Uso de Cadeias de Markov para Otimizar o Sensoriamento Colaborativo do Espectro em Redes 5G
Resumo
Os rádios cognitivos são considerados fundamentais para melhorar o uso do espectro em redes 5G. O sensoriamento de espectro é uma tecnologia que permite que o estado do canal seja determinado de forma descentralizada. O sensoriamento colaborativo do espectro melhora a detecção ao coletar mais dados de diferentes usuários, em diferentes lugares, aumentando a quantidade de informação disponível para a toma de decisões. Este artigo apresenta uma técnica baseada em cadeias de Markov que melhora a detecção do espectro e diminui o número de notificações de sensoriamento. Dessa forma, a técnica melhora o resultado dos algoritmos de fusão clássicos para sensoriamento colaborativo no caso de acesso bem comportado. Observou-se uma redução de até ~99.67% da taxa de alarmes falsos e até ~98% do tráfego de controle associado, preservando a taxa de falsos negativos abaixo do limite tolerável de 10%, minimizando interferência ao usuário do canal.
Palavras-chave:
sensoriamento do espectro, cadeias de Markov, sensoriamento colaborativo, rural
Referências
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Cichoń, K., Kliks, A., and Bogucka, H. (2016). Energy-Efficient Cooperative Spectrum Sensing: A Survey. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 18:1861 – 1886.
Ferreira, G., Barreto, P. S., Caetano, M., Alchieri, E., Vartiainen, J., Karvonen, H., Matinmikko-Blue, M., and Seki, J. (2019). A tool for developing collaborative sensing and cognitive mac layer solutions for 5g in rural areas. In 6th International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS). IEEE.
Foukalas, F., Karetsos, G. T., and Chatzimisios, P. (2013). Cross-layer design of csma/ca with spectrum sensing for cognitive radio networks. In ISWCS 2013; The Tenth International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems, pages 1–5.
Fu, Y., Yang, F., and He, Z. (2018). A quantization-based multibit data fusion scheme for cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks. Sensors, 18(2):473.
Hu, F., Chen, B., and Zhu, K. (2018). Full spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks toward 5g: A survey. IEEE Access, 6:15754–15776.
Khan, Z., Lehtomäki, J. J., Mustonen, M., and Matinmikko, M. (2011). Sensing order dispersion for autonomous cognitive radios. In Proceedings of the 6th International ICST Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications. IEEE.
Li, X., Petrova, M., and Mahonen, P. (2012). FCSS: CSMA/CA based fast cooperative spectrum sensing over multiband cognitive networks. In 2012 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications - (PIMRC). IEEE.
Liu, J., Yang, L., Zhang, P., Zhang, Z., and Zheng, Y. (2014). Low-overhead cooperative spectrum sensing technology for cognitive radio networks. In International Conference on Cyberspace Technology (CCT 2014). Institution of Engineering and Technology.
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Saarnisaari, H. and Vartiainen, J. (2018). Spectrum window based signal detection at low SNR. In 2018 International Conference on Military Communications and Information Systems (ICMCIS). IEEE.
Shafiq, M., Ahmad, M., Afzal, M. K., Ali, A., Irshad, A., and Choi, J.-G. (2019). Handshake sense multiple access control for cognitive radio-based IoT networks. Sensors, 19(2):241.
Sum, C., L. L. Z. M. K. F. . H. H. (2013). Design Considerations of IEEE 802.15.4m Low-Rate WPAN in TV white space. IEEE Communications Magazine, 51:74–82.
Tan, L. T. and Le, L. B. (2014). Joint cooperative spectrum sensing and MAC protocol design for multi-channel cognitive radio networks. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2014(1).
Teguig, D., Scheers, B., and Le Nir, V. (2012). Data fusion schemes for cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks. In 2012 Military Communications and Information Systems Conference (MCC), pages 1–7. IEEE.
Union, I. T. (2015). Radiocom sector (itu-r) final acts - world radiocommunication conference (wrc-15). Technical report. https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/act/R-ACT-WRC.12-2015-PDF-E.pdf.
Valenta, V., Fedra, Z., Marsalek, R., Baudoin, G., and Villegas, M. (2009). Towards cognitive radio networks: Spectrum utilization measurements in suburb environment. In 2009 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium. IEEE.
Vartiainen, J., Matinmikko-Blue, M., Karvonen, H., Mendes, L., Matos, A., and Silva, C. (2019). Performance of WIBA energy detector in rural and remote area channel. In 2019 16th International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS). IEEE.
Wang, D., Song, B., Chen, D., and Du, X. (2019). Intelligent Cognitive Radio in 5G: AI-Based Hierarchical Cognitive Cellular Networks. IEEE Wireless Communications, 26:54 – 61.
Wang, S., Liu, H., and Liu, K. (2015). An improved clustering cooperative spectrum sensing algorithm based on modified double-threshold energy detection and its optimization in cognitive wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 2015:1–7.
Wang, X. Y., Wong, A., and Ho, P.-H. (2010). Extended knowledge-based reasoning approach to spectrum sensing for cognitive radio. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 9(4):465–478.
Yau, K.-L. A., Qadir, J., Wu, C., Imran, M. A., and Ling, M. H. (2018). Cognition-Inspired 5G Cellular Networks: A Review and the Road Ahead. IEEE Access, 6:35072 – 35090.
Yucek, T. and Arslan, H. (2009). A survey of spectrum sensing algorithms for cognitive radio applications. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 11(1):116–130.
3GPP (2019). 3GPP TS 36.300 - V15.7.0 - Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2(Release 15) . TS 36.300.
5G-Range (2018). Spectrum sensing to complement databases. Technical report. http://5g-range.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/D4.2-Spectrum-Sensing-to-Complement-Databases.pdf.
