Workspace Awareness Acessível: estratégias de sonificação para projetar interfaces colaborativas acessíveis aos cegos
Resumo
O uso extensivo de diagramas no ensino profissional e superior, sobretudo nos cursos de computação e engenharias, impõem um obstáculo ao aprendizado de cegos e deficientes visuais e, apesar dos avanços e estudos quanto à acessibilidade da informação diagramática, eles não tratam de recursos colaborativos acessíveis aos cegos. Portanto, foi conduzido um estudo onde foram projetadas duas interfaces audíveis baseadas em recursos de sonificação. As interfaces passaram por testes de usabilidade e carga cognitiva. Os resultados demonstraram que usuários cegos podem perceber as interações dos colegas e distinguir a ação realizada, o local onde aconteceu e quem a realizou por meio das interfaces sonificadas.
Palavras-chave:
Workspace Awareness, Acessibilidade, Sonificação, Cegos, Diagramas
Referências
Balan, O., Moldoveanu, A., and Moldoveanu, F. (2015). Navigational audio games: an effective approach toward improving spatial contextual learning for blind people. International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 14(2):109–118.
Blattner, M. M., Sumikawa, D. A., and Greenberg, R. M. (1989). Earcons and icons: Their structure and common design principles. Human–Computer Interaction, 4(1):11–44.
Brown, A., Pettifer, S., and Stevens, R. (2004a). Evaluation of a non-visual molecule browser. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility - ASSETS '04. ACM Press.
Brown, A., Stevens, R., and Pettifer, S. (2004b). Issues in the non-visual presentation of graph based diagrams. In null, pages 671–676. IEEE.
Cohen, R. F., Meacham, A., and Skaff, J. (2006). Teaching graphs to visually impaired students using an active auditory interface. In ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, volume 38, pages 279–282. ACM.
Cryer, H., Cryer, H., Home, S., Wilkins, S. M., Cliffe, E., and Rowe, S. (2013). Teaching stem subjects to blind and partially sighted students: Literature review and resources. RNIM Centre for Accessible Information.
Freire, A. P., Linhalis, F., Bianchini, S. L., Fortes, R. P., and Maria da Graça, C. P. (2010). Revealing the whiteboard to blind students: An inclusive approach to provide mediation in synchronous e-learning activities. Computers & Education, 54(4):866–876.
Gaver, W. (1986). Auditory Icons: Using Sound in Computer Interfaces. HumanComputer Interaction, 2(2):167–177.
Godfrey, A. J. R., Murrell, P., and Sorge, V. (2018). An accessible interaction model for data visualisation in statistics. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 590–597. Springer International Publishing.
Gutwin, C. and Greenberg, S. (1996). Workspace awareness for groupware. In Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pages 208–209. ACM.
Gutwin, C. and Greenberg, S. (2002). A descriptive framework of workspace awareness for real-time groupware. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 11(3-4):411–446.
Hart, S. G. (1986). Nasa task load index (tlx). volume 1.0; paper and pencil package.
Hermann, T. (2008). Taxonomy and definitions for sonification and auditory display.
INEP (2020). Censo da educação básica — 2020: Resumo técnico.
King, A., Blenkhorn, P., Crombie, D., Dijkstra, S., Evans, G., and Wood, J. (2004). Presenting uml software engineering diagrams to blind people. In International Conference on Computers for Handicapped Persons, pages 522–529. Springer.
Luque, L., Veriscimo, E., Pereira, G., and Filgueiras, L. (2014). Can we work together? on the inclusion of blind people in uml model-based tasks. In Inclusive Designing, pages 223–233. Springer.
Metatla, O., Bryan-Kinns, N., and Stockman, T. (2008). Constructing relational diagrams in audio: the multiple perspective hierarchical approach. In Proceedings of the 10th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility, pages 97–104. ACM.
Miura, T., Suzuki, J., Yabu, K.-i., Ueda, K., and Ifukube, T. (2016). Diagram presentation using loudspeaker matrix for visually impaired people: Sound characteristics for their pattern recognition. In Proceedings of the 7th Augmented Human International Conference 2016, pages 1–2.
Muller, K. (2012). How to make unified modeling language diagrams accessible for blind students. In International Conference on Computers for Handicapped Persons, pages 186–190. Springer.
Nielsen, J. (2001). Success rate: the simplest usability metric. Nielsen Norman Group, 18:3–5.
Nielsen, J. (2012). Why you only need to test with 5 users, 2000. Nielsen Norman Group. Available on line from [link].
OMS (2015). Make listening safe brochure.
Syal, P., Chatterji, S., and Sardana, H. K. (2016). DiGVis: A system for comprehension and creation of directed graphs for the visually challenged. Universal Access in the Information Society, 15(2):199–217.
Thapa, R. B., Ferati, M., and Giannoumis, G. A. (2017). Using non-speech sounds to increase web image accessibility for screen-reader users. In Proceedings of the 35th ACM International Conference on the Design of Communication, page 19. ACM.
Torres, M. J. R. and Barwaldt, R. (2019). Approaches for diagrams accessibility for blind people: a systematic review. In 2019 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), pages 1–7. IEEE.
