Impacto da Pandemia na Discussão sobre Saúde Mental: O Caso do Discord no Brasil
Resumo
The period of social isolation due to COVID-19 generated a significant impact on our routines, relationships, and mental health. We had to suddenly adapt to a new scenario where social interactions were only possible online, resulting in increased use of various platforms, including Discord. Given the popularization of this platform in the past years, this paper analyzes data from public Brazilian Discord groups before, during and after the pandemic, focusing on topics related to users’ mental health. We conduct a network characterization, observing how the distribution of the number of messages and active users changed over time. We then analyze the content of messages based on a set of keywords selected by psychiatric specialists and divided into six categories: Depression, Suicide, Anxiety, Psychosis, Disorders, and General Issues. Our analyses showed a peak of activity at the beginning of 2020, coinciding with quarantine measures in Brazil. During the pandemic, we also observed an increase in activity during atypical hours, such as from 3 a.m. to 9 a.m. With the end of the pandemic, the message exchange rates returned to normal, but user retention remained high compared to the pre-pandemic period. Regarding the content of messages, we noticed that, during isolation, there was a higher frequency in the use of sensitive terms, which remained elevated even after the end of the pandemic.
Palavras-chave:
Redes sociais, COVID-19, pandemia, saúde mental, Discord, análise temporal, termos sensíveis, comportamento do usuário, isolamento social, interações online, dados públicos, mensagens de texto
Referências
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Ruta Clair, Maya Gordon, Matthew Kroon, and Carolyn Reilly. 2021. The effects of social isolation on well-being and life satisfaction during pandemic. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 8, 1 (2021), 28. DOI: 10.1057/s41599-021-00710-3
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Julie A Dopheide. 2020. Insomnia overview: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and monitoring, and nonpharmacologic therapy. The American journal of managed care 26, 4 Suppl (2020), S76–S84.
Jan Fillies, Silvio Peikert, and Adrian Paschke. 2024. Hateful Messages: A Conversational Data Set of Hate Speech Produced by Adolescents on Discord. In Data Science—Analytics and Applications, Peter Haber, Thomas J. Lampoltshammer, and Manfred Mayr (Eds.). Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 37–44.
Daniel G Heslep and PS Berge. 2024. Mapping Discord’s darkside: Distributed hate networks on Disboard. New Media & Society 26, 1 (2024), 534–555. DOI: 10.1177/14614448211062548
Mohamad Hoseini, Philipe Melo, Manoel Júnior, Fabrício Benevenuto, Balakrishnan Chandrasekaran, Anja Feldmann, and Savvas Zannettou. 2020. Demystifying the Messaging Platforms’ Ecosystem Through the Lens of Twitter. In Proceedings of the ACM Internet Measurement Conference (Virtual Event, USA) (IMC ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 345–359. DOI: 10.1145/3419394.3423651
Alisar Hudimova, Ihor Popovych, Vita Baidyk, Olena Buriak, and Olha Kechyk. 2021. The impact of social media on young web users’ psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic progression. Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, 39 (2021), 50–61.
Jialun Aaron Jiang, Charles Kiene, Skyler Middler, Jed R. Brubaker, and Casey Fiesler. 2019. Moderation Challenges in Voice-Based Online Communities on Discord. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 3, CSCW, Article 55 (nov 2019), 23 pages. DOI: 10.1145/3359157
Manoel Júnior, Philipe Melo, Daniel Kansaon, Vitor Mafra, Kaio Sa, and Fabricio Benevenuto. 2022. Telegram Monitor: Monitoring Brazilian Political Groups and Channels on Telegram. In Proceedings of the 33rd ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media (Barcelona, Spain) (HT ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 228–231. DOI: 10.1145/3511095.3536375
Abderrahman M. Khalaf, Abdullah A. Alubied, Ahmed M. Khalaf, and Abdallah A. Rifaey. 2023. The Impact of Social Media on the Mental Health of Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review. Cureus 15, 8 (2023),e42990. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42990
Lisa Lacher and Cydnee Biehl. 2018. Using Discord to Understand and Moderate Collaboration and Teamwork: (Abstract Only). In Proceedings of the 49th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (Baltimore, Maryland, USA) (SIGCSE ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1107. DOI: 10.1145/3159450.3162231
Hongfei Liu, Wentong Liu, Vignesh Yoganathan, and Victoria-Sophie Osburg. 2021. COVID-19 information overload and generation Z’s social media discontinuance intention during the pandemic lockdown. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 166 (2021), 120600. DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120600
Debora Marques de Miranda, Bruno da Silva Athanasio, Ana Cecília Sena Oliveira, and Ana Cristina Simoes e Silva. 2020. How is COVID-19 pandemic impacting mental health of children and adolescents? International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 51 (2020), 101845. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101845
Philipe Melo, Johnnatan Messias, Gustavo Resende, Kiran Garimella, Jussara Almeida, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2019. Whatsapp monitor: A fact-checking system for whatsapp. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Vol. 13. 676–677.
