Computational Thinking for All: What Does It Mean for Teacher Education in Brazil?

• Taciana Pontual Falcão Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2775-4913

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/educomp.2021.14505

Resumo

Integrating Computational Thinking (CT) and Computer Science (CS) concepts to childrens education is a hot topic nowadays. However, most research around this topic focuses on the students, how they learn and what they need to learn. Much less work has been done on the teachers needs to acquire and develop the necessary CT skills and knowledge to be teaching these students. Reflecting a general trend towards autonomous learning, many CT resources for educators are available, such as online courses for building capacity as well as activities and tools to be used in lessons. Nevertheless, little change is perceived in Brazilian schools, and knowledge about CT among schoolteachers is still incipient, indicating that, for teachers to integrate CT within their disciplines, in-service (and mostly autonomous) development might not be sufficient. Meanwhile, faculty from teacher education undergraduate programs have been mostly unresponsive to these new demands related to CT. In fact, instructors themselves need to develop this new competence, as they are not familiar with the concept of CT or how to apply it. Very particular to the Brazilian context, CS teacher education programs (Licenciatura em Computação) could be a key to solve this puzzle, as both faculty and student teachers are dealing with CS Education and CT. However, the CS student teachers remain isolated and often ignored by national policies, while most investment is made on in-service development for schoolteachers from all other disciplines. This paper presents CT research in Brazil related to teacher education, resources for in-service training, the potential contribution of the CS teacher education programs, and, within this context, discusses which directions could be followed to inform national policies and curricula adaptations in higher education institutions. In our opinion, more attention must be given to developing CT in higher education institutions, including both facultys CT abilities and knowledge, and curriculum redesign.

Referências

Tel Amiel, Tatiana P. Oliveira. 2018. A formação docente em serviço para e sobre tecnologia: uma revisão sistemática. Rede de Inovação para a Educação Brasileira. Retrieved from: http://www.cieb.net.br/evidencias/revisoes/10.


Luciana L. S. Barbosa. 2019. A inserção do Pensamento Computacional na Base Nacional Comum Curricular: reflexões acerca das implicações para a formação inicial dos professores de matemática. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Computers at School (WIE 2019). Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, Porto Alegre, Brazil. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/cbie.wie.2019.889


Thiago Barcelos, Rodrigo Bortoletto and Mary Andrioli. 2016. Formação online para o desenvolvimento do Pensamento Computacional em professores de Matemática. In Proceedings of the Brazilian Conference on Informatics in Education (CBIE) Workshops (Workshop on the Teaching of Computational Thinking, Algorithms and Programming – WAlgProg). Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, Porto Alegre, Brazil. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/cbie.wcbie.2016.1228


Barefoot. 2018. Computational Thinking Concepts and Approaches. Barefoot online guides. Retrieved from: https://www.barefootcomputing.org/concept-approaches/computational-thinking-concepts-and-approaches.


Valerie Barr, Chris Stephenson. 2011. Bringing computational thinking to K–12: What is involved and what is the role of the computer science education community? ACM Inroads 2, 1, 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1145/1929887.1929905


Taiser T. T. Barros, Eliseo B. Reategui, Ricardo R. Meira, and Adriano C. Teixeira. 2018. Análise de Discurso e de Conteúdo de uma Formação em Pensamento Computacional para Professores. In Proceedings of the Brazilian Symposium on Computers in Education (SBIE 2018). Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, Porto Alegre, Brazil. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/cbie.sbie.2018.1733


Christian P. Brackmann. 2020. Pensamento Computacional Brasil. Retrieved from: http://www.computacional.com.br/


CIEB. 2018. Currículo de Referência em Tecnologia e Computação. Centro de Inovação para a Educação Brasileira. Retrieved from: https://curriculo.cieb.net.br/


CODE.ORG. 2015. Nine Policy Ideas to Make Computer Science Fundamental to K-12 Education. Retrieved from: http://code.org/files/Making_CS_Fundamental.pdf.


