Análise, Projeto, Desenvolvimento e Avaliação de Jogos Sérios e Afins: uma revisão de desafios e oportunidades
Resumo
Para que os jogos sérios possam ser utilizados com sucesso, para fins educacionais e de treinamento, eles devem ser analisados, projetados, desenvolvidos e avaliados de forma sistemática e holística, i.e., considerando seu ciclo de vida de desenvolvimento e a abrangência dos requisitos de suas partes e inter-relações. Entretanto, estas fases de desenvolvimento, os requisitos e desafios na área estão distribuídos em diversos artigos e livros disponíveis na literatura. Este artigo apresenta os resultados da revisão da literatura sobre o desenvolvimento de jogos sérios e áreas afins, e discute sete principais desafios. Esta revisão pode contribuir para direcionar pesquisas futuras nesta área, seus desafios e oportunidades.
Palavras-chave:
Jogos Sérios, Educação, Revisão
Referências
ABBAD, G.S.; et al. (2012). “Medidas de Avaliação em Treinamento, Desenvolvimento e Educação: ferramentas para gestão de pessoas”. Porto Alegre: Artmed.
ABNT. (2001). “NBR ISO 10015:2001 - Gestão da Qualidade: diretrizes para treinamento”. Rio de Janeiro: ABNT.
ADAMS, W.K.; et al. (2007). A Study of Educational Simulations Part I – Engagement and Learning. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, v. 12. p. 397-419.
AKILLI, G.K.; CAGILTAY, K. (2006). “An Instructional Design/Development Model for the Creation of Game-Like Learning Environments: the FIDGE model”. In: Pivec, M. (Ed.), Affective and Emotional Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction: Game-Based and Innovative Learning. IOS Press, p. 93-112.
ALDRICH, C. (2005). “Learning by doing: a comprehensive guide to simulations, computer games, and pedagogy in e-learning and other educational experiences”. San Francisco: Pfeiffer.
ASLAN, S.; BALCI, O. (2015). GAMED: Digital Educational Game Development Methodology. Simulation, v. 91, n. 4, p. 307-319.
BALCI, O. (2010). Golden Rules of Verification, Validation, Testing, and Certification of Modeling and Simulation Applications. SCS M&S Magazine, Oct. 2010, n. 4.
BALCI, O. (2012). A Life Cycle for Modeling and Simulation. Simulation, v. 88, n. 7. p. 870-883.
BANKS, J.; et al. (2001). “Discrete-Event System Simulation”. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
BECKER, K.; PARKER, J. (2012). “Serious Instructional Design: ID for digital simulations and games”. In: P. RESTA (ED.), Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference. p. 2480-2485.
BLOOM, B.S. (1956). “Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: the classification of educational goals – Handbook I: Cognitive Domain”. New York: McKay.
BNDES. (2014a). “Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social. Mapeamento da Industria Brasileira e Global de Jogos Digitais”. Relatório Final.
BNDES. (2014b). “I Censo da Indústria Brasileira de Jogos Digitais”. Relatório Final. BOOG, G.G. (2001). “Manual de Treinamento e Desenvolvimento: um guia de operação”. São Paulo: MAKRON Books.
BOYLE, E.; CONNOLLY, T.M.; HAINEY, T. (2011). The role of psychology in understanding the impact of computer games. Entertainment Computing, v. 2, n. 2. p. 69–74.
BYERS, C. (2010). “Combining Instructional Design and Game Design”. In: Gaming and Simulation: concepts, methodologies, tools and applications, v. I, Hershey: IGI Global. p. 359-372.
CAMPOS, J.P.; GUIMARÃES, J.P. (2008). “Em busca da eficácia em treinamento: norma ABNT-NBR-ISO-10015:2001 - gestão da qualidade - diretrizes para treinamento”.
CHANDLER, H.M. (2012). “Manual de Produção de Jogos Digitais”. 2a. Ed. Porto Alegre: Bookman. DICK, W.; CAREY, L. CAREY, J.O. (2004). “The Systematic Design of Instruction”. 6th ed.
Allyn & Bacon. DOMINGUES, D.G. (2011). Protótipos para a criação de jogos digitais: aplicações no ensino de design de games. Tese (Doutorado em Design) – Depto de Artes e Design, PUC do Rio de Janeiro.
DONOVAN, L. (2012). “The Use of Serious Games in the Corporate Sector: a state of the art report”. Learnovate Centre.
