Uma proposta de game design para gamificação educacional estrutural através da criação de histórias
Resumo
A gamificação tem sido amplamente investigada, mas ainda pairam dúvidas sobre a melhor forma de desenvolver uma arquitetura capaz de motivar e engajar as pessoas. Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de game design para gamificação estrutural em educação, cujo processo é guiado pela história do jogo. O processo intitulado Game Design Storytelling foi validado através de um estudo com um grupo de quatorze pessoas, desenvolvedores de jogos, que já tiveram algum contato com gamificação. Os resultados são promissores, e indicam que o processo pode auxiliar as pessoas na criação de gamificação.
Palavras-chave:
Elementos de jogos, gamificação, storytelling, game design
Referências
T. Malone, “Lepper (1987). making learning fun: A taxonomy of intrinsic motivations for learning,” Aptitude, Learning, and Instruction, vol. 3, 8.
K. Werbach and D. Hunter, For the win: How game thinking can revolutionize your business. Wharton Digital Press, 2012.
K. M. Kapp, The gamification of learning and instruction: game-based methods and strategies for training and education. John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
F. F.-H. Nah, V. R. Telaprolu, S. Rallapalli, and P. R. Venkata, “Gamification of education using computer games,” in International Conference on Human Interface and the Management of Information. Springer, 2013, pp. 99–107.
F. Alves, Gamification: como criar experiencias de aprendizagem engajadoras. DVS editora, 2015.
A. C. T. Klock, I. Gasparini, and M. S. Pimenta, “User-centered gamification for e-learning systems: A quantitative and qualitative analysis of its application,” Interacting with Computers, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 425–445, 2019.
F. M. Connelly and D. J. Clandinin, “Narrative and education,” Teachers and teaching, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 73–85, 1995.
D. J. Clandinin, “Narrative and story in teacher education,” in Journeys in Narrative Inquiry. Routledge, 2019, pp. 91–102.
F. G. Pires, J. C. Duarte, L. da Silva Pessoa, K. S. dos Santos Pereira, R. Melo, and R. de Freitas, “Uma análise cognitiva entre a emergência de padrões em narrativas infantis e elementos do pensamento computacional,” in Brazilian Symposium on Computers in Education (Simpósio Brasileiro de Informatica na Educação-SBIE), vol. 29, no. 1, 2018, p. 1193.
J. B. Worthen and R. R. Hunt, Mnemonology: Mnemonics for the 21st century. Psychology Press, 2011.
C. Leon, “An architecture of narrative memory,” Biologically inspired cognitive architectures, vol. 16, pp. 19–33, 2016.
E. Aarseth, “A narrative theory of games,” in Proceedings of the international conference on the foundations of digital Games, 2012, pp. 129–133.
F. G. de Sousa Pires, M. S. P. Pessoa, R. M. Ferreira, J. R. S. Bernardo, and F. M. M. de Lima, “O livro do conhecimento: um serious game educacional para aprendizagem de ortografia da lígua portuguesa,” Revista Brasileira de Informatica na Educação, vol. 28, p. 436, 2020.
S. Rogers, Level Up! The guide to great video game design. John Wiley Sons, 2014.
F. G. S. Pires, M. S. P. Pessoa, R. M. Ferreira, J. R. S. Bernardo, and F. M. M. de Lima, “O livro do conhecimento: um serious game educacional para aprendizagem de ortografia da l´?ngua portuguesa,” Revista Brasileira de Informatica na Educação, vol. 28, p. 436, 2020.
J. Macena, F. Pires, and M. Pessoa, “Operação lovelace: uma abordagem lúdica para introdução de aprendizagem em algoritmos,” pp. 752–758, 2020.
D. Dicheva, C. Dichev, G. Agre, and G. Angelova, “Gamification in education: A systematic mapping study.” Journal of Educational Technology & Society, vol. 18, no. 3, 2015.
T. J. Brigham, “An introduction to gamification: adding game elements for engagement,” Medical reference services quarterly, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 471–480, 2015.
A. C. T. Klock, I. Gasparini, and M. S. Pimenta, “5w2h framework: a guide to design, develop and evaluate the user-centered gamification,” in Proceedings of the 15th Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2016, pp. 1–10.