Matheus Adler Soares Pinto, Antonio Fernando Lavareda Jacob Junior, Antonio José G. Busson, and Sérgio Colcher. 2020. Relacionando Modelagem de Tópicos e Classificação de Sentimentos para Análise de Mensagens do Twitter Durante a Pandemia da COVID-19. In Anais Estendidos do XXVI Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Multimídia e Web (São Luís). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 61–64. DOI: 10.5753/webmedia_estendido.2020.13064
Gustavo Resende, Philipe Melo, Hugo Sousa, Johnnatan Messias, Marisa Vasconcelos, Jussara Almeida, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2019. (Mis)Information Dissemination in WhatsApp: Gathering, Analyzing and Countermeasures. In The World Wide Web Conference (San Francisco, CA, USA) (WWW ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 818–828. DOI: 10.1145/3308558.3313688
Koustuv Saha, John Torous, Eric D Caine, and Munmun De Choudhury. 2020. Psychosocial Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Large-scale Quasi-Experimental Study on Social Media. J Med Internet Res 22, 11 (24 Nov 2020), e22600. DOI: 10.2196/22600
Anika Seufert, Fabian Poignée, Tobias Hoßfeld, and Michael Seufert. 2022. Pandemic in the digital age: analyzing WhatsApp communication behavior before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (2022).
A. K. Singh, V. Ghafouri, J. Such, and G. Suarez-Tangil. 2024. Differences in the Toxic Language of Cross-Platform Communities. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 18, 1 (2024), 1463–1476. DOI: 10.1609/icwsm.v18i1.31402
Cristina Tardaguila, Fabricio Benevenuto, and Pablo Ortellado. 2018. Fake News Is Poisoning Brazilian Politics. WhatsApp Can Stop It. [link]
Hilde Thygesen, Tore Bonsaksen, Mariyana Schoultz, Mary Ruffolo, Janni Leung, Daicia Price, and Amy Østertun Geirdal. 2022. Social Media Use and Its Associations With Mental Health 9 Months After the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-National Study. Frontiers in Public Health 9 (2022). DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.752004
Anita Johanna Tørmoen, Martin Øverlien Myhre, Anine Therese Kildahl, Fredrik Andreas Walby, and Ingeborg Rossow. 2023. A nationwide study on time spent on social media and self-harm among adolescents. Scientific Reports 13, 1 (2023), 19111. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46370-y
Wallace Da Silva Coelho Valadão, Eric Rodrigues Da Silva, Paulo Márcio Souza Freire, and Ronaldo Ribeiro Goldschmidt. 2023. A Contextualized Embeddings-based Method to Detect Suicide Ideations in Texts. In Proceedings of the 29th Brazilian Symposium on Multimedia and the Web (Ribeirão Preto, Brazil) (WebMedia ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 41–45. DOI: 10.1145/3617023.3617030
Robin van der Sanden, Chris Wilkins, Marta Rychert, and Monica J. Barratt. 2022. The Use of Discord Servers to Buy and Sell Drugs. Contemporary Drug Problems 49, 4 (2022), 453–477. DOI: 10.1177/00914509221095279
Amy M. Wiles and Sean L. Simmons. 2022. Establishment of an Engaged and Active Learning Community in the Biology Classroom and Lab with Discord. Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education 23, 1 (2022), e00334–21. DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.00334-21 [link]
Arum Nisma Wulanjani. 2018. Discord application: Turning a voice chat application for gamers into a virtual listening class. 2 (2018), 115–119.
