Assinatura Digital Pós-Quântica na Internet das Coisas: Uma Análise da Aplicabilidade do ML-DSA
Resumo
O avanço da computação quântica ameaça algoritmos criptográficos clássicos, como RSA e ECDSA, amplamente usados em ambientes IoT. Diante desse cenário, este trabalho investiga a aplicação do algoritmo pós-quântico de assinatura digital ML-DSA, padronizado pelo NIST, em sistemas embarcados e dispositivos IoT. Experimentos realizados em uma plataforma ESP32 compararam ML-DSA, RSA e ECDSA em diferentes níveis de segurança, considerando tempo de execução e consumo de memória. Os resultados mostram que o ML-DSA apresenta melhor desempenho temporal, porém com maior consumo de memória, evidenciando o compromisso entre eficiência computacional e restrições de recursos em sistemas embarcados.
Referências
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Bos, J. W., Renes, J., and Sprenkels, A. (2022). Dilithium for memory constrained devices. [link]. Cryptology ePrint Archive.
Chen, L., Jordan, S., Liu, Y.-K., Moody, D., Peralta, R., Perlner, R., and Smith-Tone, D. (2016). Report on post-quantum cryptography. Technical Report NISTIR 8105, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). DOI: 10.6028/NIST.IR.8105.
Chhetri, R. (2026). Pqc benchmarks on arm cortex-m0+ (rp2040). [link]. Acessado em: 16 de Maio de 2026.
Commey, D., Appiah, B., Klogo, G. S., Bagyl-Bac, W., Gadze, J. D., Alsenani, Y., and Crosby, G. V. (2025). Performance analysis and deployment considerations of post-quantum cryptography for consumer electronics. [link].
Hanna, Y., Bozhko, J., Tonyali, S., Harrilal-Parchment, R., Cebe, M., and Akkaya, K. (2025). A comprehensive and realistic performance evaluation of post-quantum security for consumer iot devices. Internet of Things, 33:101650.
IOT Analytics (2025). State of iot 2025: Number of connected iot devices growing 14% to 21.1 billion globally. [link]. Acessado em: 13 de abril de 2026.
Jiang, W., Guo, Z., Ma, Y., and Sang, N. (2013). Measurement-based research on cryptographic algorithms for embedded real-time systems. Journal of Systems Architecture, 59(10, Part D):1394–1404.
Kaur, R. and Kaur, A. (2012). Digital signature. In 2012 International Conference on Computing Sciences, pages 295–301.
Kumar, K. B. A., Mohith, L. S., Jain, K., Krishnan, P., Venkatachalam, N., and Buyya, R. (2025). Post-Quantum Cryptography-Based Multimedia Encryption Communication Scheme in IoT Consumer Electronics. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 71(2):4995–5006.
Lin, J., Yu, W., Zhang, N., Yang, X., Zhang, H., and Zhao, W. (2017). A survey on internet of things: Architecture, enabling technologies, security and privacy, and applications. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 4(5):1125–1142.
Liu, T., Ramachandran, G., and Jurdak, R. (2024). Post-quantum cryptography for internet of things: A survey on performance and optimization. [link].
Mansoor, K., Afzal, M., Iqbal, W., and Abbas, Y. (2025). Securing the future: exploring post-quantum cryptography for authentication and user privacy in IoT devices. Cluster Computing, 28(2):93.
Meneses, R., Teixeira, C., and Henriques, M. (2024). Compact memory implementations of the ml-dsa post-quantum digital signature algorithm. In Anais Estendidos do XXIV Simpósio Brasileiro de Segurança da Informação e de Sistemas Computacionais, pages 233–243. SBC.
Nielsen, M., Kjeldsen, M., Turnip, T., and Andersen, B. (2025). Post-quantum digital signature algorithms on iot: Evaluating performance on lora esp32 microcontroller. In Proc. International Conference on Security and Cryptography Volume 1: SECRYPT, pages 592–600. INSTICC, SciTePress.