ECK, R.V. (2007). “Building Artificially Intelligent Learning Games”. In: GIBSON, D.; ALDRICH, C.; PRENSKY, M. (Eds.) Games and Simulations in Online Learning: research & development frameworks. Hershey, PA, USA: Idea Group, p. 271-307.
EMS. (2006). “Essentials of Modeling & Simulation”. Disponível em: [link]. Acesso em: fev. 2011.
ENGSTRÖM, H.; et al. (2011). Making a Game of the Old Testament Balancing Authenticity, Education and Entertainment. IADIS International Journal on WWW/Internet, v. 9, n. 1.
FEINSTEIN, A. H.; CANNON, H. M. (2002). Constructs of Simulation Evaluation. Simulation & Gaming, v. 33, n. 4. p. 425-440.
FORD, F. (2004). The Euclid RTP 11.13 SE Development & Exploitation Process (SEDEP). European Simulation Interoperability Workshops, 04E-SIW-037, p. 1-10.
FREITAS, S.; JARVIS, S. (2006). A Framework for Developing Serious Games to meet Learner Need. I/ITSEC. p. 1-11.
GODOY, A.; BARBOSA, E.F. (2010). “Game-scrum: an approach to agile game development”. In: Simpósio Brasileiro de Jogos e Entretenimento Digital. p. 292-295.
GOLDSMAN, D. (2007). “Introduction to Simulation”. In: Winter Simulation Conference, Washington, DC. Piscataway: IEEE Press. p. 26-37.
GORDON, J., ZEMKE, R. (2000). The Attack on ISD. Training Magazine, v. 37, n. 4. p. 42.
GREEN III, W. G. (2000). “Exercise Alternatives for Training Emergency Management Command Center Staffs”. Command Center Staffs: Universal Publishers.
HAYS, R.T. (2005). “The Effectiveness of Instructional Games: a literature review and discussion”. Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division (Technical Report 2005 – 004).
IEEE. (2003). “1516.3-2003-IEEE Recommended Practice for High Level Architecture (HLA): federation development and execution process (FEDEP)”. New York: IEEE.
IEEE. (2010). “1730-2010-Distributed Simulation Engineering and Execution Process (DSEEP)”. Washington: IEEE.
KELLY, H.; et al. (2007). “How to Build Serious Games”. In: Communications of the ACM. v. 50, n. 7. p. 45-49.
KIRKLEY, S.; TOMBLIN, S.; KIRKLEY, J. (2005). Instructional Design Authoring Support for the Development of Serious Games and Mixed Reality Training. I/ITSEC. p. 1-11.
KIRKPATRICK, D.L.; KIRKPATRICK, J.D. (2006). “Evaluating Training Programs: The Four Levels”. 3rd Edition. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
LAUBISCH, A.; CLUA, E. (2010). “Scrum4Games: Uma aplicação do Scrum para projetos de games focada em game design”. In: Simpósio Brasileiro de Jogos e Entretenimento Digital, p. 178-187.
MACIUSZEK, M.; WEICHT, M.; MARTENS, A. (2012). “Seamless Integration of Game and Learning Using Modeling and Simulation”. In: Winter Simulation Conference. p. 1611-1620.
MATTAR, J. (2010). “Games em Educação: como os nativos digitais aprendem”. São Paulo: Pearson Prentice Hall.
MICHAEL, D.; CHEN, S. (2006). “Serious Games: games that educate, train, and inform”. Boston: Thomson Course Technology.
NADOLSKI, R. J. et al. (2008). Serious Games for Higher Education: a framework for reducing design complexity. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, v. 24, n. 5. p. 420-432.
NOVAK, J. (2010). “Desenvolvimento de Games”. São Paulo: Cengage. OLIVEIRA, M.; CROWCROFT, J.; SLATER, M. (2003). An Innovative Design Approach to Build Virtual Environments Systems. Workshop on Virtual Environments. p. 143-151.
PACE, D.K. (2004). “Modeling and simulation verification and validation challenges”. Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, v. 25, n. 2. p. 163–172.
PHELAN, T.D. (2008). “Emergency Management and Tactical Response Operations: bridging the gap”. Burlington: Elsevier.
QUINN, C. N. (2005). “Engaging Learning: designing e-learning simulation games”. San Francisco: Pfeiffer.