Sairam Balani and Munmun De Choudhury. 2015. Detecting and Characterizing Mental Health Related Self-Disclosure in Social Media. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA ’15). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1373–1378. DOI: 10.1145/2702613.2732733
BRASIL. 2022. PORTARIA GM/MS No 913, DE 22 DE ABRIL DE 2022. [link]
Hichang Cho, Pengxiang L, Annabel Ngien, Marion Grace Tan, Anfan Chen, and Elmie Nekmata. 2023. The bright and dark sides of social media use during COVID19 lockdown: Contrasting social media effects through social liability vs. social support. Computers in Human Behavior (2023).
Ruta Clair, Maya Gordon, Matthew Kroon, and Carolyn Reilly. 2021. The effects of social isolation on well-being and life satisfaction during pandemic. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 8, 1 (2021), 28. DOI: 10.1057/s41599-021-00710-3
Marilisa Berti de Azevedo Barros, Margareth Guimarães Lima, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Renata Cruz Soares de Azevedo, Bruna Kelly Fehlberg, Paulo Roberto Borges de Souza Júnior, Luiz Otávio Azevedo, Ísis Eloah Machado, Crizian Saar Gomes, Dália Elena Romero, Giseli Nogueira Damacena, André Oliveira Werneck, Danilo Rodrigues Pereira da Silva, Wanessa da Silva de Almeida, and Célia Landmann Szwarcwald. 2022. Mental health of Brazilian adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research Communications 2, 1 (2022), 100015. DOI: 10.1016/j.psycom.2021.100015
Disboard. 2023. Disboard - Public Discord Server List. [link] Acessado: 01-08-2023.
Discovery. 2023. Explore Discoverable Servers. [link] Acessado: 01-08-2023.
Julie A Dopheide. 2020. Insomnia overview: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and monitoring, and nonpharmacologic therapy. The American journal of managed care 26, 4 Suppl (2020), S76–S84.
Jan Fillies, Silvio Peikert, and Adrian Paschke. 2024. Hateful Messages: A Conversational Data Set of Hate Speech Produced by Adolescents on Discord. In Data Science—Analytics and Applications, Peter Haber, Thomas J. Lampoltshammer, and Manfred Mayr (Eds.). Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 37–44.
Daniel G Heslep and PS Berge. 2024. Mapping Discord’s darkside: Distributed hate networks on Disboard. New Media & Society 26, 1 (2024), 534–555. DOI: 10.1177/14614448211062548
Mohamad Hoseini, Philipe Melo, Manoel Júnior, Fabrício Benevenuto, Balakrishnan Chandrasekaran, Anja Feldmann, and Savvas Zannettou. 2020. Demystifying the Messaging Platforms’ Ecosystem Through the Lens of Twitter. In Proceedings of the ACM Internet Measurement Conference (Virtual Event, USA) (IMC ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 345–359. DOI: 10.1145/3419394.3423651
Alisar Hudimova, Ihor Popovych, Vita Baidyk, Olena Buriak, and Olha Kechyk. 2021. The impact of social media on young web users’ psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic progression. Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, 39 (2021), 50–61.
Jialun Aaron Jiang, Charles Kiene, Skyler Middler, Jed R. Brubaker, and Casey Fiesler. 2019. Moderation Challenges in Voice-Based Online Communities on Discord. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 3, CSCW, Article 55 (nov 2019), 23 pages. DOI: 10.1145/3359157
Manoel Júnior, Philipe Melo, Daniel Kansaon, Vitor Mafra, Kaio Sa, and Fabricio Benevenuto. 2022. Telegram Monitor: Monitoring Brazilian Political Groups and Channels on Telegram. In Proceedings of the 33rd ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media (Barcelona, Spain) (HT ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 228–231. DOI: 10.1145/3511095.3536375
Abderrahman M. Khalaf, Abdullah A. Alubied, Ahmed M. Khalaf, and Abdallah A. Rifaey. 2023. The Impact of Social Media on the Mental Health of Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review. Cureus 15, 8 (2023),e42990. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42990
Lisa Lacher and Cydnee Biehl. 2018. Using Discord to Understand and Moderate Collaboration and Teamwork: (Abstract Only). In Proceedings of the 49th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (Baltimore, Maryland, USA) (SIGCSE ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1107. DOI: 10.1145/3159450.3162231
Hongfei Liu, Wentong Liu, Vignesh Yoganathan, and Victoria-Sophie Osburg. 2021. COVID-19 information overload and generation Z’s social media discontinuance intention during the pandemic lockdown. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 166 (2021), 120600. DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120600
Debora Marques de Miranda, Bruno da Silva Athanasio, Ana Cecília Sena Oliveira, and Ana Cristina Simoes e Silva. 2020. How is COVID-19 pandemic impacting mental health of children and adolescents? International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 51 (2020), 101845. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101845
Philipe Melo, Johnnatan Messias, Gustavo Resende, Kiran Garimella, Jussara Almeida, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2019. Whatsapp monitor: A fact-checking system for whatsapp. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Vol. 13. 676–677.
