Aplicação da Reengenharia de Software na Construção Acelerada de Ontologias
Resumo
Ontologias são blocos básicos na construção da Web Semântica. Consequentemente, um grande número de pesquisadores estão trabalhando em métodos e técnicas para construir ontologias através de processos automáticos ou semi-automáticos, que realizam aquisição de conhecimento em textos, dicionários e bases de conhecimento estruturadas ou semiestruturadas. Por outro lado, a engenharia reversa, quando aplicada à engenharia de software, utiliza uma coleção de teorias, metodologias e técnicas para suportar e extrair abstrações das informações de um fragmento de software. Este artigo apresenta os resultados de um estudo inicial, em que se usam técnicas de engenharia reversa aplicadas à engenharia de ontologias, cujo objetivo é reduzir o tempo de desenvolvimento de uma ontologia. Um exemplo foi desenvolvido para testar esta proposta em um software educacional, utilizando alguns padrões da OMG (UML, MOF e XMI). A ontologia obtida representa o conhecimento "antigo" sobre um domínio específico e pode ajudar os engenheiros a construir uma ontologia final.
Palavras-chave:
Engenharia reversa, Construção de ontologias, Engenharia progressiva, Formato UML
Referências
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K. Baclawski, M. Kokar, P. Kogut, L. Hart, J. Smith, W. Holmes, J. Letkowski, and M. Aroston. UOL: Unified ontology language. Assorted papers discussed at the DC Ontology SIG Meeting, 2002. http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?ontology/2002-11-02.
T. Berners-Lee. The World Wide Web past present and future. http://www.w3.org/2002/04/Japan/Lecture.html, 2002.
E. J. Chikofsky and J. H. Cross II. Reverse engineering and design recovery: A taxonomy. IEEE Software, 7(1):13–17, 1990.
Ó. Corcho, M. Fernández-López, A. Gómez-Pérez, and A. López-Cima. Building legal ontologies with methontology and webode. In Law and the Semantic Web, pages 142–157, 2003.
S. Cranefield. UML and the semantic web. In International Semantic Web Working Symposium, 2001.
A. Farquhar, R. Fikes, and J. Rice. The ontolingua server: A tool for colaborative ontology construction. volume 46, pages 707–728, June 1997.
A. Gómez-Pérez and D. Manzano-Macho. A survey of ontology learning methods and techniques. http://ontoweb.aifb.uni-karlsruhe.de/Members/ruben/Deliverable, 2003.
M. Grüninger and M. S. Fox. The role of competency questions in enterprise engineering. In Workshop on Bechmarking, Theory and Practice, Trondheim, Norway, 1994. http://www.ie.utoronto.ca/EIL/public/competency.ps.
T. R. Gruber. Toward principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing. 43:907–928, 1995.
N. Guarino. Understanding, building, and using ontologies: a commentary to using explicit ontologies. 46:293–310, 1997.
S. Handschuh. KAON the karlsruhe ontology and semantic web infrastructure. Technical report, Forschungszentrum Informatik Karlsruhe, 2001. http://kaon.semanticweb.org/papers.
I. Jacobson and F. Lindstrom. Reegineering of old systems to an object-oriented architeture. In SIGPLAN Notices, volume 26, pages 340–350, 1991.
R. Karp, V. Chaudhri, and J. Thomere. XOL: AnXML-Based Ontology Exchange Language (version 0.4). www.ai.sri.com/ pkarp/xol, August 1999.
M. Kifer, G. Lausen, and J. Wu. Logical foundations of object-oriented and frame-based languages. J. ACM, 42(4):741–843, 1995.
H. Knublauch. Ontology driven software development in the context of the semantic web: An example, scenario with protégé/owl. 1st International Workshop on the Model-Driven Semantic Web (MDSW2004), 2004.
D. B. Lenat and R. V. Guha. Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems; Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., 1989.
S. Luke and J. Heflin. SHOE 1.01. Proposed Specification SHOE Project. Technical report, University of Maryland, 2000. http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/spec1.01.htm.
A. Maedche. Ontology learning for the Semantic Web. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Massachusetts, 2002. 241p.
OMG. Meta-object facility (MOF). http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/apps/doc?formal/02-04-03.pdf, 2002.
OMG. XML metadata interchange (XMI). http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?formal/2002-01-01, 2002.
OMG. Unified modeling language (UML). http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/apps/doc?formal/03-03-01.zip, 2003.