NIST (2017). Report on lightweight cryptography. Technical Report NISTIR 8114, U.S. Department of Commerce. [link].
NIST (2020). Recommendation for Key Management: Part 1 – General. Technical Report SP 800-57 Part 1 Rev. 5, National Institute of Standards and Technology. DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-57pt1r5.
NIST (2024). Fips 204 module-lattice-based digital signature standard. [link]. Acessado em: 11 de Maio de 2026.
OQS (2025). software for the transition to quantum-resistant cryptography. [link]. Acessado em: 19 de Abril de 2026.
Rifà-Pous, H. and Herrera-Joancomartí, J. (2011). Computational and energy costs of cryptographic algorithms on handheld devices. Future Internet, 3(1):31–48.
Sabani, M. E., Savvas, I. K., Poulakis, D., Garani, G., and Makris, G. C. (2023). Evaluation and comparison of lattice-based cryptosystems for a secure quantum computing era. Electronics, 12(12).
Salter, B., Raine, A., and Geest, D. V. (2025). Use of the ML-DSA Signature Algorithm in the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS). RFC 9882. DOI: 10.17487/RFC9882.
Sharma, A. and Rani, S. (2025). Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) for IoT-Consumer Electronics Devices Integrated With Deep Learning. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 71(2):4925–4933.
Shin, D., Kim, Y., Khalid, A., O’Neill, M., and Seo, S. C. (2026). Optimized implementations of keccak, kyber, and dilithium on the msp430 microcontroller. IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, 2026(2):409–440.
Shor, P. (1994). Algorithms for quantum computation: discrete logarithms and factoring. In Proc. Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, pages 124–134.
Stallings, W. (2020). Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Practice. Pearson, 8 edition.
Wang, Y. and Shahril Ismail, E. (2025). A Review on the Advances, Applications, and Future Prospects of Post-Quantum Cryptography in Blockchain and IoT. IEEE Access, 13:112962–112977.
Amorim, P. and Henriques, M. (2020). Uma comparação de desempenho de algoritmos para criptografia pós-quântica. In Anais Estendidos do Simpósio Brasileiro de Segurança da Informação e de Sistemas Computacionais, pages 256–269. SBC.
Bos, J. W., Renes, J., and Sprenkels, A. (2022). Dilithium for memory constrained devices. [link]. Cryptology ePrint Archive.
Chen, L., Jordan, S., Liu, Y.-K., Moody, D., Peralta, R., Perlner, R., and Smith-Tone, D. (2016). Report on post-quantum cryptography. Technical Report NISTIR 8105, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). DOI: 10.6028/NIST.IR.8105.
Chhetri, R. (2026). Pqc benchmarks on arm cortex-m0+ (rp2040). [link]. Acessado em: 16 de Maio de 2026.
Commey, D., Appiah, B., Klogo, G. S., Bagyl-Bac, W., Gadze, J. D., Alsenani, Y., and Crosby, G. V. (2025). Performance analysis and deployment considerations of post-quantum cryptography for consumer electronics. [link].
Hanna, Y., Bozhko, J., Tonyali, S., Harrilal-Parchment, R., Cebe, M., and Akkaya, K. (2025). A comprehensive and realistic performance evaluation of post-quantum security for consumer iot devices. Internet of Things, 33:101650.
IOT Analytics (2025). State of iot 2025: Number of connected iot devices growing 14% to 21.1 billion globally. [link]. Acessado em: 13 de abril de 2026.
Jiang, W., Guo, Z., Ma, Y., and Sang, N. (2013). Measurement-based research on cryptographic algorithms for embedded real-time systems. Journal of Systems Architecture, 59(10, Part D):1394–1404.
Kaur, R. and Kaur, A. (2012). Digital signature. In 2012 International Conference on Computing Sciences, pages 295–301.
