Finding Fake News Websites in the Wild
Resumo
The battle against the spread of misinformation on the Internet is a daunting task faced by modern society. Fake news content is primarily distributed through digital platforms, with websites dedicated to producing and disseminating such content playing a pivotal role in this complex ecosystem. Therefore, these websites are of great interest to misinformation researchers. However, obtaining a comprehensive list of websites labeled as producers and/or spreaders of misinformation can be challenging, particularly in developing countries. In this study, we propose a novel methodology for identifying websites responsible for creating and disseminating misinformation content, which are closely linked to users who share confirmed instances of fake news on social media. We validate our approach on Twitter by examining various execution modes and contexts. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in identifying misinformation websites, which can aid in gaining a better understanding of this phenomenon and enabling competent entities to tackle the problem in various areas of society.
Palavras-chave:
Fake News, Misinformation, Credibility, Websites, Social Media, Twitter, X
Referências
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Lutz Bornmann and Hans-Dieter Daniel. 2007. What do we know about the hindex? Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology 58, 9 (2007), 1381–1385.
Alexandre Bovet and Hernán A Makse. 2019. Influence of fake news in Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election. Nature Communicat. 10, 1 (2019), 1–14.
Lia Bozarth and Ceren Budak. 2020. Market forces: Quantifying the role of top credible ad servers in the fake news ecosystem. In The Int’l Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM).
João MM Couto, Julio CS Reis, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2024. Can computer network attributes be useful for identifying low-credibility websites? A case study in Brazil. Social Network Analysis and Mining 14, 1 (2024), 153.
João MM Couto, Julio CS Reis, Ítalo Cunha, Leandro Araújo, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2022. Caracterizando websites de baixa credibilidade no brasil. In Brazilian Symposium on Computer Networks and Distributed Systems (SBRC). 503–516.
Joao MM Couto, Julio CS Reis, Italo Cunha, Leandro Araujo, and Fabricio Benevenuto. 2022. Characterizing Low Credibility Websites in Brazil through Computer Networking Attributes. In IEEE/ACM Int’l Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM).
Bárbara G. Ribeiro, Manoel Horta Ribeiro, Virgilio Almeida, and Wagner Meira Jr. 2022. Analyzing the “Sleeping Giants” Activism Model in Brazil. In ACM Web Science Conference (WebSci). 87–97.
Venkata Rama Kiran Garimella and Ingmar Weber. 2017. A long-term analysis of polarization on Twitter. In Int’l Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM).
Nir Grinberg, Kenneth Joseph, Lisa Friedland, Briony Swire-Thompson, and David Lazer. 2019. Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election. Science 363, 6425 (2019), 374–378.
Andrew Guess, Jonathan Nagler, and Joshua Tucker. 2019. Less than you think: Prevalence and predictors of fake news dissemination on Facebook. Science advances 5, 1 (2019), eaau4586.
Mohamad Hoseini, Philipe Melo, Manoel Júnior, Fabrício Benevenuto, Balakrishnan Chandrasekaran, Anja Feldmann, and Savvas Zannettou. 2020. Demystifying the Messaging Platforms’ Ecosystem Through the Lens of Twitter. In ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC). 345–359.
Eslam Hussein, Prerna Juneja, and Tanushree Mitra. 2020. Measuring misinformation in video search platforms: An audit study on YouTube. Proc. of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4, CSCW (2020), 1–27.
Juhi Kulshrestha, Muhammad Zafar, Lisette Noboa, Krishna Gummadi, and Saptarshi Ghosh. 2015. Characterizing information diets of social media users. In Proc. of the Int’l AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM). 218–227.
Sahil Loomba, Alexandre de Figueiredo, Simon J Piatek, Kristen de Graaf, and Heidi J Larson. 2021. Measuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USA. Nature human behaviour 5, 3 (2021), 337–348.
Media Bias/Fact Check. 2015. [link]. Acessado: 01-05-2024.
Julio CS Reis and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2021. Supervised learning for misinformation detection in whatsapp. In Proc. of the Brazilian Symposium on Multimedia and the Web (WebMedia). 245–252.
Julio CS Reis, Philipe Melo, Fabiano Belém, Fabricio Murai, Jussara M Almeida, and Fabricio Benevenuto. 2023. Helping Fact-Checkers Identify Fake News Stories Shared through Images on WhatsApp. In Proc. of the Brazilian Symposium on Multimedia and the Web (WebMedia). 159–167.
