Uma Análise Comparativa da Arquitetura e Desempenho de Plataformas de Corrente de Blocos Permissionadas para Contratos Inteligentes
Resumo
A corrente de blocos e os contratos inteligentes garantem segurança e automatização em cenários sem confiança, gerando soluções inovadoras em diversos setores produtivos. O projeto de código aberto Hyperledger impulsiona o emprego dessas tecnologias no meio corporativo provendo diferentes plataformas para o desenvolvimento de aplicações distribuídas. Este artigo analisa e compara duas plataformas amplamente utilizadas para o desenvolvimento de aplicações baseadas em correntes de blocos permissionadas: o Hyperledger Sawtooth e o Hyperledger Fabric. Dois protótipos desenvolvidos implementam contratos inteligentes para uma mesma aplicação de modo a avaliar o desempenho de cada ferramenta. Os resultados obtidos revelam que: i) o processamento paralelo de transações do Sawtooth apresenta um desempenho até 30% superior apenas se o número de transações conflitantes permanecer baixo; ii) o desempenho do modelo XO do Fabric é 4 vezes maior que o OX do Sawtooth, mas apresenta uma piora considerável com transações conflitantes; iii) o consenso do Sawtooth apresenta maior segurança e menor desempenho que o do Fabric; iv) as aplicações no Sawtooth consomem menos armazenamento em disco.
Referências
Benahmed, S., Pidikseev, I., Hussain, R., Lee, J., Kazmi, S. A., Oracevic, A., and Hussain, F. (2019). A comparative analysis of distributed ledger technologies for smart contract development. In 2019 IEEE 30th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), pages 1–6. IEEE.
Camilo, G. F. et al. (2020a). A Secure Personal-Data Trading System Based on Blockchain, Trust, and Reputation. In IEEE Blockchain.
Camilo, G. F. et al. (2020b). AutAvailChain: Automatic and Secure Data Availability through Blockchain. In GLOBECOM 2020 2020 IEEE Global Communications Conference, pages 1–6.
Caro, M. P., Ali, M. S., Vecchio, M., and Giaffreda, R. (2018). Blockchain-based traceability in agri-food supply chain management: A practical implementation. In 2018 IoT Vertical and Topical Summit on Agriculture-Tuscany (IOT Tuscany), pages 1–4. IEEE.
Chacko, J. A., Mayer, R., and Jacobsen, H.-A. (2021). Why Do My Blockchain Transactions Fail? A Study of Hyperledger Fabric. arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.04681.
Corso, A. (2019). Performance Analysis of Proof-of-Elapsed-Time (PoET) Consensus in the Sawtooth Blockchain Framework.
de Souza, L. A. C. et al. (2020). DFedForest: Decentralized Federated Forest. In 2020 IEEE Blockchain, pages 90–97.
Dinh, T. T. A., Wang, J., Chen, G., Liu, R., Ooi, B. C., and Tan, K.-L. (2017). Blockbench: In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM A framework for analyzing private blockchains. International Conference on Management of Data, pages 1085–1100.
Goreno, C., Golab, L., and Keshav, S. (2020). XOX Fabric: A hybrid approach to blockchain transaction execution. In 2020 IEEE ICBC, pages 1–9. IEEE.
Hamida, E. B., Brousmiche, K. L., Levard, H., and Thea, E. (2017). Blockchain for In The Thirteenth International enterprise: overview, opportunities and challenges. Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications (ICWMC 2017).
Muller, R. R. H. (2019). Demystification of the blockchain phenomenon: A matter of state management. Master’s thesis, Radboud University.
Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Disponível em https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf. Acessado em 18 de abril de 2021.
Palma, L. M. et al. (2019). Blockchain and smart contracts for higher education registry in Brazil. IJNM, 29(3):e2061.
Polge, J., Robert, J., and Le Traon, Y. (2021). Permissioned blockchain frameworks in the industry: A comparison. ICT Express, 7(2):229–233.
Rasolroveicy, M. and Fokaefs, M. (2020). Performance evaluation of distributed ledIn 2020 Fourth World ger technologies for iot data registry: A comparative study. Conference on Smart Trends in Systems, Security and Sustainability (WorldS4), pages 137–144. IEEE.
Rauchs, M., Blandin, A., Bear, K., and McKeon, S. B. (2019). 2nd global enterprise blockchain benchmarking study. Available at SSRN 3461765.
Rebello, G. A. F., Alvarenga, I. D., Sanz, I. J., and Duarte, O. C. M. B. (2019). BSecNFVO: A Blockchain-Based Security for Network Function Virtualization Orchestration. In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pages 1–6.
Rebello, G. A. F., Camilo, G. F., Guimaraes, L., de Souza, L. A. C., and Duarte, O. (2020). Security and performance analysis of quorum-based blockchain consensus protocols. Technical report, Electrical Engineering Program, COPPE/UFRJ.
Rebello, G. A. F. et al. (2019a). Providing a sliced, secure, and isolated software infrasIn IEEE HPSR, pages tructure of virtual functions through blockchain technology. 1–6.
Rebello, G. A. F. et al. (2019b). Segurança na Internet do Futuro: Provendo Confiança Distribuída através de Correntes de Blocos na Virtualização de Funções de Rede. Minicursos do SBRC, 2019.
