A Mobility Model of The Internet of Things
Resumo
This study introduces a novel mobility model designed for the Internet of Things (IoT). While the study of movement patterns is crucial for designing and evaluating mobile solutions in the IoT, there is a lack of focus on the mobility of IoT objects. In this work, Small World In Motion (SWIM), a model that mimetic human mobility patterns, was extended to reproduce the mobility of IoT objects. We establish a relationship between objects and their locomotion characteristics based on two key premises. Firstly, certain IoT devices exhibit movement patterns similar to humans (e.g., smartphones). Secondly, some devices are predominantly stationary (e.g., smart TVs). Our model is open-source code, enabling further research and development. We conduct a comprehensive analyze the output mobility model trace, considering spatial, temporal, and social aspects. Additionally, we propose adjustments to the existing literature taxonomy to suitably accommodate the proposed model.
Palavras-chave:
Mobility Model, IoT, Social Internet of Things, Mobility, Datasets
Referências
Nils Aschenbruck, Raphael Ernst, and Peter Martini. 2010. Indoor mobility modelling. In 2010 IEEE Globecom Workshops. IEEE, 1264–1269.
Nils Aschenbruck, Elmar Gerhards-Padilla, Michael Gerharz, Matthias Frank, and Peter Martini. 2007. Modelling mobility in disaster area scenarios. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Symposium on Modeling, analysis, and simulation of wireless and mobile systems. 4–12.
Nils Aschenbruck and Matthias Schwamborn. 2010. Synthetic map-based mobility traces for the performance evaluation in opportunistic networks. In Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Mobile Opportunistic Networking. 143–146.
Hamid Zargari Asl, Antonio Iera, Luigi Atzori, and Giacomo Morabito. 2013. How often social objects meet each other?. In Analysis of the properties of a social network of IoT devices based on real data Proceedings of the IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM’13) December 2013Atlanta, Ga, USA2804-2809.
F. Bai, Narayanan Sadagopan, and A. Helmy. 2003. IMPORTANT: a framework to systematically analyze the Impact of Mobility on Performance of Routing Protocols for Adhoc Networks. 2 (2003), 825–835 vol.2. https://doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM.2003.1208920
Hugo Barbosa, Marc Barthelemy, Gourab Ghoshal, Charlotte R James, Maxime Lenormand, Thomas Louail, Ronaldo Menezes, José J Ramasco, Filippo Simini, and Marcello Tomasini. 2018. Human mobility: Models and applications. Physics Reports 734 (2018), 1–74.
N Bayindir and EW Paisley. 2018. Device: GlobalWebIndex’s flagship report on device ownership & usage’.
Tracy Camp, Jeff Boleng, and Vanessa Davies. 2002. A survey of mobility models for ad hoc network research. Wireless communications and mobile computing 2, 5 (2002), 483–502.
Ekler P de Mattos, Augusto CSA Domingues, Bruno P Santos, Heitor S Ramos, and Antonio AF Loureiro. 2022. The impact of mobility on location privacy: A perspective on smart mobility. IEEE Systems Journal 16, 4 (2022), 5509–5520.
Gabriel Augusto R dos Reis, Bruno P Santos, and Luiz FM Vieira. 2021. MobETX: uma métrica de roteamento ciente da mobilidade para Internet das Coisas. In Anais do XXXIX Simpósio Brasileiro de Redes de Computadores e Sistemas Distribuídos. SBC, 364–377.
A. Ganesh, L. Massoulie, and D. Towsley. 2005. The effect of network topology on the spread of epidemics. In Proceedings IEEE 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies., Vol. 2. 1455–1466 vol. 2. https://doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM.2005.1498374
Distributed Computing Group Group. [n. d.]. Simulator for network algorithms. [link]
Zygmunt J Haas. 1997. A new routing protocol for the reconfigurable wireless networks. In Proceedings of ICUPC 97-6th International Conference on Universal Personal Communications, Vol. 2. IEEE, 562–566.
