Software Requirements Elicitation for Complex Systems with the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM)
Resumo
Despite all efforts, the requirements elicitation task is still considered non-trivial, especially for complex (non-linear) systems. In these systems, technological support must perform more resiliently, that is, be more adaptable to deal with uncertain situations. The Resilience Engineering provides the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) to model these systems based on a description of the actual work (Work-As-Done - WAD). Therefore, unexpected events commonly associated with variability and improvisations become more explicit with that method. Thus, a multidisciplinary approach can contribute to requirements elicitation, since FRAM models deal with variability, unpredictability, and adaptation in complex socio-technical systems. This study applies Design Science Research to project a heuristic model to gather information from FRAM models to elicit functional and non-functional requirements, showing the contributions of Resilience Engineering to Requirements Engineering to identify software requirements for complex systems.
Palavras-chave:
Requirements Elicitation, Software Specification, Complex System, FRAM, Resilience Engineering
Referências
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McAllister, C A. 2006. Requirements determination of information systems: User and developer perceptions of factors contributing to misunderstandings. Capella University.
Frost B and Mo J P. 2014. System hazard analysis of a complex socio-technical system: the functional resonance analysis method in hazard identification. In: Proc. of Australian System Safety Conference, Melbourne Australia, 28 – 30.
Hollnagel E. 2012. FRAM: The Functional Resonance Analysis Method, Ashgate.
Clay-Williams R, Hounsgaard J, Hollnagel E. 2015. Where the rubber meets the road: using FRAM to align work-as-imagined with work-as-done when implementing clinical guidelines. Implementation Science, 10, 1, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-015-0317-y
Hollnagel E, Woods D, Leveson N. 2006. Resilience Engineering: concepts and precepts. Ashgate, Farnham.
Levenson N. 2004. A new accident model for engineering safer systems. Safety Science, 42, 4, 237-270.
Rasmussen J. 1997. Risk management in a dynamic society: a modelling problem. Safety science, 27, 2-3, 183-213.
Baxter G, Sommerville I. 2011. Socio-technical systems: From design methods to systems engineering. Interacting with computers, 23, 1, 4-17.
Bitencourt Aryslene S, Paiva Débora Maria B, Cagnin Maria Istela. 2016. Elicitação de Requisitos a partir de Modelos de Processos de Negócio em BPMN: Uma Revisão Sistemática. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE SISTEMAS DE INFORMAÇÃO (SBSI), 12, Florianópolis. Anais do XII Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas de Informação. Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 200 –207.
Do Prado Leite J C S, Santoro F M, Cappelli C, Batista T V, Santos F J N. 2016. Ownership relevance in aspect-oriented business process models. Business Process Management Journal.
Yu Y, Lapouchnian A, Liaskos S, Mylopoulos J, Leite J C. 2008. From goals to high-variability software design. In: International Symposium on Methodologies for Intelligent Systems, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1-16.
Leite J C S P. 2007. Aula 12. Engenharia de Requisitos. Disponível em:
Carr J J. 2008. Requirements engineering and management: the key to designing quality complex systems. The TQM Magazine, 12, 6, 400–407.
Leite J C S P A. 2001. Gerenciando a Qualidade de Software com Base em Requisitos. In: ROCHA, A. R. C., MALDONADO, J. C., WEBER, K. C. (org.). Qualidade de Software Teoria e Prática. 1 ed. São Paulo: Prentice-Hall. 1, 238-246.
Cysneiros L M, Leite J C S P. 2001. Requisitos não funcionais: da elicitação ao modelo conceitual. PhDTese, PUC-RJ.
Chung L, Nixon B, Yu E, Mylopoulos J. 1999. Non-Functional Requirements in Software Engineering. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Méndez Fernández D, Wagner S. 2015. Naming the pain in requirements engineering: A design for a global family of surveys and first results from Germany. Information and Software Technology, 57, 616–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2014.05.008.
Van Der Aalst W M P, Pesic M, Schonenberg H. 2009. Declarative workflows: Balancing between flexibility and support. Computer Science ‐ Research and Development, 23, 2, 99–113.
Leite J C S P. 1994. Engenharia de Requisitos. Notas de Aula, PUC-RJ.
Christel M G, Kang K C. 1992. Issues in requirements elicitation. Carnegie-Mellon Univ Pittsburgh Software Engineering Inst.
Jaramillo H D and Palacios A J. 2014. Requeriments elicitaction of resilience for systems information based on the model CERT-RMM. In: 2014 9th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI). IEEE, 2014. 1-6.