ROCHA, R.V. (2014). Metodologia iterativa e modelos integradores para desenvolvimento de jogos sérios de treinamento e avaliação de desempenho humano. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência da Computação) – Departamento de Computação, Universidade de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP.
RODRIGUES, H.F.; MACHADO, L.S., VALENÇA, A.M. (2010). “Definição e Aplicação de um Modelo de Processo para o Desenvolvimento de Serious Games na Área de Saúde”. In: Proc. Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - Workshop de Informática Médica. p. 1532-1541.
ROZA, M.; et al. (2010). Generic Methodology for Verification and Validation for Training Simulations. I/ITSEC. p. 1-12.
ROZA, M.; VOOGD, J.; SEBALJ, D. (2012). The Generic Methodology for Verification and Validation to support acceptance of models, simulations and data. JDMS. v. 10 n. 4. p. 347–365.
SALAS, E.; CANNON-BOWERS, J. A. (2001). The Science of Training: a decade of progress. Annual Review of Psychology, v. 52. p. 471–499.
SALAS, E.; et al. (2009). Performance Measurement in Simulation-Based Training: A Review and Best Practices. Simulation Gaming, v. 40, n. 3. p. 328-376.
SALAS, E.; ROSEN, M.A. (2007). “Best Practices for Performance Measurement in Military Simulation-based Training: observations from the field”. Report, University of Central Florida. p. 1-29.
SARGENT, R.G. (2010). “Verification and Validation of Simulation Models”. In: Winter Simulation Conference. p. 166-183.
SCHUYTEMA, P. (2008). “Design de Games: uma abordagem prática”. São Paulo: Cengage Learning.
STRASSBURGER, S.; SCHULZE, T.; FUJIMOTO, R. M. (2008). “Future Trends in Distributed Simulation and Distributed Virtual Environments”. Peer Study Final Report. 48p.
TAYLOR, S.J.E.; et al. (2013). Grand Challenges in Modeling and Simulation: expanding our horizons. SIG on Simulation. p. 409-414.
TRYBUS, J. (2010). “Game-Based Learning: What it is, Why it Works, and Where it's Going”. NMI White Paper. New Media Institute, New York.
VAN DER ZEE, D.J.; HOLKENBORGB, B.; ROBINSON, S. (2012). Conceptual modeling for simulation-based serious gaming. Decision Support Systems, v. 54. p. 33-45.
ZIN, N.A.M; JAAFAR, A.; YUE, W.S. (2009). Digital Game-Based Learning (DGBL) Model And Development Methodology For Teaching History. WSEAS Transactions On Computers, v.2, n.8. p. 322-333.
ABNT. (2001). “NBR ISO 10015:2001 - Gestão da Qualidade: diretrizes para treinamento”. Rio de Janeiro: ABNT.
ADAMS, W.K.; et al. (2007). A Study of Educational Simulations Part I – Engagement and Learning. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, v. 12. p. 397-419.
AKILLI, G.K.; CAGILTAY, K. (2006). “An Instructional Design/Development Model for the Creation of Game-Like Learning Environments: the FIDGE model”. In: Pivec, M. (Ed.), Affective and Emotional Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction: Game-Based and Innovative Learning. IOS Press, p. 93-112.
ALDRICH, C. (2005). “Learning by doing: a comprehensive guide to simulations, computer games, and pedagogy in e-learning and other educational experiences”. San Francisco: Pfeiffer.
ASLAN, S.; BALCI, O. (2015). GAMED: Digital Educational Game Development Methodology. Simulation, v. 91, n. 4, p. 307-319.
BALCI, O. (2010). Golden Rules of Verification, Validation, Testing, and Certification of Modeling and Simulation Applications. SCS M&S Magazine, Oct. 2010, n. 4.
BALCI, O. (2012). A Life Cycle for Modeling and Simulation. Simulation, v. 88, n. 7. p. 870-883.
BANKS, J.; et al. (2001). “Discrete-Event System Simulation”. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
BECKER, K.; PARKER, J. (2012). “Serious Instructional Design: ID for digital simulations and games”. In: P. RESTA (ED.), Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference. p. 2480-2485.
BLOOM, B.S. (1956). “Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: the classification of educational goals – Handbook I: Cognitive Domain”. New York: McKay.
BNDES. (2014a). “Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social. Mapeamento da Industria Brasileira e Global de Jogos Digitais”. Relatório Final.