Xiaoyan Hong, Mario Gerla, Guangyu Pei, and Chih-Chieh Chiang. 1999. A group mobility model for ad hoc wireless networks. In Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Workshop on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems. ACM, 53–60.
David B Johnson and David A Maltz. 1996. Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks. Mobile computing (1996), 153–181.
Jamisson J. Júnior, Thiago Figueiredo, Ramon Lopes, Luiz Torres, and Bruno Santos. 2022. Utilizando aprendizado por representação para a classificação de laços sociais da IoT. In Anais do VI Workshop de Computação Urbana (Fortaleza). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 112–125. https://doi.org/10.5753/courb.2022.223493
Kyunghan Lee, Seongik Hong, Seong Joon Kim, Injong Rhee, and Song Chong. 2011. SLAW: Self-similar least-action human walk. IEEE/ACM Transactions On Networking 20, 2 (2011), 515–529.
Ben Liang and Zygmunt J Haas. 1999. Predictive distance-based mobility management for PCS networks. In IEEE INFOCOM’99. Conference on Computer Communications. Proceedings. Eighteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. The Future is Now (Cat. No. 99CH36320), Vol. 3. IEEE, 1377–1384.
Alessandro Mei and Julinda Stefa. 2009. SWIM: A simple model to generate small mobile worlds. In IEEE INFOCOM 2009. IEEE, 2106–2113.
Vinícius FS Mota, Felipe D Cunha, Daniel F Macedo, José MS Nogueira, and Antonio AF Loureiro. 2014. Protocols, mobility models and tools in opportunistic networks: A survey. Computer Communications 48 (2014), 5–19.
Aarti Munjal, Tracy Camp, and William C Navidi. 2011. Smooth: a simple way to model human mobility. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Modeling, analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems. 351–360.
Philippe Nain, Don Towsley, Benyuan Liu, and Zhen Liu. 2005. Properties of random direction models. In Proceedings IEEE 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies., Vol. 3. IEEE, 1897–1907.
Ivan O Nunes, Clayson Celes, Michael D Silva, Pedro OS Vaz de Melo, and Antonio AF Loureiro. 2017. GRM: Group Regularity Mobility Model. In Proceedings of the 20th ACM International Conference on Modelling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems. 85–89.
Injong Rhee, Minsu Shin, Seongik Hong, Kyunghan Lee, Seong Joon Kim, and Song Chong. 2011. On the levy-walk nature of human mobility. IEEE/ACM transactions on networking 19, 3 (2011), 630–643.
Bardia Safaei, Aliasghar Mohammadsalehi, Kimia Talaei Khoosani, Saba Zarbaf, Amir Mahdi Hosseini Monazzah, Farzad Samie, Lars Bauer, Jörg Henkel, and Alireza Ejlali. 2020. Impacts of mobility models on RPL-based mobile IoT infrastructures: An evaluative comparison and survey. IEEE access 8 (2020), 167779–167829.
Miguel Sánchez and Pietro Manzoni. 2001. ANEJOS: a Java based simulator for ad hoc networks. Future generation computer systems 17, 5 (2001), 573–583.
Bruno P Santos, Olga Goussevskaia, Luiz FM Vieira, Marcos AM Vieira, and Antonio AF Loureiro. 2018. Mobile matrix: routing under mobility in IoT, IoMT, and social IoT. Ad Hoc Networks 78 (2018), 84–98.
Bruno P Santos, Lucas A Silva, CSFS Celes, João B Borges, Bruna S Peres Neto, Marcos Augusto M Vieira, Luiz Filipe M Vieira, Olga N Goussevskaia, and A Loureiro. 2016. Internet das coisas: da teoria à prática. Minicursos SBRC-Simpósio Brasileiro de Redes de Computadores e Sistemas Distribuıdos 31 (2016), 16.
