Criptografia Bioinspirada para IoT: Um Estudo Comparativo de Algoritmos Baseados em DNA
Resumo
Data security in Internet of Things (IoT) devices is a critical challenge due to their inherent limitations in memory, energy, and processing capacity. Traditional security mechanisms are often unfeasible, driving the search for lightweight cryptographic algorithms. In this context, DNA-based cryptography stands out as a promising bioinspired approach. This study presents an empirical and direct comparison of four DNA-based cryptographic algorithms, implemented on a real resource-constrained IoT device, the ESP8266. The analysis quantified performance and efficiency in both encryption and decryption modes, using instrumented measurements of energy consumption (mJ), execution time (𝜇s), electric current (mA), and RAM usage (B). The results reveal statistically significant differences among the algorithms, confirmed by Shapiro-Wilk and Wilcoxon tests. Alg_3 demonstrated the highest efficiency in time and energy, being the fastest and with the lowest total energy consumption, although it required the most RAM. The research highlights the potential of bioinspired cryptography and reinforces the importance of considering the constraints of the target environment when selecting a cryptographic scheme.
Palavras-chave:
Análise comparativa, Criptografia, DNA, Internet das Coisas, Sistemas Embarcados
Referências
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Gamil RS Qaid and Nadhem Sultan Ebrahim. 2023. A lightweight cryptographic algorithm based on DNA computing for IoT devices. Security and Communication Networks 2023, 1 (2023), 9967129.
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Ashish Singh, Abhinav Kumar, and Suyel Namasudra. 2024. DNACDS: Cloud IoE big data security and accessing scheme based on DNA cryptography. Front. Comput. Sci. 18 (2024), 181801. Issue 1. DOI: 10.1007/s11704-022-2193-3
Ashish Singh, Abhinav Kumar, and Suyel Namasudra. 2024. DNACDS: Cloud IoE big data security and accessing scheme based on DNA cryptography. Frontiers of Computer Science 18, 1 (2024), 181801.
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Jacob Mbarndouka Taamté, Vitrice Ruben Folifack Signing, Michaux Kountchou Noube, Bodo Bertrand, and Saïdou. 2022. An efficient environmental monitoring data encryption algorithm based on DNA coding and hyperchaotic system. Int. j. inf. tecnol. 14 (2022), 1367–1380. Issue 3. DOI: 10.1007/s41870-022-00887-z
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Namrata Vaswani, Yuejie Chi, and Thierry Bouwmans. 2018. Rethinking PCA for modern data sets: Theory, algorithms, and applications [scanning the issue]. Proc. IEEE 106, 8 (2018), 1274–1276.
Ankush Verma, Geetanjali Rathee, and Chaker Abdelaziz Kerrache. 2024. Toward Secure Consumer IoT Communications using DNA Encryption and Blockchain Technology. In 2024 6th International Conference on Pattern Analysis and Intelligent Systems (PAIS). IEEE, 1–7.
Sissi Xiaoxiao Wu, Hoi-To Wai, Lin Li, and Anna Scaglione. 2018. A review of distributed algorithms for principal component analysis. Proc. IEEE 106, 8 (2018), 1321–1340.
Fan Zeng, Chuang-Chuang Pang, and Huajun Tang. 2024. Sensors on Internet of Things Systems for the Sustainable Development of Smart Cities: A Systematic Literature Review. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 24 (2024). DOI: 10.3390/s24072074
Nabila Zitouni, M. Sedrati, and Amel Behaz. 2023. LightWeight energy-efficient Block Cipher based on DNA cryptography to secure data in internet of medical things devices. International Journal of Information Technology (2023), 1–11. DOI: 10.1007/s41870-023-01580-5
Hai Ziwei, Dongni Zhang, Zhang Man, Du Yixin, Shuanghui Zheng, Yang Chao, and Chunfeng Cai. 2024. The applications of internet of things in smart healthcare sectors: a bibliometric and deep study. Heliyon 10 (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25392
Mahmoud A. Abdelaal, Abdellatif I. Moustafa, H. Kasban, H. Saleh, Hanaa A. Abdallah, and Mohamed Yasin I. Afifi. 2025. DNA-Inspired Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithm for Secure and Efficient Image Encryption. Sensors 25, 7 (2025). DOI: 10.3390/s25072322
R. Abiri, Nastaran Rizan, Siva K. Balasundram, Arash Bayat Shahbazi, and H. Abdul-Hamid. 2023. Application of digital technologies for ensuring agricultural productivity. Heliyon 9 (2023). DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22601
Suaad Hadi Hassan Al-Taai, Huda Abbas Kanber, andWaleed Abood Mohammed al Dulaimi. 2023. The Importance of Using the Internet of Things in Education. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) (2023). DOI: 10.3991/ijet.v18i01.35999
Asmaa Hasan Alrubaie, Maisa’a Abid Ali Khodher, and Ahmed Talib Abdulameer. 2023. Image encryption based on 2DNA encoding and chaotic 2D logistic map. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science 70, 1 (2023), 60.
