Caracterização das Recomendações de Streams na Twitch para o Público Infantil e Adolescente no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos
Resumo
Twitch is a livestream sharing and interaction platform that strongly attracts young audiences due to its strong gaming presence. When watching a livestream, users see a list of channels with live streams suggested by the platform. In this study, we used the concept of personas (aged 13, 15, and 18) to represent the child and adolescent audience on Twitch, to simulate their access in Brazil and the United States, and to characterize the recommendations to this audience in both countries. Our personas watched live streams of a set of popular games, and for each stream watched, we collected the suggested streams for more than a month for each persona. Our results highlight and fill a gap in the literature: the presence of inappropriate content in these platform suggestions for children and adolescents, including rewards, games with inappropriate age ratings, advertisements, tags, and titles with inappropriate words. Our results can contribute to fostering public policies and computational improvements that contribute to a safer user experience within social media for children and adolescents.
Palavras-chave:
Mídia social, crianças, adolescentes, conteúdo inapropriado, transmissões ao vivo, Twitch
Referências
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Sultan Alshamrani, Ahmed Abusnaina, Mohammed Abuhamad, Daehun Nyang, and David Mohaisen. 2021. Hate, Obscenity, and Insults: Measuring the Exposure of Children to Inappropriate Comments in YouTube. In Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021 (Ljubljana, Slovenia) (WWW ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 508–515. DOI: 10.1145/3442442.3452314
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Daniel Gros, Brigitta Wanner, Anna Hackenholt, Piotr Zawadzki, and Kathrin Knautz. 2017. World of Streaming. Motivation and Gratification on Twitch. In Social Computing and Social Media. Human Behavior, Gabriele Meiselwitz (Ed.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 44–57.
Wenlin Han and Madhura Ansingkar. 2020. Discovery of Elsagate: Detection of Sparse Inappropriate Content from Kids Videos. In 2020 Zooming Innovation in Consumer Technologies Conference (ZINC). 46–47. DOI: 10.1109/ZINC50678.2020.9161808
International Telecommunication Union. 2024. Measuring digital development: Facts and figures 2024. Technical Report. International Telecommunication Union.
Akari Ishikawa, Edson Bollis, and Sandra Avila. 2019. Combating the elsagate phenomenon: Deep learning architectures for disturbing cartoons. In 7th International Workshop on Biometrics and Forensics (IWBF). DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.1904.08910
Nathan Jackson and Mark Johnson. 2024. Frictions and flows in Twitch’s platform economy: viewer spending, platform features and user behaviours. Information, Communication Society 27 (05 2024), 1–21. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2024.2331766
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Katherine Klosek. 2021. Issue Brief: Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act: Research Library Perspectives. DOI: 10.29242/brief.section230cda2021 Acessado em agosto de 2025.
Michel Laterman, Martin Arlitt, and Carey Williamson. 2017. A campus-level view of Netflix and Twitch: Characterization and performance implications. In 2017 International Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (SPECTS). 1–8. DOI: 10.23919/SPECTS.2017.8046774
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Kostantinos Papadamou, Antonis Papasavva, Savvas Zannettou, Jeremy Blackburn, Nicolas Kourtellis, Ilias Leontiadis, Gianluca Stringhini, and Michael Sirivianos. 2020. Disturbed YouTube for Kids: Characterizing and Detecting Inappropriate Videos Targeting Young Children. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference onWeb and Social Media 14 (05 2020), 522–533. DOI: 10.1609/icwsm.v14i1.7320
Anand Rajaraman and Jeffrey David Ullman. 2011. Data Mining. Cambridge University Press, 1–17.
Martin Sas, Maarten Denoo, and Jan Tobias Mühlberg. 2023. Informing Children about Privacy: A Review and Assessment of Age-Appropriate Information Designs in Kids-Oriented F2P Video Games. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 7, CHI PLAY, Article 390 (Oct. 2023), 39 pages. DOI: 10.1145/3611036
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Luana Assis Silva, Kênia C. Gonçalves, Humberto T. Marques-Neto, and Jussara M. Almeida. 2025. Is it safe? Analysis of Live Streams Targeted at Kids on Twitch.tv. In Proceedings of the 17th ACMWeb Science Conference 2025 (Websci ’25). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 369–378. DOI: 10.1145/3717867. 3717907
Max Sjöblom and Juho Hamari. 2017. Why do people watch others play video games? An empirical study on the motivations of Twitch users. Computers in Human Behavior 75 (2017), 985–996. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.10.019
Abbie Speed, Alycia Burnett, and Tom Robinson II. 2023. Beyond the Game: Understanding why people enjoy viewing Twitch. Entertainment Computing 45 (2023), 100545. DOI: 10.1016/j.entcom.2022.100545
Reed Stevens, Tom Satwicz, and Laurie McCarthy. 2008. In-game, in-room, inworld: Reconnecting video game play to the rest of kids’ lives. The ecology of games: Connecting youth, games, and learning (2008).
