How Much Does It Cost? A Simulation-Based Method for Cost Prediction in Systems-of-Systems Acquisition Processes
Resumo
Software economics, acquisition, and pricing are important concerns, in particular for Systems-of-Systems (SoS). SoS are alliances of independent software-intensive systems combined to offer holistic functionalities as a result of the constituents interoperability. SoS engineering involves separately acquiring constituents and combining them to form the SoS. Despite the existence of cost prediction techniques at Systems Engineering practice, predicting SoS acquisition costs at design-time should include: 1) an analysis of the minimum set of constituents that offer a ‘good enough’ result, and 2) an analysis of the compatibility between the constituents to deliver the expected result. The main contribution of this paper is proposing a novel simulation-based method for cost prediction in constituents acquisition process, while considering the effectiveness of constituents combination to offer the intended functionalities, and predicting the lowest configuration, at design-time. We adopt a simulation model to predict, at design-time, the results that shall be yielded by the constituents during SoS operation. Preliminary results point out the success of our method to predict such costs while still supporting a selection of the best architectural configurations.
Referências
Amorim, S. S., McGregor, J. D., de Almeida, E. S., and von Flach G. Chavez, C. (2017). The architect’s role in software ecosystems health. In WASHES, pages 1–4.
Bass, L., Clements, P., and Kazman, R. (2012). Software Architecture in Practice. Addison-Wesley Professional, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, 3rd edition.
Boehm, B. W. and Sullivan, K. J. (2000). Software economics: A roadmap. ICSE ’00, pages 319–343, New York, NY, USA. ACM.
Burton, F. R., Paige, R. F., Poulding, S., and Smith, S. (2014). System of systems acquisition trade-offs. Procedia Computer Science, 28:11–18.
Burton et al. (2012). Solving acquisition problems using model-driven engineering. In ECMFA, volume 7349, pages 428–443, Lyngby, Denmark. Springer.
Cavalcante, E., Batista, T. V., and Oquendo, F. (2015). Supporting dynamic software architectures: From architectural description to implementation. In WICSA 2015, pages 31–40, Montreal, Canada. IEEE.
Graciano Neto, V. V., Garcés, L., Guessi, M., Paes, C., Manzano, W., Oquendo, F., and Nakagawa, E. Y. (2018). ASAS: An approach to support simulation of smart systems. In 51th HICSS, pages 5777–5786, Big Island, Hawaii, USA. IEEE.
Hachem, J. E., Pang, Z. Y., Chiprianov, V., Babar, A., and Aniorté, P. (2016). Model driven software security architecture of systems-of-systems. In 23rd Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference, pages 89–96, Hamilton, New Zealand. IEEE.
ISO (2011). ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010:2011 - Systems and software engineering – Architecture description. ISO, pages 1–46.
Johnson, S. B. (2015). System health management. In Rainey, L. B. and Tolk, A., editors, Modeling and Simulation Support for System of Systems Engineering Applications, pages 131–144. Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.
Maier, M. W. (1998). Architecting principles for systems-of-systems. Systems Engineering, 1(4):267–284.
Nielsen, C. B., Larsen, P. G., Fitzgerald, J., Woodcock, J., and Peleska, J. (2015). Systems of Systems Engineering: Basic Concepts, Model-Based Techniques, and Research Directions. ACM Computing Surveys, 48(2):18:1–18:41.
Oquendo, F. (2016a). Case study on formally describing the architecture of a software-intensive system-of-systems with sosadl. In SMC 2016, pages 2260–2266, Budapest, Hungary. IEEE.
Oquendo, F. (2016b). Formally Describing the Software Architecture of Systems-of-Systems with SosADL. In 11th Annual System of Systems Engineering (SOSE 2016), pages 1–6, Kongsberg, Norway. IEEE.
Oquendo, F. (2017). Architecturally describing the emergent behavior of software-intensive system-of-systems with SosADL. In 12th SoSE, pages 1–6, Waikoloa, USA. IEEE.
Robbins, W., Lam, S., and Lalancette, C. (2005). Towards a collaborative engineering environment to support capability engineering. In Proceedings of the 2005 INCOSE International Symposium, pages 211–221, Rochester, NY, USA.
Rodriguez, L. M. G. and Nakagawa, E. Y. (2017). A process to establish, model and validate missions of systems-of-systems in reference architectures. In SAC 2017, pages 1765–1772, Marrakech, Morocco. ACM.
Santos, D. S., Oliveira, B., , Guessi, M., Oquendo, F., Delamaro, M., and Nakagawa, E. Y. (2014). Towards the evaluation of system-of-systems software architectures. In 8th WDES, pages 53 – 57, Maceió, Brazil. SBC.
Silva, E., Batista, T., and Cavalcante, E. (2015). A mission-oriented tool for system-of-systems modeling. In 3th SESoS, pages 31–36, Florence, Italy. IEEE.
Urwin, E. N., Pilfold, S. A., and Henshaw, M. (2010). Through life capability management: benefits and behaviours. In International Conference on Contemporary Ergonomics and Human Factors, pages 153–162. CRC Press.
Weinreich, R. and Groher, I. (2016). The architect’s role in practice: From decision maker to knowledge manager? IEEE Software, 33(6):63–69.
Zeigler, B. P., Sarjoughian, H. S., Duboz, R., and Souli, J.-C. (2012). Guide to Modeling and Simulation of Systems of Systems. Springer-Verlag, London, United Kingdom.