Lucas N. Silva, Paulo H.L. Rettore, Vinicius F.S. Mota, and Bruno P. Santos. 2022. MobVis: A Framework for Analysis and Visualization of Mobility Traces. In 2022 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC). 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCC55528.2022.9912988
Fabrício R. Souza, Augusto Domingues, Pedro Melo, and Antonio Loureiro. 2018. MOCHA: Um framework para caracterização e comparação de traces de mobilidade. In Anais do XXXVI Simpósio Brasileiro de Redes de Computadores e Sistemas Distribuídos (Campos do Jordão). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 894–906. https://doi.org/10.5753/sbrc.2018.2466
Nils Aschenbruck, Elmar Gerhards-Padilla, Michael Gerharz, Matthias Frank, and Peter Martini. 2007. Modelling mobility in disaster area scenarios. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Symposium on Modeling, analysis, and simulation of wireless and mobile systems. 4–12.
Nils Aschenbruck and Matthias Schwamborn. 2010. Synthetic map-based mobility traces for the performance evaluation in opportunistic networks. In Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Mobile Opportunistic Networking. 143–146.
Hamid Zargari Asl, Antonio Iera, Luigi Atzori, and Giacomo Morabito. 2013. How often social objects meet each other?. In Analysis of the properties of a social network of IoT devices based on real data Proceedings of the IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM’13) December 2013Atlanta, Ga, USA2804-2809.
F. Bai, Narayanan Sadagopan, and A. Helmy. 2003. IMPORTANT: a framework to systematically analyze the Impact of Mobility on Performance of Routing Protocols for Adhoc Networks. 2 (2003), 825–835 vol.2. https://doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM.2003.1208920
Hugo Barbosa, Marc Barthelemy, Gourab Ghoshal, Charlotte R James, Maxime Lenormand, Thomas Louail, Ronaldo Menezes, José J Ramasco, Filippo Simini, and Marcello Tomasini. 2018. Human mobility: Models and applications. Physics Reports 734 (2018), 1–74.
N Bayindir and EW Paisley. 2018. Device: GlobalWebIndex’s flagship report on device ownership & usage’.
Tracy Camp, Jeff Boleng, and Vanessa Davies. 2002. A survey of mobility models for ad hoc network research. Wireless communications and mobile computing 2, 5 (2002), 483–502.
Ekler P de Mattos, Augusto CSA Domingues, Bruno P Santos, Heitor S Ramos, and Antonio AF Loureiro. 2022. The impact of mobility on location privacy: A perspective on smart mobility. IEEE Systems Journal 16, 4 (2022), 5509–5520.
Gabriel Augusto R dos Reis, Bruno P Santos, and Luiz FM Vieira. 2021. MobETX: uma métrica de roteamento ciente da mobilidade para Internet das Coisas. In Anais do XXXIX Simpósio Brasileiro de Redes de Computadores e Sistemas Distribuídos. SBC, 364–377.
A. Ganesh, L. Massoulie, and D. Towsley. 2005. The effect of network topology on the spread of epidemics. In Proceedings IEEE 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies., Vol. 2. 1455–1466 vol. 2. https://doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM.2005.1498374
Distributed Computing Group Group. [n. d.]. Simulator for network algorithms. [link]
Zygmunt J Haas. 1997. A new routing protocol for the reconfigurable wireless networks. In Proceedings of ICUPC 97-6th International Conference on Universal Personal Communications, Vol. 2. IEEE, 562–566.
Xiaoyan Hong, Mario Gerla, Guangyu Pei, and Chih-Chieh Chiang. 1999. A group mobility model for ad hoc wireless networks. In Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Workshop on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems. ACM, 53–60.
David B Johnson and David A Maltz. 1996. Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks. Mobile computing (1996), 153–181.
Jamisson J. Júnior, Thiago Figueiredo, Ramon Lopes, Luiz Torres, and Bruno Santos. 2022. Utilizando aprendizado por representação para a classificação de laços sociais da IoT. In Anais do VI Workshop de Computação Urbana (Fortaleza). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 112–125. https://doi.org/10.5753/courb.2022.223493
Kyunghan Lee, Seongik Hong, Seong Joon Kim, Injong Rhee, and Song Chong. 2011. SLAW: Self-similar least-action human walk. IEEE/ACM Transactions On Networking 20, 2 (2011), 515–529.