BNDES. (2014b). “I Censo da Indústria Brasileira de Jogos Digitais”. Relatório Final. BOOG, G.G. (2001). “Manual de Treinamento e Desenvolvimento: um guia de operação”. São Paulo: MAKRON Books.
BOYLE, E.; CONNOLLY, T.M.; HAINEY, T. (2011). The role of psychology in understanding the impact of computer games. Entertainment Computing, v. 2, n. 2. p. 69–74.
BYERS, C. (2010). “Combining Instructional Design and Game Design”. In: Gaming and Simulation: concepts, methodologies, tools and applications, v. I, Hershey: IGI Global. p. 359-372.
CAMPOS, J.P.; GUIMARÃES, J.P. (2008). “Em busca da eficácia em treinamento: norma ABNT-NBR-ISO-10015:2001 - gestão da qualidade - diretrizes para treinamento”.
CHANDLER, H.M. (2012). “Manual de Produção de Jogos Digitais”. 2a. Ed. Porto Alegre: Bookman. DICK, W.; CAREY, L. CAREY, J.O. (2004). “The Systematic Design of Instruction”. 6th ed.
Allyn & Bacon. DOMINGUES, D.G. (2011). Protótipos para a criação de jogos digitais: aplicações no ensino de design de games. Tese (Doutorado em Design) – Depto de Artes e Design, PUC do Rio de Janeiro.
DONOVAN, L. (2012). “The Use of Serious Games in the Corporate Sector: a state of the art report”. Learnovate Centre.
ECK, R.V. (2007). “Building Artificially Intelligent Learning Games”. In: GIBSON, D.; ALDRICH, C.; PRENSKY, M. (Eds.) Games and Simulations in Online Learning: research & development frameworks. Hershey, PA, USA: Idea Group, p. 271-307.
EMS. (2006). “Essentials of Modeling & Simulation”. Disponível em: [link]. Acesso em: fev. 2011.
ENGSTRÖM, H.; et al. (2011). Making a Game of the Old Testament Balancing Authenticity, Education and Entertainment. IADIS International Journal on WWW/Internet, v. 9, n. 1.
FEINSTEIN, A. H.; CANNON, H. M. (2002). Constructs of Simulation Evaluation. Simulation & Gaming, v. 33, n. 4. p. 425-440.
FORD, F. (2004). The Euclid RTP 11.13 SE Development & Exploitation Process (SEDEP). European Simulation Interoperability Workshops, 04E-SIW-037, p. 1-10.
FREITAS, S.; JARVIS, S. (2006). A Framework for Developing Serious Games to meet Learner Need. I/ITSEC. p. 1-11.
GODOY, A.; BARBOSA, E.F. (2010). “Game-scrum: an approach to agile game development”. In: Simpósio Brasileiro de Jogos e Entretenimento Digital. p. 292-295.
GOLDSMAN, D. (2007). “Introduction to Simulation”. In: Winter Simulation Conference, Washington, DC. Piscataway: IEEE Press. p. 26-37.
GORDON, J., ZEMKE, R. (2000). The Attack on ISD. Training Magazine, v. 37, n. 4. p. 42.
GREEN III, W. G. (2000). “Exercise Alternatives for Training Emergency Management Command Center Staffs”. Command Center Staffs: Universal Publishers.
HAYS, R.T. (2005). “The Effectiveness of Instructional Games: a literature review and discussion”. Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division (Technical Report 2005 – 004).
IEEE. (2003). “1516.3-2003-IEEE Recommended Practice for High Level Architecture (HLA): federation development and execution process (FEDEP)”. New York: IEEE.
IEEE. (2010). “1730-2010-Distributed Simulation Engineering and Execution Process (DSEEP)”. Washington: IEEE.
KELLY, H.; et al. (2007). “How to Build Serious Games”. In: Communications of the ACM. v. 50, n. 7. p. 45-49.
KIRKLEY, S.; TOMBLIN, S.; KIRKLEY, J. (2005). Instructional Design Authoring Support for the Development of Serious Games and Mixed Reality Training. I/ITSEC. p. 1-11.
KIRKPATRICK, D.L.; KIRKPATRICK, J.D. (2006). “Evaluating Training Programs: The Four Levels”. 3rd Edition. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
LAUBISCH, A.; CLUA, E. (2010). “Scrum4Games: Uma aplicação do Scrum para projetos de games focada em game design”. In: Simpósio Brasileiro de Jogos e Entretenimento Digital, p. 178-187.