Mariya Stoilova, Monica Bulger, and Sonia Livingstone. 2023. Do parental control tools fulfil family expectations for child protection? A rapid evidence review of the contexts and outcomes of use. Journal of Children and Media 18 (10 2023), 1–21. DOI: 10.1080/17482798.2023.2265512
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Twitch Interactive. 2025. Twitch API Documentation. [link] Acessado em agosto de 2025.
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Michel Wijkstra, Katja Rogers, Regan L. Mandryk, Remco C. Veltkamp, and Julian Frommel. 2024. How To Tame a Toxic Player? A Systematic Literature Review on Intervention Systems for Toxic Behaviors in Online Video Games. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 8, CHI PLAY, Article 315 (Oct. 2024), 32 pages. DOI: 10.1145/3677080
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Shiza Ali, Afsaneh Razi, Seunghyun Kim, Ashwaq Alsoubai, Joshua Gracie, Munmun Choudhury, Pamela Wisniewski, and Gianluca Stringhini. 2022. Understanding the Digital Lives of Youth: Analyzing Media Shared within Safe Versus Unsafe Private Conversations on Instagram. 1–14. DOI: 10.1145/3491102.3501969
Saeed Ibrahim Alqahtani, Wael M. S. Yafooz, Abdullah Alsaeedi, Liyakathunisa Syed, and Reyadh Alluhaibi. 2023. Children’s Safety on YouTube: A Systematic Review. Applied Sciences 13, 6 (2023). DOI: 10.3390/app13064044
Sultan Alshamrani. 2020. Detecting and Measuring the Exposure of Children and Adolescents to Inappropriate Comments in YouTube. In Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management (Virtual Event, Ireland) (CIKM ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 3213–3216. DOI: 10.1145/3340531.3418511
Sultan Alshamrani, Ahmed Abusnaina, Mohammed Abuhamad, Daehun Nyang, and David Mohaisen. 2021. Hate, Obscenity, and Insults: Measuring the Exposure of Children to Inappropriate Comments in YouTube. In Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021 (Ljubljana, Slovenia) (WWW ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 508–515. DOI: 10.1145/3442442.3452314
Christian Borgelt. 2005. An implementation of the FP-growth algorithm. In Proceedings of the 1st InternationalWorkshop on Open Source Data Mining: Frequent Pattern Mining Implementations (Chicago, Illinois) (OSDM ’05). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–5. DOI: 10.1145/1133905.1133907
Elena Bozzola, Giulia Spina, Rino Agostiniani, Sarah Barni, Rocco Russo, Elena Scarpato, Antonio Di Mauro, Antonella Stefano, Cinthia Caruso, Giovanni Corsello, and Annamaria Staiano. 2022. The Use of Social Media in Children and Adolescents: Scoping Review on the Potential Risks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19 (08 2022), 9960. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169960
Brasil. 1990. Lei nº 8.069, de 13 de julho de 1990. [link] Acessado em agosto de 2025.
Brasil. 1990. Lei nº 8.078, de 11 de setembro de 1990. [link] Acessado em agosto de 2025.
Brasil. 2014. Lei nº 12.965, de 23 de abril de 2014. [link] Acessado em agosto de 2025.
Josemar Alves Caetano, Cecilia Capurucho Bouchardet, and Humberto Torres Marques-Neto. 2023. Identifying and Characterizing Child Advertising on Instagram. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Open Challenges in Online Social Networks (Rome, Italy) (OASIS ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 9–13. DOI: 10.1145/3599696.3612896
Sandra Calvert. 2008. Children as Consumers: Advertising and Marketing. The Future of children / Center for the Future of Children, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation 18 (03 2008), 205–34. DOI: 10.1353/foc.0.0001
Jeng-Yu Chou and Brian Levine. 2024. A Quantitative Analysis of Inappropriate Content, Age Rating Compliance, and Risks to Youth on the Whisper Platform. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (Vienna, Austria) (ARES ’24). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 192, 10 pages. DOI: 10.1145/3664476.3670907
Mark Claypool, Daniel Farrington, and Nicholas Muesch. 2015. Measurementbased analysis of the video characteristics of Twitch.tv. In 2015 IEEE Games Entertainment Media Conference (GEM). 1–4. DOI: 10.1109/GEM.2015.7377227
Brian Dean. 2025. Twitch Usage and Growth Statistics: How Many People Use Twitch? [link] Acessado em agosto de 2025.