Leonardo S. Costa, Ahemenson Cavalcante, Ana Liz S. O. Araújo, Wilkerson Andrade and Dalton Guerrero. 2017. Um Estudo Exploratório da Aplicação de Pensamento Computacional Baseado nas Perspectivas de Professores do Ensino Médio. In Proceedings of the Brazilian Conference on Informatics in Education (CBIE) Workshops (Workshop on the Teaching of Computational Thinking, Algorithms and Programming – WAlgProg). Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, Porto Alegre, Brazil. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/cbie.wcbie.2017.992


Andrew Csizmadia, Paul Curzon, Mark Dorling, Simon Humphreys, Thomas Ng, Cynthia Selby and John Woollard. 2015. Computational thinking: A guide for teachers. Computing at School. Retrieved from: https://community.computingatschool.org.uk/resources/2324/single.


CSTA. 2020. Quality Professional Development Opportunities for K-12 CS teachers. Computer Science Teachers Association. Retrieved from: https://csteachers.org/page/quality-pd


Adelito Farias, Wilkerson Andrade and Rayana Alencar. 2015. Pensamento Computacional em Sala de Aula: Desafios, Possibilidades e a Formação Docente. In Proceedings of the Brazilian Conference on Informatics in Education (CBIE) Workshops (Workshop on the Teaching of Computational Thinking, Algorithms and Programming – WAlgProg). Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, Porto Alegre, Brazil. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/cbie.wcbie.2015.1226


Rozelma S. França, Victor A. S. Ferreira, Luma C. F. Almeida and Haroldo J. C. Amaral. 2014. A disseminação do pensamento computacional na educação básica: lições aprendidas com experiências de licenciandos em computação. In Proceedings of the Workshop of Computing Education (WEI 2014). Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, Porto Alegre, Brazil. ISSN 2595-6175.


Rozelma S. França, Patrícia C. A. R. Tedesco. 2017. Pensamento computacional sob a perspectiva de licenciando em computação. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Computers at School (WIE 2017). Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, Porto Alegre, Brazil. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/cbie.wie.2017.795


Liana Heitin. 2016. Physics not offered at 2 in 5 high schools, analysis finds. Education Week, 36(1), 6.


ISTE. 2018. Standards for Educators: Computational Thinking Competencies. International Society for Technology in Education. Retrieved from: http://iste.org/standards


ISTE. 2020. Introduction to Computational Thinking for Every Educator. International Society for Technology in Education. Retrieved from: https://www.iste.org/learn/iste-u/computational-thinking


Adriana J. C. Kampff, Tiago Lopes, Isa Mara Alves, Vinicius C. Souza, Sandro Rigo and Fernando Marson. 2016. Pensamento Computacional no Ensino Superior: Relato de uma oficina com professores da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. In Proceedings of the Brazilian Conference on Informatics in Education (CBIE) Workshops (Workshop on the Teaching of Computational Thinking, Algorithms and Programming – WAlgProg). Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, Porto Alegre, Brazil. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/cbie.wcbie.2016.1316


K-12 Computer Science Framework. 2016. Led by: Association for Computing Machinery, Code.org, Computer Science Teachers Association, Cyber Innovation Center, and National Math and Science Initiative. Retrieved from: http://www.k12cs.org


LAUNCH Computer Science. 2020. Computational Thinking Integration. Retrieved from: https://launchcs.thinkific.com/courses/computational-thinking-integration.


Maici Leite, Francisco Reinaldo, Eleandro Maschio, Diego Marczal and Carolina M. Oliveira. 2017. Pensamento Computacional nas Escolas: Limitado pela Tecnologia, Infraestrutura ou Prática Docente? In Proceedings of the Brazilian Conference on Informatics in Education (CBIE) Workshops (Workshop on the Teaching of Computational Thinking, Algorithms and Programming – WAlgProg). Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, Porto Alegre, Brazil. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/cbie.wcbie.2017.1002


André Souza Lemos. 2013. Entre Patinho Feio e Bela Adormecida: em busca do sentido de uma Licenciatura em Computação. Revista Espaço Acadêmico, 13, 148, 10-17.


