L6 Data Agents: From Individual Intelligence to Collective Autonomy
Resumo
We introduce Level 6 (L6) Data Agents, a framework in which collective autonomy emerges from structured interactions among agents under an adaptive algorithmic protocol. The framework incorporates a reputation-driven mechanism, where agents accumulate scores based on the quality and impact of their contributions, guiding selection and propagation. We also propose an iterative algorithm that combines evaluation, reputation updating, and adaptation, through which innovation emerges as a collective phenomenon. Additionally, a dynamic consensus threshold adapts to system performance, balancing novelty search and refinement and enabling robust and scalable collective autonomy.Referências
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Fernandez, R. C., Elmore, A. J., Franklin, M. J., Krishnan, S., and Tan, C. (2023). How large language models will disrupt data management. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 16(11):3302–3309.
Fu, Y., Wang, D., Ying, W., Zhang, X., Liu, H., and Pei, J. (2025). Autonomous data agents: A new opportunity for smart data. arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.18710.
Hong, S., Lin, Y., Liu, B., Liu, B., Wu, B., Zhang, C., Li, D., Chen, J., Zhang, J., Wang, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, L., Yang, M., Zhuge, M., Guo, T., Zhou, T., Tao, W., Tang, R., Lu, X., Zheng, X., Liang, X., Fei, Y., Cheng, Y., Ni, Y., Gou, Z., Xu, Z., Luo, Y., and Wu, C. (2025). Data interpreter: An llm agent for data science. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025, pages 19796–19821, Vienna, Austria. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Hong, S., Zhuge, M., Chen, J., Zheng, X., Cheng, Y., Zhang, C., Wang, J., Wang, Z., Yau, S. K. S., Lin, Z., Zhou, L., Ran, C., Xiao, L., Wu, C., and Schmidhuber, J. (2024). Metagpt: Meta programming for a multi-agent collaborative framework. In Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Learning Representations.
Piccialli, F., Chiaro, D., Sarwar, S., Cerciello, D., Qi, P., and Mele, V. (2025). Agentai: A comprehensive survey on autonomous agents in distributed ai for industry 4.0. Expert Systems with Applications, 291:128404.
Qian, C., Liu, W., Liu, H., Chen, N., Dang, Y., Li, J., Yang, C., Chen, W., Su, Y., Cong, X., Xu, J., Li, D., Liu, Z., and Sun, M. (2024). Chatdev: Communicative agents for software development. In Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 15174–15186, Bangkok, Thailand. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Shinn, N., Cassano, F., Gopinath, A., Narasimhan, K., and Yao, S. (2023). Reflexion: Language agents with verbal reinforcement learning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 36, pages 8634–8652.
Sun, M., Han, R., Jiang, B., Qi, H., Sun, D., Yuan, Y., and Huang, J. (2025a). A survey on large language model-based agents for statistics and data science. The American Statistician, pages 331–344.
Sun, M., Han, R., Jiang, B., Qi, H., Sun, D., Yuan, Y., and Huang, J. (2026). Lambda: A large model based data agent. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 121(553):1–13.
Sun, Z., Wang, J., Zhao, X., Wang, J., and Li, G. (2025b). Data agent: A holistic architecture for orchestrating data-ai ecosystems. arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.01599.
Tang, Z., Wang, W., Zhou, Z., Jiao, Y., Xu, B., Niu, B., Zhou, X., Li, G., He, Y., Zhou, W., Song, Y., Tan, C., Wang, B., He, C., Wang, X., and Wu, F. (2025). Llm/agent-as-data-analyst: A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.23988.
Wang, G., Xie, Y., Jiang, Y., Mandlekar, A., Xiao, C., Zhu, Y., Fan, L., and Anandkumar, A. (2023). Voyager: An open-ended embodied agent with large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.16291.