Julio CS Reis, Philipe Melo, Márcio Silva, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2023. Desinformação em plataformas digitais: Conceitos, abordagens tecnológicas e desafios. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação (2023).
Gustavo Resende, Philipe Melo, Hugo Sousa, Johnnatan Messias, Marisa Vasconcelos, Jussara Almeida, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2019. (Mis)Information Dissemination in WhatsApp: Gathering, Analyzing and Countermeasures. In The Web Conference (WWW). 818–828.
Filipe N Ribeiro, Koustuv Saha, Mahmoudreza Babaei, Lucas Henrique, Johnnatan Messias, Fabricio Benevenuto, Oana Goga, Krishna P Gummadi, and Elissa M Redmiles. 2019. On microtargeting socially divisive ads: A case study of russia-linked ad campaigns on facebook. In Proc. of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT). 140–149.
Manoel Horta Ribeiro, Raphael Ottoni, Robert West, Virgílio AF Almeida, and Wagner Meira Jr. 2020. Auditing radicalization pathways on YouTube. In Proc. of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT). 131–141.
Vinay Setty and Erlend Rekve. 2020. Truth be Told: Fake News Detection Using User Reactions on Reddit. In Proc. of the ACM Int’l Conference on Information & Knowledge Management (CIKM). 3325–3328.
Lisa Singh, Leticia Bode, Ceren Budak, Kornraphop Kawintiranon, Colton Padden, and Emily Vraga. 2020. Understanding high-and low-quality URL Sharing on COVID-19 Twitter streams. Journal of Computat. Social Science (2020), 343–366.
Kathie M d’I Treen, Hywel TP Williams, and Saffron J O’Neill. 2020. Online misinformation about climate change. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 11, 5 (2020), e665.
Yash Vekaria, Rishab Nithyanand, and Zubair Shafiq. 2022. The Inventory is Dark and Full of Misinformation: Understanding the Abuse of Ad Inventory Pooling in the Ad-Tech Supply Chain. arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.06654 (2022).
Soroush Vosoughi, Deb Roy, and Sinan Aral. 2018. The spread of true and false news online. science 359, 6380 (2018), 1146–1151.
Jevin D West and Carl T Bergstrom. 2021. Misinformation in and about science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, 15 (2021), e1912444117.
Lutz Bornmann and Hans-Dieter Daniel. 2007. What do we know about the hindex? Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology 58, 9 (2007), 1381–1385.
Alexandre Bovet and Hernán A Makse. 2019. Influence of fake news in Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election. Nature Communicat. 10, 1 (2019), 1–14.
Lia Bozarth and Ceren Budak. 2020. Market forces: Quantifying the role of top credible ad servers in the fake news ecosystem. In The Int’l Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM).
João MM Couto, Julio CS Reis, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2024. Can computer network attributes be useful for identifying low-credibility websites? A case study in Brazil. Social Network Analysis and Mining 14, 1 (2024), 153.
João MM Couto, Julio CS Reis, Ítalo Cunha, Leandro Araújo, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2022. Caracterizando websites de baixa credibilidade no brasil. In Brazilian Symposium on Computer Networks and Distributed Systems (SBRC). 503–516.
Joao MM Couto, Julio CS Reis, Italo Cunha, Leandro Araujo, and Fabricio Benevenuto. 2022. Characterizing Low Credibility Websites in Brazil through Computer Networking Attributes. In IEEE/ACM Int’l Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM).
Bárbara G. Ribeiro, Manoel Horta Ribeiro, Virgilio Almeida, and Wagner Meira Jr. 2022. Analyzing the “Sleeping Giants” Activism Model in Brazil. In ACM Web Science Conference (WebSci). 87–97.
Venkata Rama Kiran Garimella and Ingmar Weber. 2017. A long-term analysis of polarization on Twitter. In Int’l Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM).
Nir Grinberg, Kenneth Joseph, Lisa Friedland, Briony Swire-Thompson, and David Lazer. 2019. Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election. Science 363, 6425 (2019), 374–378.
Andrew Guess, Jonathan Nagler, and Joshua Tucker. 2019. Less than you think: Prevalence and predictors of fake news dissemination on Facebook. Science advances 5, 1 (2019), eaau4586.