M. A. Cezarotto and A. L. Battaiola, “Estudo comparativo entre modelos de game design para jogos educacionais,” Proceedings of SBGames. Curitiba: SBC, 2017.
A. M. Toda, A. C. Klock, W. Oliveira, P. T. Palomino, L. Rodrigues, L. Shi, I. Bittencourt, I. Gasparini, S. Isotani, and A. I. Cristea, “Analysing gamification elements in educational environments using an existing gamification taxonomy,” Smart Learning Environments, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 16, 2019
J. Huizinga, Homo ludens: proeve eener bepaling van het spel-element der cultuur. Amsterdam University Press, 2008.
C. C. Abt, Serious games. New York: Viking Compass, 1975, vol. 1.
K. Salen and E. Zimmerman, Regras do jogo: fundamentos do design de jogos (vol.1), ser. Principais conceitos. Blucher, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.com.br/books?id=AF-tDwAAQBAJ
T. Fullerton, Game design workshop: a playcentric approach to creating innovative games. CRC press, 2014.
M. S. O. Almeida and F. S. C. da Silva, “A systematic review of game design methods and tools,” in International Conference on Entertainment Computing. Springer, 2013, pp. 17–29.
R. Melo, F. Pires, P. Lima, M. Pessoa, and D. B. F. de Oliveira, “Metodologias para a criação de jogos educacionais: um mapeamento sistemático da literatura,” in Anais do XXXI Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática na Educação . SBC, 2020, pp. 572–581.
F. Honda, F. Pires, M. Pessoa, and E. H. T. de Oliveira, “Lições aprendidas em computação através da criação de um jogo educacional: entre automatos e design de aprendizagem,” in Anais do XXXI Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática na Educação. SBC, 2020, pp. 1753–1762.
K. Neil, “Game design tools: Time to evaluate,” Proceedings of 2012 DiGRA Nordic, 2012
E. Paravizo, O. C. Chaim, D. Braatz, B. Muschard, and H. Rozenfeld, “Exploring gamification to support manufacturing education on industry 4.0 as an enabler for innovation and sustainability,” Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 21, pp. 438–445, 2018.
C. Wolf, S. Bott, I. Hernandez, and L. Grieve, “Teaching about the health care industry through gamification,” American journal of pharmaceutical education, vol. 82, no. 4, 2018.
O. Korn, P. Muschick, and A. Schmidt, “Gamification of production? a study on the acceptance of gamified work processes in the automotive industry,” in Advances in affective and pleasurable design. Springer, 2017, pp. 433–445.
J. Schell, The Art of Game Design: A book of lenses. CRC press, 2008
R. Koster, Theory of Fun for Game Design. O’Reilly Media, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.com.br/books?id=3TAKAgAAQBAJ
C. Marache-Francisco and E. Brangier, “Process of gamification,” Proceedings of the 6th Centric, pp. 126–131, 2013.
A. Toda, W. Oliveira, A. Klock, P. Palomino, M. Pimenta, I. Bittencourt, L. Shi, I. Gasparini, S. Isotani, and A. Cristea, “A taxonomy of game elements for gamification in educational contexts: Proposal and evaluation,” in 2019 IEEE 19th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT), vol. 2161. IEEE, 2019, pp. 84–88.
G. Zichermann and C. Cunningham, Gamification by design: Implementing game mechanics in web and mobile apps. ”O’Reilly Media, Inc.”, 2011.
J. Ferrara, Playful design: Creating game experiences in everyday interfaces. Rosenfeld Media, 2012.
A. Iosup and D. Epema, “An experience report on using gamification in technical higher education,” in Proceedings of the 45th ACM technical symposium on Computer science education, 2014, pp. 27–32.
E. Aarseth, “A narrative theory of games,” in Proceedings of the international conference on the foundations of digital Games, 2012, pp. 129–133.
H. Jenkins, “Game design as narrative,” Computer, vol. 44, no. 53, pp. 118–130, 2004.
C. Moser and X. Fang, “Narrative structure and player experience in role-playing games,” International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 146–156, 2015.