Jie Deng, Felix Cuadrado, Gareth Tyson, and Steve Uhlig. 2015. Behind the game: exploring the twitch streaming platform. In Proceedings of the 2015 International Workshop on Network and Systems Support for Games (Zagreb, Croatia) (NetGames’15). IEEE Press, Article 8, 6 pages.
Entertainment Software Rating Board. 2025. Entertainment Software Rating Board. [link] Acessado em agosto de 2025.
eSafety Commissioner. 2022. Mind the Gap: Parental awareness of children’s exposure to risks online. Technical Report. australian Government. [link].
Federal Trade Commission. 2025. Children’s Online Privacy Protection Rule ("COPPA"). [link] Acessado em agosto de 2025.
Federal Trade Commission. 2025. Federal Trade Commission. [link] Acessado em agosto de 2025.
Flavio Figueiredo, Felipe Giori, Guilherme Soares, Mariana Arantes, Jussara M. Almeida, and Fabricio Benevenuto. 2020. Understanding Targeted Video-Ads in Children’s Content. In Proceedings of the 31st ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media (Virtual Event, USA) (HT ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 151–160. DOI: 10.1145/3372923.3404787
Carla Fisher. 2014. Designing games for children: Developmental, usability, and design considerations for making games for kids. Routledge.
Virginia N. L. Franqueira, Jessica A. Annor, and Ozgur Kafali. 2022. Age Appropriate Design: Assessment of TikTok, Twitch, and YouTube Kids. arXiv:2208.02638 [cs.CY] [link]
Frithiof, Christian. 2014. Internet Game Database (IGDB). [link] Acessado em agosto de 2025.
Myrsini Gkolemi, Panagiotis Papadopoulos, Evangelos Markatos, and Nicolas Kourtellis. 2022. YouTubers Not madeForKids: Detecting Channels Sharing Inappropriate Videos Targeting Children. In Proceedings of the 14th ACMWeb Science Conference 2022 (Barcelona, Spain) (WebSci ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 370–381. DOI: 10.1145/3501247.3531556
Kênia C. Gonçalves, Maria Simões, Renato M. Filho, and Jussara M. Almeida. 2025. Caracterização e avaliação do controle de acesso dos servidores do Discord para o público infantil e adolescente. In Anais do XIV Brazilian Workshop on Social Network Analysis and Mining (Maceió/AL). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 120–133. DOI: 10.5753/brasnam.2025.8855
Kênia C. Gonçalves, Flávio Soriano, Humberto T. Marques-Neto, and Jussara M. Almeida. 2025. Exposure of Kids to Age-Inappropriate Content on Twitch: A Comparative Cross-Country Study. Social Networks Analysis and Mining - SNAM (2025). DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6793282/v1 PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square - Manuscript submitted, revised and approved for publication.
Daniel Gros, Brigitta Wanner, Anna Hackenholt, Piotr Zawadzki, and Kathrin Knautz. 2017. World of Streaming. Motivation and Gratification on Twitch. In Social Computing and Social Media. Human Behavior, Gabriele Meiselwitz (Ed.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 44–57.
Wenlin Han and Madhura Ansingkar. 2020. Discovery of Elsagate: Detection of Sparse Inappropriate Content from Kids Videos. In 2020 Zooming Innovation in Consumer Technologies Conference (ZINC). 46–47. DOI: 10.1109/ZINC50678.2020.9161808
International Telecommunication Union. 2024. Measuring digital development: Facts and figures 2024. Technical Report. International Telecommunication Union.
Akari Ishikawa, Edson Bollis, and Sandra Avila. 2019. Combating the elsagate phenomenon: Deep learning architectures for disturbing cartoons. In 7th International Workshop on Biometrics and Forensics (IWBF). DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.1904.08910
Nathan Jackson and Mark Johnson. 2024. Frictions and flows in Twitch’s platform economy: viewer spending, platform features and user behaviours. Information, Communication Society 27 (05 2024), 1–21. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2024.2331766
Rishabh Kaushal, Srishty Saha, Payal Bajaj, and Ponnurangam Kumaraguru. 2016. KidsTube: Detection, characterization and analysis of child unsafe content promoters on YouTube. In 2016 14th Annual Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust (PST). 157–164. DOI: 10.1109/PST.2016.7906950
Katherine Klosek. 2021. Issue Brief: Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act: Research Library Perspectives. DOI: 10.29242/brief.section230cda2021 Acessado em agosto de 2025.