Wang, L., Ma, C., Feng, X., Zhang, Z., Yang, H., Zhang, J., Chen, Z., Tang, J., Chen, X., Lin, Y., Zhao, W. X., Wei, Z., and Wen, J.-R. (2024). A survey on large language model based autonomous agents. Frontiers of Computer Science, 18(6):186345.
Wang, P., Yu, Y., Chen, K., Zhan, X., and Wang, H. (2025). Large language model-based data science agent: A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.02744.
Xi, Z., Chen, W., Guo, X., He, W., Ding, Y., Hong, B., Zhang, M., Wang, J., Jin, S., Zhou, E., Zheng, R., Fan, X., Wang, X., Xiong, L., Zhou, Y., Wang, W., Jiang, C., Zou, Y., Liu, X., Yin, Z., Dou, S., Weng, R., Cheng, W., Zhang, Q., Qin, W., Zheng, Y., Qiu, X., Huang, X., and Gui, T. (2025). The rise and potential of large language model based agents: A survey. Science China Information Sciences, 68:121101.
Yao, S., Zhao, J., Yu, D., Du, N., Shafran, I., Narasimhan, K., and Cao, Y. (2023). React: Synergizing reasoning and acting in language models. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations.
Zhou, X., He, J., Zhou, W., Chen, H., Tang, Z., Zhao, H., Tong, X., Li, G., Chen, Y., Zhou, J., Sun, Z., Hui, B., Wang, S., He, C., Liu, Z., Zhou, J., and Wu, F. (2025). A survey of llm × data. arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.18458.
Zhu, Y., Wang, L., Yang, C., Lin, X., Li, B., Zhou, W., Liu, X., Peng, Z., Luo, T., Li, Y., Chai, C., Chen, C., Di, S., Fan, J., Sun, J., Tang, N., Tsung, F., Wang, J., Wu, C., Xu, Y., Zhang, S., Zhang, Y., Zhou, X., Li, G., and Luo, Y. (2025). A survey of data agents: Emerging paradigm or overstated hype? arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.23587.
de Miranda, B. A. and Campelo, C. E. C. (2024). How effective is an llm-based data analysis automation tool? a case study with chatgpt’s data analyst. In Simpósio Brasileiro de Banco de Dados (SBBD), pages 287–299. SBC.
Fernandez, R. C., Elmore, A. J., Franklin, M. J., Krishnan, S., and Tan, C. (2023). How large language models will disrupt data management. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 16(11):3302–3309.
Fu, Y., Wang, D., Ying, W., Zhang, X., Liu, H., and Pei, J. (2025). Autonomous data agents: A new opportunity for smart data. arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.18710.
Hong, S., Lin, Y., Liu, B., Liu, B., Wu, B., Zhang, C., Li, D., Chen, J., Zhang, J., Wang, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, L., Yang, M., Zhuge, M., Guo, T., Zhou, T., Tao, W., Tang, R., Lu, X., Zheng, X., Liang, X., Fei, Y., Cheng, Y., Ni, Y., Gou, Z., Xu, Z., Luo, Y., and Wu, C. (2025). Data interpreter: An llm agent for data science. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025, pages 19796–19821, Vienna, Austria. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Hong, S., Zhuge, M., Chen, J., Zheng, X., Cheng, Y., Zhang, C., Wang, J., Wang, Z., Yau, S. K. S., Lin, Z., Zhou, L., Ran, C., Xiao, L., Wu, C., and Schmidhuber, J. (2024). Metagpt: Meta programming for a multi-agent collaborative framework. In Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Learning Representations.
Piccialli, F., Chiaro, D., Sarwar, S., Cerciello, D., Qi, P., and Mele, V. (2025). Agentai: A comprehensive survey on autonomous agents in distributed ai for industry 4.0. Expert Systems with Applications, 291:128404.
