Desenvolvimento de NPCs com comportamentos engajados
Resumo
NPCs (Non-Player Character) ou personagens não jogáveis nem sempre possuem comportamentos considerados adequados e responsivos. E, esta artificialidade pode gerar problemas de qualidade em um jogo e até reduzir o interesse do jogador. Com base nesta afirmação, este trabalho apresenta uma Revisão Sistemática de Literatura (RSL) sobre o desenvolvimento de NPCs com comportamentos engajados. A revisão possibilitou o mapeamento e o conhecimento do estado atual dos estudos correlatos, extraindo 18 artigos relacionados ao estado da arte. A partir da análise, verificou-se que determinadas técnicas tradicionalmente usadas pela indústria de jogos digitais têm se tornado um grande obstáculo na geração de comportamento de NPCs mais engajados ao ambiente virtual.
Palavras-chave:
inteligência artificial, jogos, NPC, comportamento engajado, revisão sistemática de literatura
Referências
C. Bailey and M. Katchabaw, "An emergent framework for realistic psychosocial behaviour in non player characters," Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Future Play Research, Play, Share - Future Play '08, pp. 17-24, 2008.
R. W. Picard, "Affective computing," PsycEXTRA Dataset, 1997.
J. Pfau, J. D. Smeddinck, and R. Malaka, "The Case for Usable AI: What Industry Professionals Make of Academic AI in Video Games," Extended Abstracts of the 2020 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play, Nov. 2020.
D. Taralla, Z. Qiu, A. Sutera, R. Fonteneau, and D. Ernst, "Decision Making from Confidence Measurement on the Reward Growth using Supervised Learning - A Study Intended for Large-scale Video Games," Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence, vol. 2, pp. 264-271, 2016.
M. Waltham and D. Moodley, "An Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Multiplayer Online Battle Arena Game Environments," Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists on - SAICSIT '16, 2016.
Simonov, A., Zagarskikh, A. and Fedorov, V., 2019. "Applying Behavior characteristics to decision-making process to create believable game AI". Procedia Computer Science, 156, pp.404-413.
S. Hamdy and D. King, "Affect and believability in game characters: a review of the use of affective computing in games," Game-On'17: the 18th International Conference on Intelligent Games and Simulation, pp. 90-97, Aug. 2017.
B. A. Kitchenham and S. Charters, "Guidelines for performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering," Keele University and Durham University Joint Report, EBSE 2007-001, Jul. 2007.
F. O. Fossi and I. C. S. da Silva, "Building Bots for Shooter Games based on the Bartle's Player Types and Finite State Machines: A Battling Behaviour Analysis," 7th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment (SBGames), 2018.
J. Lemaitre, D. Lourdeaux, and C. Chopinaud, "Towards a Resource-based Model of Strategy to Help Designing Opponent AI in RTS Games," Proceedings of the International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence, pp. 210-215, 2015.
F. Agliata, M. Bertoli, L. A. Ripamonti, D. Maggiorini, and D. Gadia, "Adding variety in NPCs behaviour using emotional states and genetic algorithms: The GENIE project," 20th International Conference on Intelligent Games and Simulation, GAME-ON 2019, pp. 45-49, 2019.
A. Johansson and P. Dell'Acqua, "Comparing behavior trees and emotional behavior networks for NPCs," 2012 17th International Conference on Computer Games (CGAMES), 2012.
D. King and C. Bennett, "An investigation of two real time machine learning techniques that could enhance the adaptability of game AI agents," Proceedings of GAMEON'2016: the 17th International Conference on Intelligent Games and Simulation, pp. 41-48, Sep. 2016.
A. Johansson and P. Dell'Acqua, "Emotional behavior trees," 2012 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG), 2012.
A. Baffa, P. Sampaio, B. Feijo, and M. Lana, "Dealing with the Emotions of Non Player Characters," 2017 16th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment (SBGames), Nov. 2017.
K. Yuda, M. Mozgovoy, and A. Danielewicz-Betz, "Creating an Affective Fighting Game AI System with Gamygdala," 2019 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG), 2019.
L. V. Lazarin and R. Cherobin, "A Relação entre o processo de tomada de decisão e Level Design," 6th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment (SBGames), 2017.
Shchepin, N. and Zagarskikh, A., 2019. "Building behavioral AI using trust and reputation model based on mask model," Procedia Computer Science, 156, pp.387-394.
E. F. S. de Almeida and A. R. da Cruz, "A computational experiment involving decision-making techniques," 5th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment (SBGames), Sep. 2016.
