Um Modelo de Markov Oculto para Representação de Perda de Pacotes em Redes 802.11 em Ambientes Indoor
Resumo
Neste artigo é realizada uma análise detalhada de perda de pacotes em redes IEEE 802.11 em ambientes indoor e são discutidos os modelos estatísticos utilizados para a sua representação. Esse trabalho mostra também que o clássico modelo Gilbert-Elliot, apesar de ser largamente usado na representação de perda de pacotes em redes sem fio, é inapropriado para descrição das perdas em redes 802.11. É proposto então um novo modelo baseado em uma cadeia de Markov Oculta com uma estrutura do tipo nascimento-e-morte. O novo modelo é simples, porém consegue capturar com acurácia satisfatória métricas importantes como taxa média de perda, variância, comprimento das rajadas de perda e autocorrelação do processo.Referências
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Lo, P. and Ngai, S. (2004). Characterising Errors in Wireless LANs. Technical report, School of Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications - University of New South Wales.
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Salamatian, K. and Vaton, S. (2001). Hidden Markov Modeling for Network Communication Channels. In ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems (SIGMETRICS).
Sanneck, H. and Carle, G. (2000). A Framework Model for Packet Loss Metrics Based on Loss Runlengths. In SPIE/ACM SIGMM Multimedia Computing and Netoworking Conference (MMCN).
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Aráuz, J. and Krishnamurthy, P. (2003). Markov Modeling of 802.11 Channels. In IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC).
Bai, H. and Atiquzzaman, M. (2003). Error Modeling Schemes for Fading Channels in Wireless Communications: A Survey. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials.
Bendat, J. S. and Piersol, A. G. (1986). Random Data: Analysis and Measurement Procedures. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Bicket, J. C. (2005). Bit-rate Selection in Wireless Networks. Master’s thesis, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science - Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Box, G. E. P., Jenkins, G. M., and Reinsel, G. C. (1994). Time Series Analysis - Forecasting and Control. Prentice Hall, Inc.
Brockwell, P. J. and Davis, R. A. (2002). Introduction to Time Series and Forecasting. Springer.
Cardoso, K. V. and de Rezende, J. F. (2007). Análise e Modelagem de Perda de Pacotes em Redes 802.11 em Ambientes Indoor. In Simpósio Brasileiro de Redes de Computadores e Sistemas Distribuídos (SBRC).
Carvalho, L., Angeja, J., and Navarro, A. (2005). A New Packet Loss Model of the IEEE 802.11g Wireless Network for Multimedia Communications. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics.
Elliot, E. O. (1963). Estimates of Error Rates for Codes on Burst Noise Channels. Bell System Technical Journal.
François, J.-M. (2007). Java implementation of Hidden Markov Model. [link]. [Último acesso: 19-Fevereiro-2007].
Gaertner, G. and Cahill, V. (2004). Understanding Link Quality in 802.11 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. IEEE Internet Computing.
Gilbert, E. N. (1960). Capacity of a Burst-Noise Channel. Bell System Technical Journal.
Ji, P., Liu, B., Towsley, D., Ge, Z., and Kurose, J. (2004). Modeling Frame-level Errors in GSM Wireless Channels. Performance Evaluation.
Karande, S., Khayam, S. A., Krappel, M., and Radha, H. (2003). Analysis and Modeling of Errors at the 802.11b Link Layer. In IEEE International Conference on Multimedia & Expo (ICME).
Khayam, S. A. (2003). Analysis and Modeling of Errors and Losses Over 802.11b Networks. Master’s thesis, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering - Michigan State University.
Khayam, S. A. and Radha, H. (2003). Markov-based Modeling of Wireless Local Area Networks. In ACM International Workshop on Modeling Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems (MSWiM).
Konrad, A., Zhao, B. Y., Joseph, A. D., and Ludwig, R. (2003). A Markov-based Channel Model Algorithm for Wireless Networks. Wireless Networks.
LAND (2006). Tangram-II Traffic Generator. [link]. [Último acesso: 04-Novembro-2006].
Lo, P. and Ngai, S. (2004). Characterising Errors in Wireless LANs. Technical report, School of Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications - University of New South Wales.
Nguyen, G. T., Katz, R. H., Noble, B., and Satyanarayanan, M. (1996). A Trace-Based Approach for Modeling Wireless Channel Behavior. In Winter Simulation Conference (WSC).
OpenWrt (2006). OpenWrt. [link]. [Último acesso: 20-Dezembro-2006].
Rappaport, T. S. (2001). Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice. Prentice Hall, Inc.
Salamatian, K. and Vaton, S. (2001). Hidden Markov Modeling for Network Communication Channels. In ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems (SIGMETRICS).
Sanneck, H. and Carle, G. (2000). A Framework Model for Packet Loss Metrics Based on Loss Runlengths. In SPIE/ACM SIGMM Multimedia Computing and Netoworking Conference (MMCN).
Tariq, M. M. B., Dhamdhere, A., Dovrolis, C., and Ammar, M. (2005). Poisson versus periodic path probing (or, does PASTA matter?). In USENIX/ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC).
Trivedi, K. S. (2002). Probability and Statistics with Reliability, Queuing, and Computer Science Applications. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Yajnik, M., Moon, S., Kurose, J., and Towsley, D. (1999). Measurement and Modelling of the Temporal Dependence in Packet Loss. In IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM).
Publicado
30/06/2007
Como Citar
CARDOSO, Kleber V.; REZENDE, José F. de.
Um Modelo de Markov Oculto para Representação de Perda de Pacotes em Redes 802.11 em Ambientes Indoor. In: WORKSHOP EM DESEMPENHO DE SISTEMAS COMPUTACIONAIS E DE COMUNICAÇÃO (WPERFORMANCE), 6. , 2007, Rio de Janeiro/RJ.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2007
.
p. 653-672.
ISSN 2595-6167.