Michel Laterman, Martin Arlitt, and Carey Williamson. 2017. A campus-level view of Netflix and Twitch: Characterization and performance implications. In 2017 International Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (SPECTS). 1–8. DOI: 10.23919/SPECTS.2017.8046774
Huyen Le, Raven Maragh, Brian Ekdale, Andrew High, Timothy Havens, and Zubair Shafiq. 2019. Measuring Political Personalization of Google News Search. In The World Wide Web Conference (San Francisco, CA, USA) (WWW’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2957–2963. DOI: 10.1145/3308558.3313682
Sonia Livingstone and Kim R. Sylwander. 2025. There is no right age! The search for age-appropriate ways to support children’s digital lives and rights. Journal of Children and Media 19, 1 (2025), 6–12. DOI: 10.1080/17482798.2024.2435015
Keri Mallari, Spencer Williams, and Gary Hsieh. 2021. Understanding Analytics Needs of Video Game Streamers. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Yokohama, Japan) (CHI ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 337, 12 pages. DOI: 10.1145/3411764.3445320
Common Sense Media. 2021. The Common Sense Census: Media Use by Tweens and Teens 2021. Technical Report. Common Sense Media. [link] Acessado em maio de 2025.
Kostantinos Papadamou, Antonis Papasavva, Savvas Zannettou, Jeremy Blackburn, Nicolas Kourtellis, Ilias Leontiadis, Gianluca Stringhini, and Michael Sirivianos. 2020. Disturbed YouTube for Kids: Characterizing and Detecting Inappropriate Videos Targeting Young Children. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference onWeb and Social Media 14 (05 2020), 522–533. DOI: 10.1609/icwsm.v14i1.7320
Anand Rajaraman and Jeffrey David Ullman. 2011. Data Mining. Cambridge University Press, 1–17.
Martin Sas, Maarten Denoo, and Jan Tobias Mühlberg. 2023. Informing Children about Privacy: A Review and Assessment of Age-Appropriate Information Designs in Kids-Oriented F2P Video Games. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 7, CHI PLAY, Article 390 (Oct. 2023), 39 pages. DOI: 10.1145/3611036
Selenium Project. 2025. Selenium: Browser Automation. [link] Acessado em agosto de 2025.
Luana Assis Silva, Kênia C. Gonçalves, Humberto T. Marques-Neto, and Jussara M. Almeida. 2025. Is it safe? Analysis of Live Streams Targeted at Kids on Twitch.tv. In Proceedings of the 17th ACMWeb Science Conference 2025 (Websci ’25). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 369–378. DOI: 10.1145/3717867. 3717907
Max Sjöblom and Juho Hamari. 2017. Why do people watch others play video games? An empirical study on the motivations of Twitch users. Computers in Human Behavior 75 (2017), 985–996. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.10.019
Abbie Speed, Alycia Burnett, and Tom Robinson II. 2023. Beyond the Game: Understanding why people enjoy viewing Twitch. Entertainment Computing 45 (2023), 100545. DOI: 10.1016/j.entcom.2022.100545
Reed Stevens, Tom Satwicz, and Laurie McCarthy. 2008. In-game, in-room, inworld: Reconnecting video game play to the rest of kids’ lives. The ecology of games: Connecting youth, games, and learning (2008).
Mariya Stoilova, Monica Bulger, and Sonia Livingstone. 2023. Do parental control tools fulfil family expectations for child protection? A rapid evidence review of the contexts and outcomes of use. Journal of Children and Media 18 (10 2023), 1–21. DOI: 10.1080/17482798.2023.2265512
Rashid Tahir, Faizan Ahmed, Hammas Saeed, Shiza Ali, Fareed Zaffar, and Christo Wilson. 2020. Bringing the kid back into YouTube kids: detecting inappropriate content on video streaming platforms. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) (ASONAM ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 464–469. DOI: 10.1145/3341161.3342913
Twitch Interactive. 2025. Branded Content Policy. [link] Acessado em agosto de 2025.
Twitch Interactive. 2025. Twitch API Documentation. [link] Acessado em agosto de 2025.
TwitchTracker. 2025. Twitch Statistics Charts. [link] Acessado em agosto de 2025.
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Michel Wijkstra, Katja Rogers, Regan L. Mandryk, Remco C. Veltkamp, and Julian Frommel. 2024. How To Tame a Toxic Player? A Systematic Literature Review on Intervention Systems for Toxic Behaviors in Online Video Games. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 8, CHI PLAY, Article 315 (Oct. 2024), 32 pages. DOI: 10.1145/3677080
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Publicado
10/11/2025
Como Citar
GONÇALVES, Kênia C.; SORIANO, Flávio; VIMIEIRO, Renato; MARQUES-NETO, Humberto T.; ALMEIDA, Jussara M..
Caracterização das Recomendações de Streams na Twitch para o Público Infantil e Adolescente no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos. In: BRAZILIAN SYMPOSIUM ON MULTIMEDIA AND THE WEB (WEBMEDIA), 31. , 2025, Rio de Janeiro/RJ.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2025
.
p. 131-140.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/webmedia.2025.16053.
