Uma Arquitetura Distribuída Baseada em Blockchain Permissionada para Integridade e Governança de Créditos de Carbono REDD+ na Amazônia
Resumo
Mercados voluntários de créditos de carbono baseados em projetos REDD+ enfrentam desafios recorrentes de integridade, rastreabilidade e governança, especialmente na Amazônia, onde problemas como dupla contagem e baixa transparência comprometem sua credibilidade. Este artigo propõe uma arquitetura distribuída baseada em blockchain permissionada para o monitoramento, a verificação e a tokenização de créditos de carbono. A solução integra dados geoespaciais oficiais e contratos inteligentes em uma rede Hyperledger Besu, permitindo o registro imutável das informações. Testes de desempenho sob carga, simulando até 250 usuários simultâneos com a ferramenta Locust, demonstraram a estabilidade da rede com latências médias de escrita (≈120 ms) e leitura (<10 ms). Tais resultados confirmam a viabilidade técnica da arquitetura para mitigar riscos de fraude com eficiência operacional adequada a redes de consórcio.Referências
Al Sadawi et al. 2021 Al Sadawi, A., Madani, B., Saboor, S., Ndiaye, M., and AbuLebdeh, G. (2021). A comprehensive hierarchical blockchain system for carbon emission trading utilizing blockchain of things and smart contract. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 173:121124.
Arshad et al. 2023 Arshad, A., Shahzad, F., Rehman, I. U., and Sergi, B. S. (2023). A systematic literature review of blockchain technology and environmental sustainability: Status quo and future research. International Review of Economics & Finance, 88:1602–1622.
Boonrat et al. 2025 Boonrat, P., Hartmann, N., and Werapun, W. (2025). Tokenisation of forest carbon project: a blockchain-based approach for community engagement. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 41:e23.
Buterin et al. 2013 Buterin, V. et al. (2013). Ethereum white paper. GitHub repository, 1(22-23):5–7.
Caburlão and Rodrigues 2026 Caburlão, M. C. and Rodrigues, C. K. d. S. (2026). Blockchain in redd+ projects: Potential and challenges for transparency and efficiency in the forest carbon market. FinTech and Sustainable Innovation, pages 1–8.
Di Pierro 2017 Di Pierro, M. (2017). What is the blockchain? Computing in Science & Engineering, 19(5):92–95.
Edmonds et al. 2019 Edmonds, J., Forrister, D., Clarke, L., Clara, S. d., and Munnings, C. (2019). The economic potential of article 6 of the Paris Agreement and implementation challenges. International Emissions Trading Association.
Ferreira et al. 2023 Ferreira, G., Brito, F. M. S., Correia, N. P. C. M., and Paes, J. B. (2023). Resíduos de biomassa florestal para produção de combustíveis sólidos compactados: uma revisão contextual. Editora Licuri, pages 142–152.
Freedman et al. 2009 Freedman, B., Stinson, G., and Lacoul, P. (2009). Carbon credits and the conservation of natural areas. Environmental Reviews, 17(NA):1–19.
Imprensa Nacional 2024 Imprensa Nacional (2024). Lei nº 15.042, de 11 de dezembro de 2024 - dou - imprensa nacional. [link].
Kirli et al. 2022 Kirli, D., Couraud, B., Robu, V., Salgado-Bravo, M., Norbu, S., Andoni, M., Antonopoulos, I., Negrete-Pincetic, M., Flynn, D., and Kiprakis, A. (2022). Smart contracts in energy systems: A systematic review of fundamental approaches and implementations. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 158:112013.
Meitner 2024 Meitner, L. (2024). Voluntary carbon markets: A critical assessment. Technical report, Working Paper.
Mitchell et al. 2017 Mitchell, A. L., Rosenqvist, A., and Mora, B. (2017). Current remote sensing approaches to monitoring forest degradation in support of countries measurement, reporting and verification (mrv) systems for redd+. Carbon balance and management, 12:1–22.
Nakamoto 2008 Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system.
Preziuso 2026 Preziuso, M. (2026). Tokenisation opportunities in voluntary carbon markets: A sectoral diagnostic. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 19(1):28.
SA and Severino 2019 SA, C. B. I. A. and Severino, L. (2019). Verification report jarí/pará redd+ project.
Saberi et al. 2019 Saberi, S., Kouhizadeh, M., Sarkis, J., and Shen, L. (2019). Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management. International journal of production research, 57(7):2117–2135.
Santana and Albareda 2022 Santana, C. and Albareda, L. (2022). Blockchain and the emergence of decentralized autonomous organizations (daos): An integrative model and research agenda. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 182:121806.
Sorensen 2023 Sorensen, D. (2023). Tokenized carbon credits. Ledger, 8.
United Nations 2025 United Nations (2025). UNFCCC. Disponível em: [link]. Acesso em: 11 jun. 2025.
Uruatapera 2025 Uruatapera (2025). Ong denuncia violações de direitos no sistema de redd+ do pará. [link] Acesso em: 26 jun. 2025.