R. S. Pressman. Engenharia de Software. Mcgraw-Hill Interamericana do Brasil, 2002. 5a. edição.
A. Schreiber, B. Wielinga, H. Akkermans, W. van de Velde, and A. Anjewierden. CML: The CommonKADS conceptual modeling language. In S. et al., editor, Proc. 8th European Knowledge Acquisition Workshop (EKAW94) A Future of Knowledge Acquisition. Springer-Verlag, 1994. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 867.
M. Uschold and M. King. Towards a methodology for building ontologies. In IJCAI-95 Workshop on Basic Ontological Issues in Knowledge Sharing, 1995.
K. Baclawski, M. Kokar, P. Kogut, L. Hart, J. Smith, W. Holmes, J. Letkowski, and M. Aroston. UOL: Unified ontology language. Assorted papers discussed at the DC Ontology SIG Meeting, 2002. http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?ontology/2002-11-02.
T. Berners-Lee. The World Wide Web past present and future. http://www.w3.org/2002/04/Japan/Lecture.html, 2002.
E. J. Chikofsky and J. H. Cross II. Reverse engineering and design recovery: A taxonomy. IEEE Software, 7(1):13–17, 1990.
Ó. Corcho, M. Fernández-López, A. Gómez-Pérez, and A. López-Cima. Building legal ontologies with methontology and webode. In Law and the Semantic Web, pages 142–157, 2003.
S. Cranefield. UML and the semantic web. In International Semantic Web Working Symposium, 2001.
A. Farquhar, R. Fikes, and J. Rice. The ontolingua server: A tool for colaborative ontology construction. volume 46, pages 707–728, June 1997.
A. Gómez-Pérez and D. Manzano-Macho. A survey of ontology learning methods and techniques. http://ontoweb.aifb.uni-karlsruhe.de/Members/ruben/Deliverable, 2003.
M. Grüninger and M. S. Fox. The role of competency questions in enterprise engineering. In Workshop on Bechmarking, Theory and Practice, Trondheim, Norway, 1994. http://www.ie.utoronto.ca/EIL/public/competency.ps.
T. R. Gruber. Toward principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing. 43:907–928, 1995.
N. Guarino. Understanding, building, and using ontologies: a commentary to using explicit ontologies. 46:293–310, 1997.
S. Handschuh. KAON the karlsruhe ontology and semantic web infrastructure. Technical report, Forschungszentrum Informatik Karlsruhe, 2001. http://kaon.semanticweb.org/papers.
I. Jacobson and F. Lindstrom. Reegineering of old systems to an object-oriented architeture. In SIGPLAN Notices, volume 26, pages 340–350, 1991.
R. Karp, V. Chaudhri, and J. Thomere. XOL: AnXML-Based Ontology Exchange Language (version 0.4). www.ai.sri.com/ pkarp/xol, August 1999.
M. Kifer, G. Lausen, and J. Wu. Logical foundations of object-oriented and frame-based languages. J. ACM, 42(4):741–843, 1995.
H. Knublauch. Ontology driven software development in the context of the semantic web: An example, scenario with protégé/owl. 1st International Workshop on the Model-Driven Semantic Web (MDSW2004), 2004.
D. B. Lenat and R. V. Guha. Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems; Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., 1989.
S. Luke and J. Heflin. SHOE 1.01. Proposed Specification SHOE Project. Technical report, University of Maryland, 2000. http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/spec1.01.htm.
A. Maedche. Ontology learning for the Semantic Web. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Massachusetts, 2002. 241p.
OMG. Meta-object facility (MOF). http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/apps/doc?formal/02-04-03.pdf, 2002.
OMG. XML metadata interchange (XMI). http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?formal/2002-01-01, 2002.
OMG. Unified modeling language (UML). http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/apps/doc?formal/03-03-01.zip, 2003.
R. S. Pressman. Engenharia de Software. Mcgraw-Hill Interamericana do Brasil, 2002. 5a. edição.
A. Schreiber, B. Wielinga, H. Akkermans, W. van de Velde, and A. Anjewierden. CML: The CommonKADS conceptual modeling language. In S. et al., editor, Proc. 8th European Knowledge Acquisition Workshop (EKAW94) A Future of Knowledge Acquisition. Springer-Verlag, 1994. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 867.
M. Uschold and M. King. Towards a methodology for building ontologies. In IJCAI-95 Workshop on Basic Ontological Issues in Knowledge Sharing, 1995.
Publicado
26/10/2005
Como Citar
CANTELE, Regina C.; ADAMATTI, Diana F.; FERREIRA, Maria A. G. V.; SICHMAN, Jaime S..
Aplicação da Reengenharia de Software na Construção Acelerada de Ontologias. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE SISTEMAS DE INFORMAÇÃO (SBSI), 2. , 2005, Florianópolis.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2005
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p. 1-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbsi.2005.14961.