J. Bruner, “Life as narrative,” Social research, pp. 11–32, 1987.
J. Hogberg, J. Hamari, and E. Wästlund, “Gameful experience questionnaire (gamefulquest): an instrument for measuring the perceived gamefulness of system use,” User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 619–660, 2019.
K. Werbach and D. Hunter, For the win: How game thinking can revolutionize your business. Wharton Digital Press, 2012.
K. M. Kapp, The gamification of learning and instruction: game-based methods and strategies for training and education. John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
F. F.-H. Nah, V. R. Telaprolu, S. Rallapalli, and P. R. Venkata, “Gamification of education using computer games,” in International Conference on Human Interface and the Management of Information. Springer, 2013, pp. 99–107.
F. Alves, Gamification: como criar experiencias de aprendizagem engajadoras. DVS editora, 2015.
A. C. T. Klock, I. Gasparini, and M. S. Pimenta, “User-centered gamification for e-learning systems: A quantitative and qualitative analysis of its application,” Interacting with Computers, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 425–445, 2019.
F. M. Connelly and D. J. Clandinin, “Narrative and education,” Teachers and teaching, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 73–85, 1995.
D. J. Clandinin, “Narrative and story in teacher education,” in Journeys in Narrative Inquiry. Routledge, 2019, pp. 91–102.
F. G. Pires, J. C. Duarte, L. da Silva Pessoa, K. S. dos Santos Pereira, R. Melo, and R. de Freitas, “Uma análise cognitiva entre a emergência de padrões em narrativas infantis e elementos do pensamento computacional,” in Brazilian Symposium on Computers in Education (Simpósio Brasileiro de Informatica na Educação-SBIE), vol. 29, no. 1, 2018, p. 1193.
J. B. Worthen and R. R. Hunt, Mnemonology: Mnemonics for the 21st century. Psychology Press, 2011.
C. Leon, “An architecture of narrative memory,” Biologically inspired cognitive architectures, vol. 16, pp. 19–33, 2016.
E. Aarseth, “A narrative theory of games,” in Proceedings of the international conference on the foundations of digital Games, 2012, pp. 129–133.
F. G. de Sousa Pires, M. S. P. Pessoa, R. M. Ferreira, J. R. S. Bernardo, and F. M. M. de Lima, “O livro do conhecimento: um serious game educacional para aprendizagem de ortografia da lígua portuguesa,” Revista Brasileira de Informatica na Educação, vol. 28, p. 436, 2020.
S. Rogers, Level Up! The guide to great video game design. John Wiley Sons, 2014.
F. G. S. Pires, M. S. P. Pessoa, R. M. Ferreira, J. R. S. Bernardo, and F. M. M. de Lima, “O livro do conhecimento: um serious game educacional para aprendizagem de ortografia da l´?ngua portuguesa,” Revista Brasileira de Informatica na Educação, vol. 28, p. 436, 2020.
J. Macena, F. Pires, and M. Pessoa, “Operação lovelace: uma abordagem lúdica para introdução de aprendizagem em algoritmos,” pp. 752–758, 2020.
D. Dicheva, C. Dichev, G. Agre, and G. Angelova, “Gamification in education: A systematic mapping study.” Journal of Educational Technology & Society, vol. 18, no. 3, 2015.
T. J. Brigham, “An introduction to gamification: adding game elements for engagement,” Medical reference services quarterly, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 471–480, 2015.
A. C. T. Klock, I. Gasparini, and M. S. Pimenta, “5w2h framework: a guide to design, develop and evaluate the user-centered gamification,” in Proceedings of the 15th Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2016, pp. 1–10.
M. A. Cezarotto and A. L. Battaiola, “Estudo comparativo entre modelos de game design para jogos educacionais,” Proceedings of SBGames. Curitiba: SBC, 2017.