Ben Liang and Zygmunt J Haas. 1999. Predictive distance-based mobility management for PCS networks. In IEEE INFOCOM’99. Conference on Computer Communications. Proceedings. Eighteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. The Future is Now (Cat. No. 99CH36320), Vol. 3. IEEE, 1377–1384.
Alessandro Mei and Julinda Stefa. 2009. SWIM: A simple model to generate small mobile worlds. In IEEE INFOCOM 2009. IEEE, 2106–2113.
Vinícius FS Mota, Felipe D Cunha, Daniel F Macedo, José MS Nogueira, and Antonio AF Loureiro. 2014. Protocols, mobility models and tools in opportunistic networks: A survey. Computer Communications 48 (2014), 5–19.
Aarti Munjal, Tracy Camp, and William C Navidi. 2011. Smooth: a simple way to model human mobility. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Modeling, analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems. 351–360.
Philippe Nain, Don Towsley, Benyuan Liu, and Zhen Liu. 2005. Properties of random direction models. In Proceedings IEEE 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies., Vol. 3. IEEE, 1897–1907.
Ivan O Nunes, Clayson Celes, Michael D Silva, Pedro OS Vaz de Melo, and Antonio AF Loureiro. 2017. GRM: Group Regularity Mobility Model. In Proceedings of the 20th ACM International Conference on Modelling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems. 85–89.
Injong Rhee, Minsu Shin, Seongik Hong, Kyunghan Lee, Seong Joon Kim, and Song Chong. 2011. On the levy-walk nature of human mobility. IEEE/ACM transactions on networking 19, 3 (2011), 630–643.
Bardia Safaei, Aliasghar Mohammadsalehi, Kimia Talaei Khoosani, Saba Zarbaf, Amir Mahdi Hosseini Monazzah, Farzad Samie, Lars Bauer, Jörg Henkel, and Alireza Ejlali. 2020. Impacts of mobility models on RPL-based mobile IoT infrastructures: An evaluative comparison and survey. IEEE access 8 (2020), 167779–167829.
Miguel Sánchez and Pietro Manzoni. 2001. ANEJOS: a Java based simulator for ad hoc networks. Future generation computer systems 17, 5 (2001), 573–583.
Bruno P Santos, Olga Goussevskaia, Luiz FM Vieira, Marcos AM Vieira, and Antonio AF Loureiro. 2018. Mobile matrix: routing under mobility in IoT, IoMT, and social IoT. Ad Hoc Networks 78 (2018), 84–98.
Bruno P Santos, Lucas A Silva, CSFS Celes, João B Borges, Bruna S Peres Neto, Marcos Augusto M Vieira, Luiz Filipe M Vieira, Olga N Goussevskaia, and A Loureiro. 2016. Internet das coisas: da teoria à prática. Minicursos SBRC-Simpósio Brasileiro de Redes de Computadores e Sistemas Distribuıdos 31 (2016), 16.
Lucas N. Silva, Paulo H.L. Rettore, Vinicius F.S. Mota, and Bruno P. Santos. 2022. MobVis: A Framework for Analysis and Visualization of Mobility Traces. In 2022 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC). 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCC55528.2022.9912988
Fabrício R. Souza, Augusto Domingues, Pedro Melo, and Antonio Loureiro. 2018. MOCHA: Um framework para caracterização e comparação de traces de mobilidade. In Anais do XXXVI Simpósio Brasileiro de Redes de Computadores e Sistemas Distribuídos (Campos do Jordão). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 894–906. https://doi.org/10.5753/sbrc.2018.2466
Publicado
23/10/2023
Como Citar
ALVES, Talita E. A.; RETTORE, Paulo H. L.; SANTOS, Bruno P..
A Mobility Model of The Internet of Things. In: BRAZILIAN SYMPOSIUM ON MULTIMEDIA AND THE WEB (WEBMEDIA), 29. , 2023, Ribeirão Preto/SP.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2023
.
p. 221–229.