MACIUSZEK, M.; WEICHT, M.; MARTENS, A. (2012). “Seamless Integration of Game and Learning Using Modeling and Simulation”. In: Winter Simulation Conference. p. 1611-1620.
MATTAR, J. (2010). “Games em Educação: como os nativos digitais aprendem”. São Paulo: Pearson Prentice Hall.
MICHAEL, D.; CHEN, S. (2006). “Serious Games: games that educate, train, and inform”. Boston: Thomson Course Technology.
NADOLSKI, R. J. et al. (2008). Serious Games for Higher Education: a framework for reducing design complexity. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, v. 24, n. 5. p. 420-432.
NOVAK, J. (2010). “Desenvolvimento de Games”. São Paulo: Cengage. OLIVEIRA, M.; CROWCROFT, J.; SLATER, M. (2003). An Innovative Design Approach to Build Virtual Environments Systems. Workshop on Virtual Environments. p. 143-151.
PACE, D.K. (2004). “Modeling and simulation verification and validation challenges”. Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, v. 25, n. 2. p. 163–172.
PHELAN, T.D. (2008). “Emergency Management and Tactical Response Operations: bridging the gap”. Burlington: Elsevier.
QUINN, C. N. (2005). “Engaging Learning: designing e-learning simulation games”. San Francisco: Pfeiffer.
ROCHA, R.V. (2014). Metodologia iterativa e modelos integradores para desenvolvimento de jogos sérios de treinamento e avaliação de desempenho humano. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência da Computação) – Departamento de Computação, Universidade de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP.
RODRIGUES, H.F.; MACHADO, L.S., VALENÇA, A.M. (2010). “Definição e Aplicação de um Modelo de Processo para o Desenvolvimento de Serious Games na Área de Saúde”. In: Proc. Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - Workshop de Informática Médica. p. 1532-1541.
ROZA, M.; et al. (2010). Generic Methodology for Verification and Validation for Training Simulations. I/ITSEC. p. 1-12.
ROZA, M.; VOOGD, J.; SEBALJ, D. (2012). The Generic Methodology for Verification and Validation to support acceptance of models, simulations and data. JDMS. v. 10 n. 4. p. 347–365.
SALAS, E.; CANNON-BOWERS, J. A. (2001). The Science of Training: a decade of progress. Annual Review of Psychology, v. 52. p. 471–499.
SALAS, E.; et al. (2009). Performance Measurement in Simulation-Based Training: A Review and Best Practices. Simulation Gaming, v. 40, n. 3. p. 328-376.
SALAS, E.; ROSEN, M.A. (2007). “Best Practices for Performance Measurement in Military Simulation-based Training: observations from the field”. Report, University of Central Florida. p. 1-29.
SARGENT, R.G. (2010). “Verification and Validation of Simulation Models”. In: Winter Simulation Conference. p. 166-183.
SCHUYTEMA, P. (2008). “Design de Games: uma abordagem prática”. São Paulo: Cengage Learning.
STRASSBURGER, S.; SCHULZE, T.; FUJIMOTO, R. M. (2008). “Future Trends in Distributed Simulation and Distributed Virtual Environments”. Peer Study Final Report. 48p.
TAYLOR, S.J.E.; et al. (2013). Grand Challenges in Modeling and Simulation: expanding our horizons. SIG on Simulation. p. 409-414.
TRYBUS, J. (2010). “Game-Based Learning: What it is, Why it Works, and Where it's Going”. NMI White Paper. New Media Institute, New York.
VAN DER ZEE, D.J.; HOLKENBORGB, B.; ROBINSON, S. (2012). Conceptual modeling for simulation-based serious gaming. Decision Support Systems, v. 54. p. 33-45.
ZIN, N.A.M; JAAFAR, A.; YUE, W.S. (2009). Digital Game-Based Learning (DGBL) Model And Development Methodology For Teaching History. WSEAS Transactions On Computers, v.2, n.8. p. 322-333.
Publicado
26/10/2015
Como Citar
ROCHA, Rafaela Vilela da; BITTENCOURT, Ig Ibert; ISOTANI, Seiji.
Análise, Projeto, Desenvolvimento e Avaliação de Jogos Sérios e Afins: uma revisão de desafios e oportunidades. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE INFORMÁTICA NA EDUCAÇÃO (SBIE), 26. , 2015, Maceió/AL.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2015
.
p. 692-701.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/cbie.sbie.2015.692.