Mahmoud Ammar, Giovanni Russello, and Bruno Crispo. 2018. Internet of Things: A survey on the security of IoT frameworks. Journal of Information Security and Applications 38 (2018), 8–27. DOI: 10.1016/j.jisa.2017.11.002
Sehrish Aqeel, Adnan Shahid Khan, Irshad Ahmed Abbasi, Fahad Algarni, and Daniel Grzonka. 2025. Enhancing IoT security with a DNA-based lightweight cryptography system. Scientific Reports 15, 1 (2025), 13367.
Arduino. 2024. Arduino UNO Rev3 — Tech Specs. [link] Accessed: June 2025.
Alessio Benavoli, Giorgio Corani, Francesca Mangili, Marco Zaffalon, and Fabrizio Ruggeri. 2014. A Bayesian Wilcoxon signed-rank test based on the Dirichlet process. In International conference on machine learning. PMLR, 1026–1034.
P. G. Chiara. 2019. Segurança e Privacidade em Dispositivos com Recursos Limitados. 2598 (2019), 1–11.
Espressif Systems. 2023. ESP8266EX Datasheet. [link] Accessed: June 2025.
Jorge Granjal, Edmundo Monteiro, and Jorge Sá Silva. 2015. Security for the Internet of Things: A Survey of Existing Protocols and Open Research Issues. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials 17, 3 (2015), 1294–1312. DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2015.2388550
Handson Technology. 2013. MB102 Breadboard Power Supply Module Datasheet. [link] Accessed: June 2025.
Maha Helal. 2025. Current developments, applications, challenges and future trends in internet of things: A survey. International Journal of Data and Network Science (2025). DOI: 10.5267/j.ijdns.2024.9.008
Han Hu, Qun Wang, R. Hu, and Hongbo Zhu. 2021. Mobility-Aware Offloading and Resource Allocation in a MEC-Enabled IoT Network With Energy Harvesting. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 8 (2021), 17541–17556. DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2021.3081983
Maria Imdad, Adnan Fazil, Sofia Najwa Binti Ramli, Jihyoung Ryu, Hairulnizam Bin Mahdin, and Zahid Manzoor. 2024. DNA-PRESENT: An Improved Security and Low-Latency, Lightweight Cryptographic Solution for IoT. Sensors 24, 24 (2024), 7900.
Maria Imdad, Sofia Najwa Ramli, and Hairulnizam Mahdin. 2021. Increasing randomization of ciphertext in DNA cryptography. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications 12, 10 (2021).
Tallat Jabeen, Ishrat Jabeen, Humaira Ashraf, NZ Jhanjhi, Abdulsalam Yassine, and M Shamim Hossain. 2023. An intelligent healthcare system using IoT in wireless sensor network. Sensors 23, 11 (2023), 5055.
Strahinja P. Janković and Vujo R. Drndarević. 2015. Microcontroller power consumption measurement based on PSoC. In 2015 23rd Telecommunications Forum Telfor (TELFOR). 673–676. DOI: 10.1109/TELFOR.2015.7377557
Durga Karapurkar, V. Bhaskaran, Shreya Bale, and P. Pednekar. 2018. DNA Based Cryptography. (2018).
Mohammad M. Mansour, Amal Gamal, Ahmed I. Ahmed, L. Said, Abdelmoniem Elbaz, N. Herencsar, and Ahmed Soltan. 2023. Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Overview on Protocols, Architectures, Technologies, Simulation Tools, and Future Directions. Energies (2023). DOI: 10.3390/en16083465
Prabhaker Mishra, Chandra M Pandey, Uttam Singh, Anshul Gupta, Chinmoy Sahu, and Amit Keshri. 2019. Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of cardiac anaesthesia 22, 1 (2019), 67–72.
HamdyMMousa. 2016. DNA-genetic encryption technique. IJ Computer Network and Information Security 7 (2016), 1–9.