Hollnagel E, Wears R L, Braithwaite J. 2015. From Safety-I to Safety-II: a white paper. The resilient health care net: published simultaneously by the University of Southern Denmark, University of Florida, USA, and Macquarie University, Australia.
Woods D and Branlat M. 2011. Basic patterns in how adaptive systems fail. In: Hollnagel, E., Pariès, J., Woods, D.D., Wreathall, J. (Eds.), Resilience Engineering in Practice: A Guidebook. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 127–144.
Sundström G, Hollnagel E. 2006. Learning how to create resilience in business systems. Resilience Engineering. Concepts and Precepts. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
Marino T B and Campos M L M. 2015. Tratamento de informações geradas a partir de fontes de colaboração heterogêneas para apoio à resposta em emergências. Tese de Doutorado. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Informática. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
Katina P F, Keating C B, Ra'ed M J. 2014. System requirements engineering in complex situations. Requirements Engineering, 19, 1, 45–62.
De Carvalho E A 2020. Employing resilience engineering in eliciting software requirements for complex systems: experiments with the functional resonance analysis method (FRAM). Cogn Tech Work. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-019-00620-0XXXXXX
Hollnagel E. 2004. Barriers and accident prevention. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Patriarca R 2020. Framing the FRAM: A literature review on the functional resonance analysis method. Safety Science, 129, 104827.
Macchi L. 2010. A Resilience Engineering approach for the evaluation of performance variability: development and application of the Functional Resonance Analysis Method for air traffic management safety assessment (Doctoral dissertation).
Saurin T A, Rosso C B, Colligan L. 2017. Towards a resilient and lean health care. In Resilient health care, 3, 17, 3-17.
Hollnagel E. and Slater D. 2018. The Functional Resonance Analysis Method and Manual. Version 2. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10569.24162.
Chakrabarti A. 2010. A course for teaching design research methodology. AI EDAM, 24, 3, 317-334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0890060410000223
Bax M P. 2014. Design Science: filosofia da pesquisa em ciência da informação e tecnologia. In: XV Encontro Nacional de Pesquisa em Ciência da Informação. Belo Horizonte, 3883-3903.
Ratchev S, Urwin E, Muller D, Pawar K S, Moulek I. 2003. Knowledge based requirement engineering for one-of-a-kind complex systems. Knowledge-Based Systems, 16, 1, 1–5.
Ingham M D, Rasmussen R D, Bennett M B, Moncada A C. 2006. Generating requirements for complex embedded systems using State Analysis, Acta Astronautica, 58, 12, 648–661.
Tung Y W, Chan K C C. 2009. A Unified Human–Computer Interaction Requirements Analysis Framework for Complex Socio-technical Systems. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 26, 1, 1–21.
C. Vargens J M. 2004. Uma abordagem sociotécnica para design e desenvolvimento de sistemas de informação em saúde no âmbito do SUS. PhDTese, Rio de Janeiro.
Gregoriades A, Hadjicosti J, Florides C, Pamapaka M. 2015. Human Requirements Validation for Complex Systems Design. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, 3033–3040.
Woldeamlak S, Diabat A S, Vetinovic D. 2016. Goal‐Oriented Requirements Engineering for Research‐Intensive Complex Systems: A Case Study”, Systems Engineering. Disponível em: [link]. Acessado em: 12 maio de 2020.
Knight Debora Mac, Araujo Renata Mendes de, Borges M R S (2005). A Systematic Approach for Identifying System Requirements from the Organization's Business Model. In: Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas de Informação, Florianópolis, Brasil. II Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas de Informação. Porto Alegre, RS: Sociedade Brasileira de Sistemas de Informação, 1: 1-10.
Nardi B A. 1996. Context and Consciousness - Activity Theory and Human-Computer Interaction. MIT Press.
Hollnagel, E. 2011. Epilogue: RAG – The resilience analysis grid. In E. Hollnagel (eds), Resilience Engineering in Practice: A guidebook. Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 275-296.
Hollnagel E. 2015. Introduction to the Resilience Analysis Grid (RAG). In: RAG-Resilience Analysis Grid. [S.I]: Farnham, UK: Ashgate.
Leite J C S P. 1992. Enhancing the Semantics of Requirements Statements. In Proceedings of the XII International Conference of the Sociedad Chilena de Ciencia de la Computacion. Santiago, 281-297.
Felicissimo C H 2004. C&L: Um Ambiente para Edição e Visualização de Cenários e Léxicos. Sessão de Ferramentas do Simpósio Brasileiro de Engenharia de Software Brasília, Brasil, 43-48.
Hollnagel E, Hounsgaard J, Colligan l. 2014. FRAM-the Functional Resonance Analysis Method: a handbook for the practical use of the method. Centre for Quality, Region of Southern Denmark.
