Brazilian Festival, pages 461–470, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Schuster, S. and Manning, C. D. (2016). Enhanced english universal dependencies: An improved representation for natural language understanding tasks. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation.
Souza, E. (2026). Anotador de dependências sintáticas enriquecidas (eud) para o português. Web interface and source code. Source code available at [link]. Accessed: 31 May 2026.
Souza, E., Duran, M., Nunes, M. d. G. V., Sampaio, G., Belasco, G., and Pardo, T. (2024). Automatic annotation of enhanced Universal Dependencies for Brazilian Portuguese. In Claro, D. B. and Pagano, A., editors, Proceedings of the 15th Brazilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology, pages 22–31, Belém do Pará, Brazil. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Souza, E., Silveira, A., Cavalcanti, T., Castro, M., and Freitas, C. (2021). PetroGold – corpus padrão ouro para o dominio do petroleo. In Ruiz, E. E. S. and Torrent, T. T., editors, Proceedings of the 13th Brazilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology, pages 29–38, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Straka, M., Hajič, J., and Straková, J. (2016). Udpipe: Trainable pipeline for processing conll-u files performing tokenization, morphological analysis, pos tagging and parsing. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pages 4290–4297.
Van Gysel, J. E., Vigus, M., Chun, J., Lai, K., Moeller, S., Yao, J., O’Gorman, T., Cowell, A., Croft, W., Huang, C.-R., et al. (2021). Designing a uniform meaning representation for natural language processing. KI-Künstliche Intelligenz, 35(3):343–360.
Publicado
19/10/2026
Como Citar
GUIMARÃES, Letícia Guedes; PAGANO, Adriana; CONEGLIAN, André V. Lopes; DURAN, Magali.
Clause Linkage in Brazilian Portuguese Narratives: Evidence from Enhanced Dependency Annotation. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE TECNOLOGIA DA INFORMAÇÃO E DA LINGUAGEM HUMANA (STIL), 17. , 2026, Cuiabá/MT.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2026
.
p. 499-511.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/stil.2026.33353.