Woo et al. 2021 Woo, J., Fatima, R., Kibert, C. J., Newman, R. E., Tian, Y., and Srinivasan, R. S. (2021). Applying blockchain technology for building energy performance measurement, reporting, and verification (mrv) and the carbon credit market: A review of the literature. Building and Environment, 205:108199.
Yang and Park 2025 Yang, D. and Park, H. (2025). Integrity challenges in carbon markets: Comparing unfccc and voluntary redd+ verification in the amazon biome. Environmental Science & Policy, 169:104080.
Arshad et al. 2023 Arshad, A., Shahzad, F., Rehman, I. U., and Sergi, B. S. (2023). A systematic literature review of blockchain technology and environmental sustainability: Status quo and future research. International Review of Economics & Finance, 88:1602–1622.
Boonrat et al. 2025 Boonrat, P., Hartmann, N., and Werapun, W. (2025). Tokenisation of forest carbon project: a blockchain-based approach for community engagement. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 41:e23.
Buterin et al. 2013 Buterin, V. et al. (2013). Ethereum white paper. GitHub repository, 1(22-23):5–7.
Caburlão and Rodrigues 2026 Caburlão, M. C. and Rodrigues, C. K. d. S. (2026). Blockchain in redd+ projects: Potential and challenges for transparency and efficiency in the forest carbon market. FinTech and Sustainable Innovation, pages 1–8.
Di Pierro 2017 Di Pierro, M. (2017). What is the blockchain? Computing in Science & Engineering, 19(5):92–95.
Edmonds et al. 2019 Edmonds, J., Forrister, D., Clarke, L., Clara, S. d., and Munnings, C. (2019). The economic potential of article 6 of the Paris Agreement and implementation challenges. International Emissions Trading Association.
Ferreira et al. 2023 Ferreira, G., Brito, F. M. S., Correia, N. P. C. M., and Paes, J. B. (2023). Resíduos de biomassa florestal para produção de combustíveis sólidos compactados: uma revisão contextual. Editora Licuri, pages 142–152.
Freedman et al. 2009 Freedman, B., Stinson, G., and Lacoul, P. (2009). Carbon credits and the conservation of natural areas. Environmental Reviews, 17(NA):1–19.
Imprensa Nacional 2024 Imprensa Nacional (2024). Lei nº 15.042, de 11 de dezembro de 2024 - dou - imprensa nacional. [link].
Kirli et al. 2022 Kirli, D., Couraud, B., Robu, V., Salgado-Bravo, M., Norbu, S., Andoni, M., Antonopoulos, I., Negrete-Pincetic, M., Flynn, D., and Kiprakis, A. (2022). Smart contracts in energy systems: A systematic review of fundamental approaches and implementations. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 158:112013.
Meitner 2024 Meitner, L. (2024). Voluntary carbon markets: A critical assessment. Technical report, Working Paper.
Mitchell et al. 2017 Mitchell, A. L., Rosenqvist, A., and Mora, B. (2017). Current remote sensing approaches to monitoring forest degradation in support of countries measurement, reporting and verification (mrv) systems for redd+. Carbon balance and management, 12:1–22.
Nakamoto 2008 Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system.
Preziuso 2026 Preziuso, M. (2026). Tokenisation opportunities in voluntary carbon markets: A sectoral diagnostic. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 19(1):28.
SA and Severino 2019 SA, C. B. I. A. and Severino, L. (2019). Verification report jarí/pará redd+ project.
Saberi et al. 2019 Saberi, S., Kouhizadeh, M., Sarkis, J., and Shen, L. (2019). Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management. International journal of production research, 57(7):2117–2135.
Santana and Albareda 2022 Santana, C. and Albareda, L. (2022). Blockchain and the emergence of decentralized autonomous organizations (daos): An integrative model and research agenda. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 182:121806.
Sorensen 2023 Sorensen, D. (2023). Tokenized carbon credits. Ledger, 8.
United Nations 2025 United Nations (2025). UNFCCC. Disponível em: [link]. Acesso em: 11 jun. 2025.
Uruatapera 2025 Uruatapera (2025). Ong denuncia violações de direitos no sistema de redd+ do pará. [link] Acesso em: 26 jun. 2025.
Woo et al. 2021 Woo, J., Fatima, R., Kibert, C. J., Newman, R. E., Tian, Y., and Srinivasan, R. S. (2021). Applying blockchain technology for building energy performance measurement, reporting, and verification (mrv) and the carbon credit market: A review of the literature. Building and Environment, 205:108199.
Yang and Park 2025 Yang, D. and Park, H. (2025). Integrity challenges in carbon markets: Comparing unfccc and voluntary redd+ verification in the amazon biome. Environmental Science & Policy, 169:104080.
Publicado
25/05/2026
Como Citar
BASTOS, Mateus; VELOSO, Alan; ABELÉM, Antônio.
Uma Arquitetura Distribuída Baseada em Blockchain Permissionada para Integridade e Governança de Créditos de Carbono REDD+ na Amazônia. In: WORKSHOP EM BLOCKCHAIN: TEORIA, TECNOLOGIAS E APLICAÇÕES (WBLOCKCHAIN), 9. , 2026, Praia do Forte/BA.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2026
.
p. 196-209.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/wblockchain.2026.23200.