Li R C, Pereira R A M, Jatobá A, Vidal M C R. de Carvalho P V R, Grindrod K, Burns C. 2019. Information Technology Systems at the sharp end of medication therapy management. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 63, 1, 698–702. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631502
McAllister, C A. 2006. Requirements determination of information systems: User and developer perceptions of factors contributing to misunderstandings. Capella University.
Frost B and Mo J P. 2014. System hazard analysis of a complex socio-technical system: the functional resonance analysis method in hazard identification. In: Proc. of Australian System Safety Conference, Melbourne Australia, 28 – 30.
Hollnagel E. 2012. FRAM: The Functional Resonance Analysis Method, Ashgate.
Clay-Williams R, Hounsgaard J, Hollnagel E. 2015. Where the rubber meets the road: using FRAM to align work-as-imagined with work-as-done when implementing clinical guidelines. Implementation Science, 10, 1, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-015-0317-y
Hollnagel E, Woods D, Leveson N. 2006. Resilience Engineering: concepts and precepts. Ashgate, Farnham.
Levenson N. 2004. A new accident model for engineering safer systems. Safety Science, 42, 4, 237-270.
Rasmussen J. 1997. Risk management in a dynamic society: a modelling problem. Safety science, 27, 2-3, 183-213.
Baxter G, Sommerville I. 2011. Socio-technical systems: From design methods to systems engineering. Interacting with computers, 23, 1, 4-17.
Bitencourt Aryslene S, Paiva Débora Maria B, Cagnin Maria Istela. 2016. Elicitação de Requisitos a partir de Modelos de Processos de Negócio em BPMN: Uma Revisão Sistemática. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE SISTEMAS DE INFORMAÇÃO (SBSI), 12, Florianópolis. Anais do XII Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas de Informação. Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 200 –207.
Do Prado Leite J C S, Santoro F M, Cappelli C, Batista T V, Santos F J N. 2016. Ownership relevance in aspect-oriented business process models. Business Process Management Journal.
Yu Y, Lapouchnian A, Liaskos S, Mylopoulos J, Leite J C. 2008. From goals to high-variability software design. In: International Symposium on Methodologies for Intelligent Systems, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1-16.
Leite J C S P. 2007. Aula 12. Engenharia de Requisitos. Disponível em:
Carr J J. 2008. Requirements engineering and management: the key to designing quality complex systems. The TQM Magazine, 12, 6, 400–407.
Leite J C S P A. 2001. Gerenciando a Qualidade de Software com Base em Requisitos. In: ROCHA, A. R. C., MALDONADO, J. C., WEBER, K. C. (org.). Qualidade de Software Teoria e Prática. 1 ed. São Paulo: Prentice-Hall. 1, 238-246.
Cysneiros L M, Leite J C S P. 2001. Requisitos não funcionais: da elicitação ao modelo conceitual. PhDTese, PUC-RJ.
Chung L, Nixon B, Yu E, Mylopoulos J. 1999. Non-Functional Requirements in Software Engineering. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Méndez Fernández D, Wagner S. 2015. Naming the pain in requirements engineering: A design for a global family of surveys and first results from Germany. Information and Software Technology, 57, 616–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2014.05.008.
Van Der Aalst W M P, Pesic M, Schonenberg H. 2009. Declarative workflows: Balancing between flexibility and support. Computer Science ‐ Research and Development, 23, 2, 99–113.
Leite J C S P. 1994. Engenharia de Requisitos. Notas de Aula, PUC-RJ.
Christel M G, Kang K C. 1992. Issues in requirements elicitation. Carnegie-Mellon Univ Pittsburgh Software Engineering Inst.
Jaramillo H D and Palacios A J. 2014. Requeriments elicitaction of resilience for systems information based on the model CERT-RMM. In: 2014 9th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI). IEEE, 2014. 1-6.
Hollnagel E, Wears R L, Braithwaite J. 2015. From Safety-I to Safety-II: a white paper. The resilient health care net: published simultaneously by the University of Southern Denmark, University of Florida, USA, and Macquarie University, Australia.
Woods D and Branlat M. 2011. Basic patterns in how adaptive systems fail. In: Hollnagel, E., Pariès, J., Woods, D.D., Wreathall, J. (Eds.), Resilience Engineering in Practice: A Guidebook. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 127–144.
Sundström G, Hollnagel E. 2006. Learning how to create resilience in business systems. Resilience Engineering. Concepts and Precepts. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
Marino T B and Campos M L M. 2015. Tratamento de informações geradas a partir de fontes de colaboração heterogêneas para apoio à resposta em emergências. Tese de Doutorado. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Informática. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
Katina P F, Keating C B, Ra'ed M J. 2014. System requirements engineering in complex situations. Requirements Engineering, 19, 1, 45–62.