A. Friedman and J. Schrum, "Desirable Behaviors for Companion Bots in First-Person Shooters," 2019 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG), 2019.
R. Conroy, Y. Zeng, M. Cavazza, and Y. Chen, "Learning Behaviors in Agents Systems with Interactive Dynamic Influence Diagrams," Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 39-45, Jul. 2015.
R. W. Picard, "Affective computing," PsycEXTRA Dataset, 1997.
J. Pfau, J. D. Smeddinck, and R. Malaka, "The Case for Usable AI: What Industry Professionals Make of Academic AI in Video Games," Extended Abstracts of the 2020 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play, Nov. 2020.
D. Taralla, Z. Qiu, A. Sutera, R. Fonteneau, and D. Ernst, "Decision Making from Confidence Measurement on the Reward Growth using Supervised Learning - A Study Intended for Large-scale Video Games," Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence, vol. 2, pp. 264-271, 2016.
M. Waltham and D. Moodley, "An Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Multiplayer Online Battle Arena Game Environments," Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists on - SAICSIT '16, 2016.
Simonov, A., Zagarskikh, A. and Fedorov, V., 2019. "Applying Behavior characteristics to decision-making process to create believable game AI". Procedia Computer Science, 156, pp.404-413.
S. Hamdy and D. King, "Affect and believability in game characters: a review of the use of affective computing in games," Game-On'17: the 18th International Conference on Intelligent Games and Simulation, pp. 90-97, Aug. 2017.
B. A. Kitchenham and S. Charters, "Guidelines for performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering," Keele University and Durham University Joint Report, EBSE 2007-001, Jul. 2007.
F. O. Fossi and I. C. S. da Silva, "Building Bots for Shooter Games based on the Bartle's Player Types and Finite State Machines: A Battling Behaviour Analysis," 7th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment (SBGames), 2018.
J. Lemaitre, D. Lourdeaux, and C. Chopinaud, "Towards a Resource-based Model of Strategy to Help Designing Opponent AI in RTS Games," Proceedings of the International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence, pp. 210-215, 2015.
F. Agliata, M. Bertoli, L. A. Ripamonti, D. Maggiorini, and D. Gadia, "Adding variety in NPCs behaviour using emotional states and genetic algorithms: The GENIE project," 20th International Conference on Intelligent Games and Simulation, GAME-ON 2019, pp. 45-49, 2019.
A. Johansson and P. Dell'Acqua, "Comparing behavior trees and emotional behavior networks for NPCs," 2012 17th International Conference on Computer Games (CGAMES), 2012.
D. King and C. Bennett, "An investigation of two real time machine learning techniques that could enhance the adaptability of game AI agents," Proceedings of GAMEON'2016: the 17th International Conference on Intelligent Games and Simulation, pp. 41-48, Sep. 2016.
A. Johansson and P. Dell'Acqua, "Emotional behavior trees," 2012 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG), 2012.
A. Baffa, P. Sampaio, B. Feijo, and M. Lana, "Dealing with the Emotions of Non Player Characters," 2017 16th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment (SBGames), Nov. 2017.
K. Yuda, M. Mozgovoy, and A. Danielewicz-Betz, "Creating an Affective Fighting Game AI System with Gamygdala," 2019 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG), 2019.
L. V. Lazarin and R. Cherobin, "A Relação entre o processo de tomada de decisão e Level Design," 6th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment (SBGames), 2017.
Shchepin, N. and Zagarskikh, A., 2019. "Building behavioral AI using trust and reputation model based on mask model," Procedia Computer Science, 156, pp.387-394.
E. F. S. de Almeida and A. R. da Cruz, "A computational experiment involving decision-making techniques," 5th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment (SBGames), Sep. 2016.
A. Friedman and J. Schrum, "Desirable Behaviors for Companion Bots in First-Person Shooters," 2019 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG), 2019.
R. Conroy, Y. Zeng, M. Cavazza, and Y. Chen, "Learning Behaviors in Agents Systems with Interactive Dynamic Influence Diagrams," Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 39-45, Jul. 2015.
Publicado
18/10/2021
Como Citar
SILVA, Guilherme Alves da; RIBEIRO, Marcos Wagner de Souza.
Desenvolvimento de NPCs com comportamentos engajados. In: TRILHA DE INDÚSTRIA – ARTIGOS COMPLETOS - SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE JOGOS E ENTRETENIMENTO DIGITAL (SBGAMES), 20. , 2021, Online.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2021
.
p. 755-762.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbgames_estendido.2021.21511.