Suéllen Martinelli, Luciana Zaina and Tiemi Sakata. 2018. O Pensamento Computacional em Atividades de Ensino mediadas pelo Professor do Ensino Fundamental I: Um Estudo de Caso. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Computers at School (WIE 2018). Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, Porto Alegre, Brazil. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/cbie.wie.2018.509


Suéllen Martinelli and Tiemi Sakata. 2018. A disseminação do Pensamento Computacional por docentes do Ensino Fundamental I: Relatos de Experiências e Discussões. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Computers at School (WIE 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/cbie.wie.2018.235


MEC – Ministério da Educação. 2016. Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para os Cursos de Graduação em Computação. Resolução CNE/CES no 05 de 16 de novembro de 2016. Retrieved from: http://portal.mec.gov.br/index.php?option=com_docman&view=download&alias=52101-rces005-16-pdf&category_slug=novembro-2016-pdf&Itemid=30192


MEC – Ministério da Educação. 2018. Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC). Ministério da Educação. Retrieved from: http://basenacionalcomum.mec.gov.br/


PROGRAMAÊ. 2018. Um guia para construção do pensamento computacional. Fundação Telefônica Vivo; Fundação Lemann. ISBN 978-85-60195-47-3. Retrieved from: http://programae.org.br/educador/


SBC. 2019. Diretrizes para Ensino de Computação na Educação Básica. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação. Retrieved from: https://www.sbc.org.br/documentos-da-sbc/category/203-educacao-basica


Vladimir Silva, Luis Klebson L. da Silva and Rozelma S. França. 2017. Pensamento computacional na formação de professores: experiências e desafios encontrados no ensino da computação em escolas públicas. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Computers at School (WIE 2017). Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, Porto Alegre, Brazil. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/cbie.wie.2017.805


Fabiula F. Souza, Ramon R. Leite, Cecy M. M. Brito, Maria Lúcia B. Vilela and Caroline Q. Santos. 2019. O desenvolvimento do Pensamento Computacional além do ensino em ciências exatas: uma revisão da literatura. In Proceedings of the Brazilian Symposium on Computers in Education (SBIE 2019). Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, Porto Alegre, Brazil. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/cbie.sbie.2019.528


Isabelle Souza, Rivanilson Rodrigues, Wilkerson Andrade. 2016. Introdução do Pensamento Computacional na Formação Docentes para Ensino de Robótica Educacional. In Proceedings of the Brazilian Conference on Informatics in Education (CBIE) Workshops (Workshop on the Teaching of Computational Thinking, Algorithms and Programming – WAlgProg). Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, Porto Alegre, Brazil. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/cbie.wcbie.2016.1265


Rosa Maria Vicari, Álvaro Moreira, Paulo B. Menezes. 2018. Pensamento Computacional: Revisão Bibliográfica. Projeto UFRGS/MEC Avaliação de Tecnologias Educacionais.


Aman Yadav, Chris Stephenson and Hai Hong. 2017. Computational Thinking for Teacher Education. Communications of the ACM, 60, 4, 55-62. https://doi.org/10.1145/2994591


Jeannette Wing. 2006. Computational Thinking. Communications of the ACM 49, 3, 33-35. https://doi.org/10.1145/1118178.1118215


Avelino F. Zorzo, Daltro Nunes, Ecivaldo S. Matos, Igor Steinmacher, Jair C. Leite, Renata Araújo, Ronaldo C. M. Correia and Simone Martins. 2017. Referenciais de Formação para os Cursos de Graduação em Computação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação (SBC). ISBN 978-85-7669-424-3. Retrieved from: https://www.sbc.org.br/documentos-da-sbc/category/131-curriculos-de-referencia