Thakkar, P., Nathan, S., and Viswanathan, B. (2018). Performance Benchmarking and Optimizing Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain Platform. In IEEE MASCOTS, pages 264– 276. IEEE.
van Schaik, S., Kwong, A., Genkin, D., and Yarom, Y. (2020). SGAxe: How SGX fails in practice.
Wang, R., Ye, K., Meng, T., and Xu, C.-Z. (2020). Performance evaluation on blockchain systems: A case study on ethereum, fabric, sawtooth and fisco-bcos. In International Conference on Services Computing, pages 120–134. Springer.
Wood, G. et al. (2014). Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. Ethereum project yellow paper, 151(2014):1–32.
Camilo, G. F. et al. (2020a). A Secure Personal-Data Trading System Based on Blockchain, Trust, and Reputation. In IEEE Blockchain.
Camilo, G. F. et al. (2020b). AutAvailChain: Automatic and Secure Data Availability through Blockchain. In GLOBECOM 2020 2020 IEEE Global Communications Conference, pages 1–6.
Caro, M. P., Ali, M. S., Vecchio, M., and Giaffreda, R. (2018). Blockchain-based traceability in agri-food supply chain management: A practical implementation. In 2018 IoT Vertical and Topical Summit on Agriculture-Tuscany (IOT Tuscany), pages 1–4. IEEE.
Chacko, J. A., Mayer, R., and Jacobsen, H.-A. (2021). Why Do My Blockchain Transactions Fail? A Study of Hyperledger Fabric. arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.04681.
Corso, A. (2019). Performance Analysis of Proof-of-Elapsed-Time (PoET) Consensus in the Sawtooth Blockchain Framework.
de Souza, L. A. C. et al. (2020). DFedForest: Decentralized Federated Forest. In 2020 IEEE Blockchain, pages 90–97.
Dinh, T. T. A., Wang, J., Chen, G., Liu, R., Ooi, B. C., and Tan, K.-L. (2017). Blockbench: In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM A framework for analyzing private blockchains. International Conference on Management of Data, pages 1085–1100.
Goreno, C., Golab, L., and Keshav, S. (2020). XOX Fabric: A hybrid approach to blockchain transaction execution. In 2020 IEEE ICBC, pages 1–9. IEEE.
Hamida, E. B., Brousmiche, K. L., Levard, H., and Thea, E. (2017). Blockchain for In The Thirteenth International enterprise: overview, opportunities and challenges. Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications (ICWMC 2017).
Muller, R. R. H. (2019). Demystification of the blockchain phenomenon: A matter of state management. Master’s thesis, Radboud University.
Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Disponível em https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf. Acessado em 18 de abril de 2021.
Palma, L. M. et al. (2019). Blockchain and smart contracts for higher education registry in Brazil. IJNM, 29(3):e2061.
Polge, J., Robert, J., and Le Traon, Y. (2021). Permissioned blockchain frameworks in the industry: A comparison. ICT Express, 7(2):229–233.
Rasolroveicy, M. and Fokaefs, M. (2020). Performance evaluation of distributed ledIn 2020 Fourth World ger technologies for iot data registry: A comparative study. Conference on Smart Trends in Systems, Security and Sustainability (WorldS4), pages 137–144. IEEE.
Rauchs, M., Blandin, A., Bear, K., and McKeon, S. B. (2019). 2nd global enterprise blockchain benchmarking study. Available at SSRN 3461765.
Rebello, G. A. F., Alvarenga, I. D., Sanz, I. J., and Duarte, O. C. M. B. (2019). BSecNFVO: A Blockchain-Based Security for Network Function Virtualization Orchestration. In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pages 1–6.
Rebello, G. A. F., Camilo, G. F., Guimaraes, L., de Souza, L. A. C., and Duarte, O. (2020). Security and performance analysis of quorum-based blockchain consensus protocols. Technical report, Electrical Engineering Program, COPPE/UFRJ.
Rebello, G. A. F. et al. (2019a). Providing a sliced, secure, and isolated software infrasIn IEEE HPSR, pages tructure of virtual functions through blockchain technology. 1–6.
Rebello, G. A. F. et al. (2019b). Segurança na Internet do Futuro: Provendo Confiança Distribuída através de Correntes de Blocos na Virtualização de Funções de Rede. Minicursos do SBRC, 2019.
Thakkar, P., Nathan, S., and Viswanathan, B. (2018). Performance Benchmarking and Optimizing Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain Platform. In IEEE MASCOTS, pages 264– 276. IEEE.
van Schaik, S., Kwong, A., Genkin, D., and Yarom, Y. (2020). SGAxe: How SGX fails in practice.
Wang, R., Ye, K., Meng, T., and Xu, C.-Z. (2020). Performance evaluation on blockchain systems: A case study on ethereum, fabric, sawtooth and fisco-bcos. In International Conference on Services Computing, pages 120–134. Springer.
Wood, G. et al. (2014). Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. Ethereum project yellow paper, 151(2014):1–32.
Publicado
16/08/2021
Como Citar
THOMAZ, Guilherme A.; CAMILO, Gustavo F.; SOUZA, Lucas Airam C. de; DUARTE, Otto Carlos M. B..
Uma Análise Comparativa da Arquitetura e Desempenho de Plataformas de Corrente de Blocos Permissionadas para Contratos Inteligentes. In: WORKSHOP EM BLOCKCHAIN: TEORIA, TECNOLOGIAS E APLICAÇÕES (WBLOCKCHAIN), 4. , 2021, Uberlândia.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2021
.
p. 114-127.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/wblockchain.2021.17134.