Mohamad Hoseini, Philipe Melo, Manoel Júnior, Fabrício Benevenuto, Balakrishnan Chandrasekaran, Anja Feldmann, and Savvas Zannettou. 2020. Demystifying the Messaging Platforms’ Ecosystem Through the Lens of Twitter. In ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC). 345–359.
Eslam Hussein, Prerna Juneja, and Tanushree Mitra. 2020. Measuring misinformation in video search platforms: An audit study on YouTube. Proc. of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4, CSCW (2020), 1–27.
Juhi Kulshrestha, Muhammad Zafar, Lisette Noboa, Krishna Gummadi, and Saptarshi Ghosh. 2015. Characterizing information diets of social media users. In Proc. of the Int’l AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM). 218–227.
Sahil Loomba, Alexandre de Figueiredo, Simon J Piatek, Kristen de Graaf, and Heidi J Larson. 2021. Measuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USA. Nature human behaviour 5, 3 (2021), 337–348.
Media Bias/Fact Check. 2015. [link]. Acessado: 01-05-2024.
Julio CS Reis and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2021. Supervised learning for misinformation detection in whatsapp. In Proc. of the Brazilian Symposium on Multimedia and the Web (WebMedia). 245–252.
Julio CS Reis, Philipe Melo, Fabiano Belém, Fabricio Murai, Jussara M Almeida, and Fabricio Benevenuto. 2023. Helping Fact-Checkers Identify Fake News Stories Shared through Images on WhatsApp. In Proc. of the Brazilian Symposium on Multimedia and the Web (WebMedia). 159–167.
Julio CS Reis, Philipe Melo, Márcio Silva, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2023. Desinformação em plataformas digitais: Conceitos, abordagens tecnológicas e desafios. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação (2023).
Gustavo Resende, Philipe Melo, Hugo Sousa, Johnnatan Messias, Marisa Vasconcelos, Jussara Almeida, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2019. (Mis)Information Dissemination in WhatsApp: Gathering, Analyzing and Countermeasures. In The Web Conference (WWW). 818–828.
Filipe N Ribeiro, Koustuv Saha, Mahmoudreza Babaei, Lucas Henrique, Johnnatan Messias, Fabricio Benevenuto, Oana Goga, Krishna P Gummadi, and Elissa M Redmiles. 2019. On microtargeting socially divisive ads: A case study of russia-linked ad campaigns on facebook. In Proc. of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT). 140–149.
Manoel Horta Ribeiro, Raphael Ottoni, Robert West, Virgílio AF Almeida, and Wagner Meira Jr. 2020. Auditing radicalization pathways on YouTube. In Proc. of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT). 131–141.
Vinay Setty and Erlend Rekve. 2020. Truth be Told: Fake News Detection Using User Reactions on Reddit. In Proc. of the ACM Int’l Conference on Information & Knowledge Management (CIKM). 3325–3328.
Lisa Singh, Leticia Bode, Ceren Budak, Kornraphop Kawintiranon, Colton Padden, and Emily Vraga. 2020. Understanding high-and low-quality URL Sharing on COVID-19 Twitter streams. Journal of Computat. Social Science (2020), 343–366.
Kathie M d’I Treen, Hywel TP Williams, and Saffron J O’Neill. 2020. Online misinformation about climate change. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 11, 5 (2020), e665.
Yash Vekaria, Rishab Nithyanand, and Zubair Shafiq. 2022. The Inventory is Dark and Full of Misinformation: Understanding the Abuse of Ad Inventory Pooling in the Ad-Tech Supply Chain. arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.06654 (2022).
Soroush Vosoughi, Deb Roy, and Sinan Aral. 2018. The spread of true and false news online. science 359, 6380 (2018), 1146–1151.
Jevin D West and Carl T Bergstrom. 2021. Misinformation in and about science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, 15 (2021), e1912444117.
Publicado
14/10/2024
Como Citar
ARAUJO, Leandro; COUTO, João M. M.; NERY, Luiz Felipe; RODRIGUES, Isadora; ALMEIDA, Jussara M.; REIS, Julio C. S.; BENEVENUTO, Fabricio.
Finding Fake News Websites in the Wild. In: BRAZILIAN SYMPOSIUM ON MULTIMEDIA AND THE WEB (WEBMEDIA), 30. , 2024, Juiz de Fora/MG.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2024
.
p. 171-178.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/webmedia.2024.243115.