De Carvalho E A 2020. Employing resilience engineering in eliciting software requirements for complex systems: experiments with the functional resonance analysis method (FRAM). Cogn Tech Work. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-019-00620-0XXXXXX
Hollnagel E. 2004. Barriers and accident prevention. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Patriarca R 2020. Framing the FRAM: A literature review on the functional resonance analysis method. Safety Science, 129, 104827.
Macchi L. 2010. A Resilience Engineering approach for the evaluation of performance variability: development and application of the Functional Resonance Analysis Method for air traffic management safety assessment (Doctoral dissertation).
Saurin T A, Rosso C B, Colligan L. 2017. Towards a resilient and lean health care. In Resilient health care, 3, 17, 3-17.
Hollnagel E. and Slater D. 2018. The Functional Resonance Analysis Method and Manual. Version 2. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10569.24162.
Chakrabarti A. 2010. A course for teaching design research methodology. AI EDAM, 24, 3, 317-334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0890060410000223
Bax M P. 2014. Design Science: filosofia da pesquisa em ciência da informação e tecnologia. In: XV Encontro Nacional de Pesquisa em Ciência da Informação. Belo Horizonte, 3883-3903.
Ratchev S, Urwin E, Muller D, Pawar K S, Moulek I. 2003. Knowledge based requirement engineering for one-of-a-kind complex systems. Knowledge-Based Systems, 16, 1, 1–5.
Ingham M D, Rasmussen R D, Bennett M B, Moncada A C. 2006. Generating requirements for complex embedded systems using State Analysis, Acta Astronautica, 58, 12, 648–661.
Tung Y W, Chan K C C. 2009. A Unified Human–Computer Interaction Requirements Analysis Framework for Complex Socio-technical Systems. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 26, 1, 1–21.
C. Vargens J M. 2004. Uma abordagem sociotécnica para design e desenvolvimento de sistemas de informação em saúde no âmbito do SUS. PhDTese, Rio de Janeiro.
Gregoriades A, Hadjicosti J, Florides C, Pamapaka M. 2015. Human Requirements Validation for Complex Systems Design. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, 3033–3040.
Woldeamlak S, Diabat A S, Vetinovic D. 2016. Goal‐Oriented Requirements Engineering for Research‐Intensive Complex Systems: A Case Study”, Systems Engineering. Disponível em: [link]. Acessado em: 12 maio de 2020.
Knight Debora Mac, Araujo Renata Mendes de, Borges M R S (2005). A Systematic Approach for Identifying System Requirements from the Organization's Business Model. In: Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas de Informação, Florianópolis, Brasil. II Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas de Informação. Porto Alegre, RS: Sociedade Brasileira de Sistemas de Informação, 1: 1-10.
Nardi B A. 1996. Context and Consciousness - Activity Theory and Human-Computer Interaction. MIT Press.
Hollnagel, E. 2011. Epilogue: RAG – The resilience analysis grid. In E. Hollnagel (eds), Resilience Engineering in Practice: A guidebook. Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 275-296.
Hollnagel E. 2015. Introduction to the Resilience Analysis Grid (RAG). In: RAG-Resilience Analysis Grid. [S.I]: Farnham, UK: Ashgate.
Leite J C S P. 1992. Enhancing the Semantics of Requirements Statements. In Proceedings of the XII International Conference of the Sociedad Chilena de Ciencia de la Computacion. Santiago, 281-297.
Felicissimo C H 2004. C&L: Um Ambiente para Edição e Visualização de Cenários e Léxicos. Sessão de Ferramentas do Simpósio Brasileiro de Engenharia de Software Brasília, Brasil, 43-48.
Hollnagel E, Hounsgaard J, Colligan l. 2014. FRAM-the Functional Resonance Analysis Method: a handbook for the practical use of the method. Centre for Quality, Region of Southern Denmark.
Li R C, Pereira R A M, Jatobá A, Vidal M C R. de Carvalho P V R, Grindrod K, Burns C. 2019. Information Technology Systems at the sharp end of medication therapy management. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 63, 1, 698–702. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631502
Publicado
07/06/2021
Como Citar
CARVALHO, Elaine Alves; GOMES, José Orlando; JATOBÁ, Alessandro; SILVA, Mônica Ferreira; CARVALHO, Paulo Victor Rodrigues.
Software Requirements Elicitation for Complex Systems with the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM). In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE SISTEMAS DE INFORMAÇÃO (SBSI), 17. , 2021, Uberlândia.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2021
.