Matheus Adler Soares Pinto, Antonio Fernando Lavareda Jacob Junior, Antonio José G. Busson, and Sérgio Colcher. 2020. Relacionando Modelagem de Tópicos e Classificação de Sentimentos para Análise de Mensagens do Twitter Durante a Pandemia da COVID-19. In Anais Estendidos do XXVI Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Multimídia e Web (São Luís). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 61–64. DOI: 10.5753/webmedia_estendido.2020.13064
Gustavo Resende, Philipe Melo, Hugo Sousa, Johnnatan Messias, Marisa Vasconcelos, Jussara Almeida, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2019. (Mis)Information Dissemination in WhatsApp: Gathering, Analyzing and Countermeasures. In The World Wide Web Conference (San Francisco, CA, USA) (WWW ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 818–828. DOI: 10.1145/3308558.3313688
Koustuv Saha, John Torous, Eric D Caine, and Munmun De Choudhury. 2020. Psychosocial Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Large-scale Quasi-Experimental Study on Social Media. J Med Internet Res 22, 11 (24 Nov 2020), e22600. DOI: 10.2196/22600
Anika Seufert, Fabian Poignée, Tobias Hoßfeld, and Michael Seufert. 2022. Pandemic in the digital age: analyzing WhatsApp communication behavior before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (2022).
A. K. Singh, V. Ghafouri, J. Such, and G. Suarez-Tangil. 2024. Differences in the Toxic Language of Cross-Platform Communities. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 18, 1 (2024), 1463–1476. DOI: 10.1609/icwsm.v18i1.31402
Cristina Tardaguila, Fabricio Benevenuto, and Pablo Ortellado. 2018. Fake News Is Poisoning Brazilian Politics. WhatsApp Can Stop It. [link]
Hilde Thygesen, Tore Bonsaksen, Mariyana Schoultz, Mary Ruffolo, Janni Leung, Daicia Price, and Amy Østertun Geirdal. 2022. Social Media Use and Its Associations With Mental Health 9 Months After the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-National Study. Frontiers in Public Health 9 (2022). DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.752004
Anita Johanna Tørmoen, Martin Øverlien Myhre, Anine Therese Kildahl, Fredrik Andreas Walby, and Ingeborg Rossow. 2023. A nationwide study on time spent on social media and self-harm among adolescents. Scientific Reports 13, 1 (2023), 19111. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46370-y
Wallace Da Silva Coelho Valadão, Eric Rodrigues Da Silva, Paulo Márcio Souza Freire, and Ronaldo Ribeiro Goldschmidt. 2023. A Contextualized Embeddings-based Method to Detect Suicide Ideations in Texts. In Proceedings of the 29th Brazilian Symposium on Multimedia and the Web (Ribeirão Preto, Brazil) (WebMedia ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 41–45. DOI: 10.1145/3617023.3617030
Robin van der Sanden, Chris Wilkins, Marta Rychert, and Monica J. Barratt. 2022. The Use of Discord Servers to Buy and Sell Drugs. Contemporary Drug Problems 49, 4 (2022), 453–477. DOI: 10.1177/00914509221095279
Amy M. Wiles and Sean L. Simmons. 2022. Establishment of an Engaged and Active Learning Community in the Biology Classroom and Lab with Discord. Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education 23, 1 (2022), e00334–21. DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.00334-21 [link]
Arum Nisma Wulanjani. 2018. Discord application: Turning a voice chat application for gamers into a virtual listening class. 2 (2018), 115–119.
Publicado
14/10/2024
Como Citar
BENTO, Pedro et al.
Impacto da Pandemia na Discussão sobre Saúde Mental: O Caso do Discord no Brasil. In: BRAZILIAN SYMPOSIUM ON MULTIMEDIA AND THE WEB (WEBMEDIA), 30. , 2024, Juiz de Fora/MG.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2024
.
p. 179-187.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/webmedia.2024.243238.
