Avaliação de Estratégias de Tolerância a Falhas em Middlewares MQTT para IoT
Resumo
O Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) é um dos principais protocolos de comunicação em aplicações de Internet das Coisas (IoT), devido ao baixo consumo de recursos e à simplicidade do modelo de publicação/assinatura. Entretanto, a operação de middlewares MQTT em cenários sujeitos a falhas de rede, sobrecarga de tráfego e heterogeneidade de dispositivos demanda mecanismos de tolerância a falhas que preservem a confiabilidade e a disponibilidade sob estresse. Este trabalho investiga estratégias de resiliência para middlewares MQTT, avaliando três abordagens: Circuit Breaker, Replicação Ativa e Pipeline por Estágios. A metodologia emprega scripts para simulação controlada de falhas, incluindo instabilidades intermitentes, quedas totais e degradação severa do consumidor. Foram analisadas métricas como perda, duplicação, latência, vazão e uso de recursos (CPU e memória), em um contexto arquitetural Edge-Cloud. Os resultados fornecem indicadores que apoiam decisões de projeto em sistemas IoT baseados em MQTT, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de middlewares mais robustos e tolerantes a falhas.Referências
Banks, A. e Gupta, R. (2014). MQTT Version 3.1.1. OASIS Standard.
Bass, L., Clements, P., e Kazman, R. (2012). Software Architecture in Practice. Addison-Wesley, 3rd edition.
Chai, Y. et al. (2025). Dua-mqtt: Multi-agent mqtt architecture for industrial iot. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. Early Access.
Detti, A., Blefari-Melazzi, N., e Salsano, S. (2020). Analysis of MQTT broker clustering for iot systems. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 7(10):9154–9167.
Dumitras, T. e Narasimhan, P. (2005). Fault-tolerant middleware and the magical 1%. In International Middleware Conference, pages 1–12.
Falahah, F. et al. (2021). Fault tolerance strategies in iot systems. International Journal of Internet of Things, 10(2):45–55.
Hmissi, H. e Ouni, A. (2025). Td-mqtt: Transparent and distributed mqtt architecture. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. Early Access.
ISO (2016). ISO/IEC 20922:2016 information technology — Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT).
Light, R. (2017). Mosquitto: Server and client implementation of the MQTT protocol. Journal of Open Source Software, 2(13):265.
Longo, A. et al. (2020). MQTT-ST: A fault-tolerant mqtt architecture. Future Internet, 12(6):1–15.
Mirampalli, S. et al. (2023). Fog computing architectures for iot systems. IEEE Access, 11:12345–12360.
Montesi, F. e Weber, J. (2018). Circuit breakers in microservice architectures. In International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing Workshops, pages 1–8.
Naim, M. et al. (2022). Edge–cloud collaboration for fault-tolerant iot systems. Future Generation Computer Systems, 128:10–20.
Nygard, M. T. (2007). Release It!: Design and Deploy Production-Ready Software. Pragmatic Bookshelf.
OASIS (2019). MQTT version 5.0 specification. [link]. Accessed: 2026.
Ongaro, D. e Ousterhout, J. (2014). In search of an understandable consensus algorithm (raft). USENIX Annual Technical Conference, pages 305–319.
Pastorio, A. et al. (2020). Performance evaluation of mqtt brokers in iot systems. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 7(5):4535–4546.
Poojara, S. et al. (2021). Performance evaluation of mqtt pipelines in fog computing environments. Sensors, 21(12):1–15.
Ren, J., Guo, H., Xu, C., e Zhang, Y. (2019). Serving at the edge: A scalable iot architecture based on edge computing. IEEE Network, 33(5):94–101.
Szentiványi, D. (2005). Performance Studies of Fault-Tolerant Middleware. PhD thesis, Budapest University of Technology and Economics.
Zhao, W., Melliar-Smith, P., e Moser, L. (2010). Fault tolerance middleware for cloud computing. In IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing, pages 1–8.
Bass, L., Clements, P., e Kazman, R. (2012). Software Architecture in Practice. Addison-Wesley, 3rd edition.
Chai, Y. et al. (2025). Dua-mqtt: Multi-agent mqtt architecture for industrial iot. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. Early Access.
Detti, A., Blefari-Melazzi, N., e Salsano, S. (2020). Analysis of MQTT broker clustering for iot systems. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 7(10):9154–9167.
Dumitras, T. e Narasimhan, P. (2005). Fault-tolerant middleware and the magical 1%. In International Middleware Conference, pages 1–12.
Falahah, F. et al. (2021). Fault tolerance strategies in iot systems. International Journal of Internet of Things, 10(2):45–55.
Hmissi, H. e Ouni, A. (2025). Td-mqtt: Transparent and distributed mqtt architecture. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. Early Access.
ISO (2016). ISO/IEC 20922:2016 information technology — Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT).
Light, R. (2017). Mosquitto: Server and client implementation of the MQTT protocol. Journal of Open Source Software, 2(13):265.
Longo, A. et al. (2020). MQTT-ST: A fault-tolerant mqtt architecture. Future Internet, 12(6):1–15.
Mirampalli, S. et al. (2023). Fog computing architectures for iot systems. IEEE Access, 11:12345–12360.
Montesi, F. e Weber, J. (2018). Circuit breakers in microservice architectures. In International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing Workshops, pages 1–8.
Naim, M. et al. (2022). Edge–cloud collaboration for fault-tolerant iot systems. Future Generation Computer Systems, 128:10–20.
Nygard, M. T. (2007). Release It!: Design and Deploy Production-Ready Software. Pragmatic Bookshelf.
OASIS (2019). MQTT version 5.0 specification. [link]. Accessed: 2026.
Ongaro, D. e Ousterhout, J. (2014). In search of an understandable consensus algorithm (raft). USENIX Annual Technical Conference, pages 305–319.
Pastorio, A. et al. (2020). Performance evaluation of mqtt brokers in iot systems. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 7(5):4535–4546.
Poojara, S. et al. (2021). Performance evaluation of mqtt pipelines in fog computing environments. Sensors, 21(12):1–15.
Ren, J., Guo, H., Xu, C., e Zhang, Y. (2019). Serving at the edge: A scalable iot architecture based on edge computing. IEEE Network, 33(5):94–101.
Szentiványi, D. (2005). Performance Studies of Fault-Tolerant Middleware. PhD thesis, Budapest University of Technology and Economics.
Zhao, W., Melliar-Smith, P., e Moser, L. (2010). Fault tolerance middleware for cloud computing. In IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing, pages 1–8.
Publicado
25/05/2026
Como Citar
CUSTÓDIO, Tiago Luis; RODRIGUES, Luiz Antonio.
Avaliação de Estratégias de Tolerância a Falhas em Middlewares MQTT para IoT. In: WORKSHOP DE TESTES E TOLERÂNCIA A FALHAS (WTF), 27. , 2026, Praia do Forte/BA.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2026
.
p. 53-66.
ISSN 2595-2684.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/wtf.2026.22908.
