STELE - Uma Técnica Simples Para Estimativa Local do Atraso de Transmissão em RSSF
Resumo
As técnicas tradicionais para o cálculo do atraso de transmissão entre nós vizinhos implicam troca recíproca de quadros e pressupõem a simetria dos enlaces. Além de energeticamente custosa, essa abordagem não é adequada para redes de sensores sem fio, onde os enlaces são tipicamente assimétricos. Por outro lado, técnicas como a introdução de marcas de tempo pela camada MAC eliminam o problema da assimetria, mas são dependentes de hardware específico. Neste artigo, é apresentada uma técnica simples de estimativa local (STELE) que elimina a necessidade de comunicação bidirecional, sendo, portanto, aplicável a enlaces assimétricos. Resultados experimentais com sensores reais mostram a técnica como vantajosa para redes densas.Referências
Akyildiz, I. F. and Vuran, M. C. (2010). Wireless Sensor Networks. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 243–262.
Anastasi, G., Conti, M., Di Francesco, M. and Passarella, A. (2006). An adaptive and low-latency power management protocol for wireless sensor networks. MobiWAC 2006 Proceedings of the 2006 ACM International Workshop on Mobility Management and Wireless Access, v. 2006, p. 67–74.
Committee, T. (2008). IEEE Std 1588-2008, IEEE Standard for a Precision Clock
Synchronization Protocol for Networked Measurement and Control Systems. Society. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=4579760.
Crossbow (2005). Crossbow MicaZ mote specification. http://www.openautomation.net/uploadsproductos/micaz_datasheet.pdf, [acessado em 8/8/2012].
Crossbow (2007). Crossbow Iris mote specification. http://www.dinesgroup.org/projects/images/pdf_files/iris_datasheet.pdf, [acessado em 8/8/2012].
Elson, J., Girod, L. and Estrin, D. (2002). Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts. ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, v. 36, n. SI, p. 147–160.
Lenzen, C., Sommer, P. and Wattenhofer, R. (2009). Optimal clock synchronization in networks. Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems SenSys 09, p. 225–237.
Levis, P., Madden, S., Polastre, J., et al. (2005). TinyOS : An Operating System for Sensor Networks. Ambient Intelligence, v. 35, p. 115–148.
Maróti, M., Kusy, B., Simon, G. and Lédeczi, Á. (2004). The flooding time synchronization protocol. In Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems SenSys 04. ACM Press. http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1031495.1031501.
Mills, D. L. (1985). Network Time Protocol (NTP). Network. IETF. http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc958.txt.
R Development Core Team (2007). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. ISBN 3-900051-07-0. [Austria, Ed.]R Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna Austria. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http://www.rproject.org.
Titzer, B. L., Lee, D. K. and Palsberg, J. (2005). Avrora: scalable sensor network simulation with precise timing. 2005, p. 477–482.
Woo, Alec and Culler, D. (2002). Complex Behavior at Scale : An Experimental Study of Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks. Citeseer, n. 02-0013, p. 1–11.
Yick, J., Mukherjee, B. and Ghosal, D. (2008). Wireless sensor network survey. Computer Networks, v. 52, n. 12, p. 2292–2330.
Anastasi, G., Conti, M., Di Francesco, M. and Passarella, A. (2006). An adaptive and low-latency power management protocol for wireless sensor networks. MobiWAC 2006 Proceedings of the 2006 ACM International Workshop on Mobility Management and Wireless Access, v. 2006, p. 67–74.
Committee, T. (2008). IEEE Std 1588-2008, IEEE Standard for a Precision Clock
Synchronization Protocol for Networked Measurement and Control Systems. Society. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=4579760.
Crossbow (2005). Crossbow MicaZ mote specification. http://www.openautomation.net/uploadsproductos/micaz_datasheet.pdf, [acessado em 8/8/2012].
Crossbow (2007). Crossbow Iris mote specification. http://www.dinesgroup.org/projects/images/pdf_files/iris_datasheet.pdf, [acessado em 8/8/2012].
Elson, J., Girod, L. and Estrin, D. (2002). Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts. ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, v. 36, n. SI, p. 147–160.
Lenzen, C., Sommer, P. and Wattenhofer, R. (2009). Optimal clock synchronization in networks. Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems SenSys 09, p. 225–237.
Levis, P., Madden, S., Polastre, J., et al. (2005). TinyOS : An Operating System for Sensor Networks. Ambient Intelligence, v. 35, p. 115–148.
Maróti, M., Kusy, B., Simon, G. and Lédeczi, Á. (2004). The flooding time synchronization protocol. In Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems SenSys 04. ACM Press. http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1031495.1031501.
Mills, D. L. (1985). Network Time Protocol (NTP). Network. IETF. http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc958.txt.
R Development Core Team (2007). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. ISBN 3-900051-07-0. [Austria, Ed.]R Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna Austria. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http://www.rproject.org.
Titzer, B. L., Lee, D. K. and Palsberg, J. (2005). Avrora: scalable sensor network simulation with precise timing. 2005, p. 477–482.
Woo, Alec and Culler, D. (2002). Complex Behavior at Scale : An Experimental Study of Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks. Citeseer, n. 02-0013, p. 1–11.
Yick, J., Mukherjee, B. and Ghosal, D. (2008). Wireless sensor network survey. Computer Networks, v. 52, n. 12, p. 2292–2330.
Publicado
23/07/2013
Como Citar
SOUSA, Cledson; CARRANO, Ricardo C.; MAGALHÃES, Luiz C. S.; ALBUQUERQUE, Celio V. N. de.
STELE - Uma Técnica Simples Para Estimativa Local do Atraso de Transmissão em RSSF. In: SEMINÁRIO INTEGRADO DE SOFTWARE E HARDWARE (SEMISH), 40. , 2013, Maceió.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2013
.
p. 308-319.
ISSN 2595-6205.