Damilola Oladimeji, Khushi Gupta, Nuri Alperen Kose, Kubra Gundogan, Linqiang Ge, and Fan Liang. 2023. Smart Transportation: An Overview of Technologies and Applications. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 23 (2023). DOI: 10.3390/s23083880
Pramod Pavithran, Sheena Mathew, Suyel Namasudra, and Gautam Srivastava. 2022. A novel cryptosystem based on DNA cryptography, hyperchaotic systems and a randomly generated Moore machine for cyber physical systems. Computer communications 188 (2022), 1–12.
Gamil RS Qaid and Nadhem Sultan Ebrahim. 2023. A lightweight cryptographic algorithm based on DNA computing for IoT devices. Security and Communication Networks 2023, 1 (2023), 9967129.
K Sasikumar and Sivakumar Nagarajan. 2024. Comprehensive reviewand analysis of cryptography techniques in cloud computing. IEEE Access (2024).
Ashish Singh, Abhinav Kumar, and Suyel Namasudra. 2024. DNACDS: Cloud IoE big data security and accessing scheme based on DNA cryptography. Front. Comput. Sci. 18 (2024), 181801. Issue 1. DOI: 10.1007/s11704-022-2193-3
Ashish Singh, Abhinav Kumar, and Suyel Namasudra. 2024. DNACDS: Cloud IoE big data security and accessing scheme based on DNA cryptography. Frontiers of Computer Science 18, 1 (2024), 181801.
J Mbarndouka Taamté, VR Folifack Signing, M Kountchou Noube, and BS Bertrand. 2022. An efficient environmental monitoring data encryption algorithm based on DNA coding and hyperchaotic system. Int J Inf Technol 14, 3 (2022), 1367–1380.
Jacob Mbarndouka Taamté, Vitrice Ruben Folifack Signing, Michaux Kountchou Noube, Bodo Bertrand, and Saïdou. 2022. An efficient environmental monitoring data encryption algorithm based on DNA coding and hyperchaotic system. Int. j. inf. tecnol. 14 (2022), 1367–1380. Issue 3. DOI: 10.1007/s41870-022-00887-z
Texas Instruments. 2009. INA219 High-Side Measurement, Current Shunt and Power Monitor With I2C Interface Datasheet. [link] Accessed: June 2025.
William MK Trochim and James P Donnelly. 2001. Research methods knowledge base. Vol. 2. Atomic dog publishing Cincinnati, OH.
Namrata Vaswani, Yuejie Chi, and Thierry Bouwmans. 2018. Rethinking PCA for modern data sets: Theory, algorithms, and applications [scanning the issue]. Proc. IEEE 106, 8 (2018), 1274–1276.
Ankush Verma, Geetanjali Rathee, and Chaker Abdelaziz Kerrache. 2024. Toward Secure Consumer IoT Communications using DNA Encryption and Blockchain Technology. In 2024 6th International Conference on Pattern Analysis and Intelligent Systems (PAIS). IEEE, 1–7.
Sissi Xiaoxiao Wu, Hoi-To Wai, Lin Li, and Anna Scaglione. 2018. A review of distributed algorithms for principal component analysis. Proc. IEEE 106, 8 (2018), 1321–1340.
Fan Zeng, Chuang-Chuang Pang, and Huajun Tang. 2024. Sensors on Internet of Things Systems for the Sustainable Development of Smart Cities: A Systematic Literature Review. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 24 (2024). DOI: 10.3390/s24072074
Nabila Zitouni, M. Sedrati, and Amel Behaz. 2023. LightWeight energy-efficient Block Cipher based on DNA cryptography to secure data in internet of medical things devices. International Journal of Information Technology (2023), 1–11. DOI: 10.1007/s41870-023-01580-5
Hai Ziwei, Dongni Zhang, Zhang Man, Du Yixin, Shuanghui Zheng, Yang Chao, and Chunfeng Cai. 2024. The applications of internet of things in smart healthcare sectors: a bibliometric and deep study. Heliyon 10 (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25392
Publicado
10/11/2025
Como Citar
SALES, Mikael M. F.; AGUIAR JUNIOR, J. C.; SOUSA, A. Wictor Pereira de; GOMES, João Marcelo; TOMAZ, Emerson B.; MATOS, Filipe de.
Criptografia Bioinspirada para IoT: Um Estudo Comparativo de Algoritmos Baseados em DNA. In: BRAZILIAN SYMPOSIUM ON MULTIMEDIA AND THE WEB (WEBMEDIA), 31. , 2025, Rio de Janeiro/RJ.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2025
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p. 158-166.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/webmedia.2025.16143.