Kumar, K. B. A., Mohith, L. S., Jain, K., Krishnan, P., Venkatachalam, N., and Buyya, R. (2025). Post-Quantum Cryptography-Based Multimedia Encryption Communication Scheme in IoT Consumer Electronics. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 71(2):4995–5006.
Lin, J., Yu, W., Zhang, N., Yang, X., Zhang, H., and Zhao, W. (2017). A survey on internet of things: Architecture, enabling technologies, security and privacy, and applications. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 4(5):1125–1142.
Liu, T., Ramachandran, G., and Jurdak, R. (2024). Post-quantum cryptography for internet of things: A survey on performance and optimization. [link].
Mansoor, K., Afzal, M., Iqbal, W., and Abbas, Y. (2025). Securing the future: exploring post-quantum cryptography for authentication and user privacy in IoT devices. Cluster Computing, 28(2):93.
Meneses, R., Teixeira, C., and Henriques, M. (2024). Compact memory implementations of the ml-dsa post-quantum digital signature algorithm. In Anais Estendidos do XXIV Simpósio Brasileiro de Segurança da Informação e de Sistemas Computacionais, pages 233–243. SBC.
Nielsen, M., Kjeldsen, M., Turnip, T., and Andersen, B. (2025). Post-quantum digital signature algorithms on iot: Evaluating performance on lora esp32 microcontroller. In Proc. International Conference on Security and Cryptography Volume 1: SECRYPT, pages 592–600. INSTICC, SciTePress.
NIST (2017). Report on lightweight cryptography. Technical Report NISTIR 8114, U.S. Department of Commerce. [link].
NIST (2020). Recommendation for Key Management: Part 1 – General. Technical Report SP 800-57 Part 1 Rev. 5, National Institute of Standards and Technology. DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-57pt1r5.
NIST (2024). Fips 204 module-lattice-based digital signature standard. [link]. Acessado em: 11 de Maio de 2026.
OQS (2025). software for the transition to quantum-resistant cryptography. [link]. Acessado em: 19 de Abril de 2026.
Rifà-Pous, H. and Herrera-Joancomartí, J. (2011). Computational and energy costs of cryptographic algorithms on handheld devices. Future Internet, 3(1):31–48.
Sabani, M. E., Savvas, I. K., Poulakis, D., Garani, G., and Makris, G. C. (2023). Evaluation and comparison of lattice-based cryptosystems for a secure quantum computing era. Electronics, 12(12).
Salter, B., Raine, A., and Geest, D. V. (2025). Use of the ML-DSA Signature Algorithm in the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS). RFC 9882. DOI: 10.17487/RFC9882.
Sharma, A. and Rani, S. (2025). Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) for IoT-Consumer Electronics Devices Integrated With Deep Learning. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 71(2):4925–4933.
Shin, D., Kim, Y., Khalid, A., O’Neill, M., and Seo, S. C. (2026). Optimized implementations of keccak, kyber, and dilithium on the msp430 microcontroller. IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, 2026(2):409–440.
Shor, P. (1994). Algorithms for quantum computation: discrete logarithms and factoring. In Proc. Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, pages 124–134.
Stallings, W. (2020). Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Practice. Pearson, 8 edition.
Wang, Y. and Shahril Ismail, E. (2025). A Review on the Advances, Applications, and Future Prospects of Post-Quantum Cryptography in Blockchain and IoT. IEEE Access, 13:112962–112977.
Publicado
01/09/2026
Como Citar
ROSSETTO, Gabriel de Souza; VENDRAMIN, Ana Cristina B. Kochem; PIGATTO, Daniel Fernando; SANTI, Juliana de.
Assinatura Digital Pós-Quântica na Internet das Coisas: Uma Análise da Aplicabilidade do ML-DSA. In: WORKSHOP DE TRABALHOS DE INICIAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA E DE GRADUAÇÃO - SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE CIBERSEGURANÇA (SBSEG), 26. , 2026, Armação dos Búzios/RJ.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2026
.
p. 392-403.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbseg_estendido.2026.28960.