Torres, M. J. R., Barwaldt, R., Pinho, P. C. R., de Topin, L. O. H., and Otero, T. F. (2020). An auditory interface to workspace awareness elements accessible for the blind in diagrams’ collaborative modeling. In 2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), pages 1–7.
Turner, C. W., Lewis, J. R., and Nielsen, J. (2006). Determining usability test sample size. International encyclopedia of ergonomics and human factors, 3(2):3084–3088.
Blattner, M. M., Sumikawa, D. A., and Greenberg, R. M. (1989). Earcons and icons: Their structure and common design principles. Human–Computer Interaction, 4(1):11–44.
Brown, A., Pettifer, S., and Stevens, R. (2004a). Evaluation of a non-visual molecule browser. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility - ASSETS '04. ACM Press.
Brown, A., Stevens, R., and Pettifer, S. (2004b). Issues in the non-visual presentation of graph based diagrams. In null, pages 671–676. IEEE.
Cohen, R. F., Meacham, A., and Skaff, J. (2006). Teaching graphs to visually impaired students using an active auditory interface. In ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, volume 38, pages 279–282. ACM.
Cryer, H., Cryer, H., Home, S., Wilkins, S. M., Cliffe, E., and Rowe, S. (2013). Teaching stem subjects to blind and partially sighted students: Literature review and resources. RNIM Centre for Accessible Information.
Freire, A. P., Linhalis, F., Bianchini, S. L., Fortes, R. P., and Maria da Graça, C. P. (2010). Revealing the whiteboard to blind students: An inclusive approach to provide mediation in synchronous e-learning activities. Computers & Education, 54(4):866–876.
Gaver, W. (1986). Auditory Icons: Using Sound in Computer Interfaces. HumanComputer Interaction, 2(2):167–177.
Godfrey, A. J. R., Murrell, P., and Sorge, V. (2018). An accessible interaction model for data visualisation in statistics. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 590–597. Springer International Publishing.
Gutwin, C. and Greenberg, S. (1996). Workspace awareness for groupware. In Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pages 208–209. ACM.
Gutwin, C. and Greenberg, S. (2002). A descriptive framework of workspace awareness for real-time groupware. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 11(3-4):411–446.
Hart, S. G. (1986). Nasa task load index (tlx). volume 1.0; paper and pencil package.
Hermann, T. (2008). Taxonomy and definitions for sonification and auditory display.
INEP (2020). Censo da educação básica — 2020: Resumo técnico.
King, A., Blenkhorn, P., Crombie, D., Dijkstra, S., Evans, G., and Wood, J. (2004). Presenting uml software engineering diagrams to blind people. In International Conference on Computers for Handicapped Persons, pages 522–529. Springer.
Luque, L., Veriscimo, E., Pereira, G., and Filgueiras, L. (2014). Can we work together? on the inclusion of blind people in uml model-based tasks. In Inclusive Designing, pages 223–233. Springer.
Metatla, O., Bryan-Kinns, N., and Stockman, T. (2008). Constructing relational diagrams in audio: the multiple perspective hierarchical approach. In Proceedings of the 10th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility, pages 97–104. ACM.
Miura, T., Suzuki, J., Yabu, K.-i., Ueda, K., and Ifukube, T. (2016). Diagram presentation using loudspeaker matrix for visually impaired people: Sound characteristics for their pattern recognition. In Proceedings of the 7th Augmented Human International Conference 2016, pages 1–2.
Muller, K. (2012). How to make unified modeling language diagrams accessible for blind students. In International Conference on Computers for Handicapped Persons, pages 186–190. Springer.
Nielsen, J. (2001). Success rate: the simplest usability metric. Nielsen Norman Group, 18:3–5.
Nielsen, J. (2012). Why you only need to test with 5 users, 2000. Nielsen Norman Group. Available on line from [link].
OMS (2015). Make listening safe brochure.
Syal, P., Chatterji, S., and Sardana, H. K. (2016). DiGVis: A system for comprehension and creation of directed graphs for the visually challenged. Universal Access in the Information Society, 15(2):199–217.
Thapa, R. B., Ferati, M., and Giannoumis, G. A. (2017). Using non-speech sounds to increase web image accessibility for screen-reader users. In Proceedings of the 35th ACM International Conference on the Design of Communication, page 19. ACM.
Torres, M. J. R. and Barwaldt, R. (2019). Approaches for diagrams accessibility for blind people: a systematic review. In 2019 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), pages 1–7. IEEE.
Torres, M. J. R., Barwaldt, R., Pinho, P. C. R., de Topin, L. O. H., and Otero, T. F. (2020). An auditory interface to workspace awareness elements accessible for the blind in diagrams’ collaborative modeling. In 2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), pages 1–7.
Turner, C. W., Lewis, J. R., and Nielsen, J. (2006). Determining usability test sample size. International encyclopedia of ergonomics and human factors, 3(2):3084–3088.
Publicado
22/11/2021
Como Citar
TORRES, Márcio J. R.; BARWÄLDT, Regina.
Workspace Awareness Acessível: estratégias de sonificação para projetar interfaces colaborativas acessíveis aos cegos. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE INFORMÁTICA NA EDUCAÇÃO (SBIE), 32. , 2021, Online.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2021
.
p. 619-629.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbie.2021.218052.