A. M. Toda, A. C. Klock, W. Oliveira, P. T. Palomino, L. Rodrigues, L. Shi, I. Bittencourt, I. Gasparini, S. Isotani, and A. I. Cristea, “Analysing gamification elements in educational environments using an existing gamification taxonomy,” Smart Learning Environments, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 16, 2019
J. Huizinga, Homo ludens: proeve eener bepaling van het spel-element der cultuur. Amsterdam University Press, 2008.
C. C. Abt, Serious games. New York: Viking Compass, 1975, vol. 1.
K. Salen and E. Zimmerman, Regras do jogo: fundamentos do design de jogos (vol.1), ser. Principais conceitos. Blucher, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.com.br/books?id=AF-tDwAAQBAJ
T. Fullerton, Game design workshop: a playcentric approach to creating innovative games. CRC press, 2014.
M. S. O. Almeida and F. S. C. da Silva, “A systematic review of game design methods and tools,” in International Conference on Entertainment Computing. Springer, 2013, pp. 17–29.
R. Melo, F. Pires, P. Lima, M. Pessoa, and D. B. F. de Oliveira, “Metodologias para a criação de jogos educacionais: um mapeamento sistemático da literatura,” in Anais do XXXI Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática na Educação . SBC, 2020, pp. 572–581.
F. Honda, F. Pires, M. Pessoa, and E. H. T. de Oliveira, “Lições aprendidas em computação através da criação de um jogo educacional: entre automatos e design de aprendizagem,” in Anais do XXXI Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática na Educação. SBC, 2020, pp. 1753–1762.
K. Neil, “Game design tools: Time to evaluate,” Proceedings of 2012 DiGRA Nordic, 2012
E. Paravizo, O. C. Chaim, D. Braatz, B. Muschard, and H. Rozenfeld, “Exploring gamification to support manufacturing education on industry 4.0 as an enabler for innovation and sustainability,” Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 21, pp. 438–445, 2018.
C. Wolf, S. Bott, I. Hernandez, and L. Grieve, “Teaching about the health care industry through gamification,” American journal of pharmaceutical education, vol. 82, no. 4, 2018.
O. Korn, P. Muschick, and A. Schmidt, “Gamification of production? a study on the acceptance of gamified work processes in the automotive industry,” in Advances in affective and pleasurable design. Springer, 2017, pp. 433–445.
J. Schell, The Art of Game Design: A book of lenses. CRC press, 2008
R. Koster, Theory of Fun for Game Design. O’Reilly Media, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.com.br/books?id=3TAKAgAAQBAJ
C. Marache-Francisco and E. Brangier, “Process of gamification,” Proceedings of the 6th Centric, pp. 126–131, 2013.
A. Toda, W. Oliveira, A. Klock, P. Palomino, M. Pimenta, I. Bittencourt, L. Shi, I. Gasparini, S. Isotani, and A. Cristea, “A taxonomy of game elements for gamification in educational contexts: Proposal and evaluation,” in 2019 IEEE 19th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT), vol. 2161. IEEE, 2019, pp. 84–88.
G. Zichermann and C. Cunningham, Gamification by design: Implementing game mechanics in web and mobile apps. ”O’Reilly Media, Inc.”, 2011.
J. Ferrara, Playful design: Creating game experiences in everyday interfaces. Rosenfeld Media, 2012.
A. Iosup and D. Epema, “An experience report on using gamification in technical higher education,” in Proceedings of the 45th ACM technical symposium on Computer science education, 2014, pp. 27–32.
E. Aarseth, “A narrative theory of games,” in Proceedings of the international conference on the foundations of digital Games, 2012, pp. 129–133.
H. Jenkins, “Game design as narrative,” Computer, vol. 44, no. 53, pp. 118–130, 2004.
C. Moser and X. Fang, “Narrative structure and player experience in role-playing games,” International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 146–156, 2015.
J. Bruner, “Life as narrative,” Social research, pp. 11–32, 1987.
J. Hogberg, J. Hamari, and E. Wästlund, “Gameful experience questionnaire (gamefulquest): an instrument for measuring the perceived gamefulness of system use,” User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 619–660, 2019.
Publicado
18/10/2021
Como Citar
BERNARDO, João; PIRES, Fernanda; PESSOA, Marcela.
Uma proposta de game design para gamificação educacional estrutural através da criação de histórias. In: TRILHA DE EDUCAÇÃO – ARTIGOS COMPLETOS - SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE JOGOS E ENTRETENIMENTO DIGITAL (SBGAMES), 20. , 2021, Online.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2021
.
p. 638-644.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbgames_estendido.2021.19698.