Qian, C., Liu, W., Liu, H., Chen, N., Dang, Y., Li, J., Yang, C., Chen, W., Su, Y., Cong, X., Xu, J., Li, D., Liu, Z., and Sun, M. (2024). Chatdev: Communicative agents for software development. In Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 15174–15186, Bangkok, Thailand. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Shinn, N., Cassano, F., Gopinath, A., Narasimhan, K., and Yao, S. (2023). Reflexion: Language agents with verbal reinforcement learning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 36, pages 8634–8652.
Sun, M., Han, R., Jiang, B., Qi, H., Sun, D., Yuan, Y., and Huang, J. (2025a). A survey on large language model-based agents for statistics and data science. The American Statistician, pages 331–344.
Sun, M., Han, R., Jiang, B., Qi, H., Sun, D., Yuan, Y., and Huang, J. (2026). Lambda: A large model based data agent. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 121(553):1–13.
Sun, Z., Wang, J., Zhao, X., Wang, J., and Li, G. (2025b). Data agent: A holistic architecture for orchestrating data-ai ecosystems. arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.01599.
Tang, Z., Wang, W., Zhou, Z., Jiao, Y., Xu, B., Niu, B., Zhou, X., Li, G., He, Y., Zhou, W., Song, Y., Tan, C., Wang, B., He, C., Wang, X., and Wu, F. (2025). Llm/agent-as-data-analyst: A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.23988.
Wang, G., Xie, Y., Jiang, Y., Mandlekar, A., Xiao, C., Zhu, Y., Fan, L., and Anandkumar, A. (2023). Voyager: An open-ended embodied agent with large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.16291.
Wang, L., Ma, C., Feng, X., Zhang, Z., Yang, H., Zhang, J., Chen, Z., Tang, J., Chen, X., Lin, Y., Zhao, W. X., Wei, Z., and Wen, J.-R. (2024). A survey on large language model based autonomous agents. Frontiers of Computer Science, 18(6):186345.
Wang, P., Yu, Y., Chen, K., Zhan, X., and Wang, H. (2025). Large language model-based data science agent: A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.02744.
Xi, Z., Chen, W., Guo, X., He, W., Ding, Y., Hong, B., Zhang, M., Wang, J., Jin, S., Zhou, E., Zheng, R., Fan, X., Wang, X., Xiong, L., Zhou, Y., Wang, W., Jiang, C., Zou, Y., Liu, X., Yin, Z., Dou, S., Weng, R., Cheng, W., Zhang, Q., Qin, W., Zheng, Y., Qiu, X., Huang, X., and Gui, T. (2025). The rise and potential of large language model based agents: A survey. Science China Information Sciences, 68:121101.
Yao, S., Zhao, J., Yu, D., Du, N., Shafran, I., Narasimhan, K., and Cao, Y. (2023). React: Synergizing reasoning and acting in language models. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations.
Zhou, X., He, J., Zhou, W., Chen, H., Tang, Z., Zhao, H., Tong, X., Li, G., Chen, Y., Zhou, J., Sun, Z., Hui, B., Wang, S., He, C., Liu, Z., Zhou, J., and Wu, F. (2025). A survey of llm × data. arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.18458.
Zhu, Y., Wang, L., Yang, C., Lin, X., Li, B., Zhou, W., Liu, X., Peng, Z., Luo, T., Li, Y., Chai, C., Chen, C., Di, S., Fan, J., Sun, J., Tang, N., Tsung, F., Wang, J., Wu, C., Xu, Y., Zhang, S., Zhang, Y., Zhou, X., Li, G., and Luo, Y. (2025). A survey of data agents: Emerging paradigm or overstated hype? arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.23587.
Publicado
19/10/2026
Como Citar
NASCIMENTO, Dimas Cassimiro; SILVA, Daliton da.
L6 Data Agents: From Individual Intelligence to Collective Autonomy. In: ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL E COMPUTACIONAL (ENIAC), 23. , 2026, Cuiabá/MT.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2026
.
p. 969-980.
ISSN 2763-9061.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/eniac.2026.30736.