Akyildiz, I. F., Lo, B. F., and Balakrishnan, R. (2011). Cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks: A survey. Physical Communication, 4(1):40–62.
Alvi, S. A., Younis, M. S., Imran, M., and e Amin, F. (2014). A weighted linear combining scheme for cooperative spectrum sensing. Procedia Computer Science, 32:149–157.
Baldo, N., Miozzo, M., Requena-Esteso, M., and Nin-Guerrero, J. (2011). An open source product-oriented LTE network simulator based on ns-3. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Modeling, analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems - MSWiM 11. ACM Press.
Basnet, S., Jayawickrama, B. A., He, Y., Dutkiewicz, E., and Mueck, M. D. (2017). Opportunistic access to PAL channel for multi-RAT GAA transmission in spectrum access system. In 2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring). IEEE.
Beckman, R., Channakeshava, K., Huang, F., Vullikanti, V. S. A., Marathe, A., Marathe, M. V., and Pei, G. (2010). Implications of dynamic spectrum access on the efficiency of primary wireless market. In 2010 IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum (DySPAN). IEEE.
Cichoń, K., Kliks, A., and Bogucka, H. (2016). Energy-Efficient Cooperative Spectrum Sensing: A Survey. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 18:1861 – 1886.
Ferreira, G., Barreto, P. S., Caetano, M., Alchieri, E., Vartiainen, J., Karvonen, H., Matinmikko-Blue, M., and Seki, J. (2019). A tool for developing collaborative sensing and cognitive mac layer solutions for 5g in rural areas. In 6th International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS). IEEE.
Foukalas, F., Karetsos, G. T., and Chatzimisios, P. (2013). Cross-layer design of csma/ca with spectrum sensing for cognitive radio networks. In ISWCS 2013; The Tenth International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems, pages 1–5.
Fu, Y., Yang, F., and He, Z. (2018). A quantization-based multibit data fusion scheme for cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks. Sensors, 18(2):473.
Hu, F., Chen, B., and Zhu, K. (2018). Full spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks toward 5g: A survey. IEEE Access, 6:15754–15776.
Khan, Z., Lehtomäki, J. J., Mustonen, M., and Matinmikko, M. (2011). Sensing order dispersion for autonomous cognitive radios. In Proceedings of the 6th International ICST Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications. IEEE.
Li, X., Petrova, M., and Mahonen, P. (2012). FCSS: CSMA/CA based fast cooperative spectrum sensing over multiband cognitive networks. In 2012 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications - (PIMRC). IEEE.
Liu, J., Yang, L., Zhang, P., Zhang, Z., and Zheng, Y. (2014). Low-overhead cooperative spectrum sensing technology for cognitive radio networks. In International Conference on Cyberspace Technology (CCT 2014). Institution of Engineering and Technology.
Malady, A. C. and da Silva, C. R. C. M. (2008). Clustering methods for distributed spectrum sensing in cognitive radio systems. In MILCOM 2008 - 2008 IEEE Military Communications Conference. IEEE.
Maternia, M., El Ayoubi, S. E., Fallgren, M., Spapis, P., Qi, Y., Martı́n-Sacristán, D., Carrasco, , Fresia, M., Payaró, M., Schubert, M., Bedo, J. S., and Kulkarni, V. (2016). 5G PPP Use Cases and Performance Evaluation Models. 5GPPP.
Pirinen, P., Saarnisaari, H., van de Beek, J., Matinmikko-Blue, M., Nilsson, R., and Latvaaho, M. (2019). Wireless connectivity for remote and arctic areas – food for thought. In 6th International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS). IEEE.
Saarnisaari, H. and Vartiainen, J. (2018). Spectrum window based signal detection at low SNR. In 2018 International Conference on Military Communications and Information Systems (ICMCIS). IEEE.
Shafiq, M., Ahmad, M., Afzal, M. K., Ali, A., Irshad, A., and Choi, J.-G. (2019). Handshake sense multiple access control for cognitive radio-based IoT networks. Sensors, 19(2):241.
Sum, C., L. L. Z. M. K. F. . H. H. (2013). Design Considerations of IEEE 802.15.4m Low-Rate WPAN in TV white space. IEEE Communications Magazine, 51:74–82.
Tan, L. T. and Le, L. B. (2014). Joint cooperative spectrum sensing and MAC protocol design for multi-channel cognitive radio networks. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2014(1).
Teguig, D., Scheers, B., and Le Nir, V. (2012). Data fusion schemes for cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks. In 2012 Military Communications and Information Systems Conference (MCC), pages 1–7. IEEE.
Union, I. T. (2015). Radiocom sector (itu-r) final acts - world radiocommunication conference (wrc-15). Technical report. https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/act/R-ACT-WRC.12-2015-PDF-E.pdf.
Valenta, V., Fedra, Z., Marsalek, R., Baudoin, G., and Villegas, M. (2009). Towards cognitive radio networks: Spectrum utilization measurements in suburb environment. In 2009 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium. IEEE.
Vartiainen, J., Matinmikko-Blue, M., Karvonen, H., Mendes, L., Matos, A., and Silva, C. (2019). Performance of WIBA energy detector in rural and remote area channel. In 2019 16th International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS). IEEE.
Wang, D., Song, B., Chen, D., and Du, X. (2019). Intelligent Cognitive Radio in 5G: AI-Based Hierarchical Cognitive Cellular Networks. IEEE Wireless Communications, 26:54 – 61.
Wang, S., Liu, H., and Liu, K. (2015). An improved clustering cooperative spectrum sensing algorithm based on modified double-threshold energy detection and its optimization in cognitive wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 2015:1–7.
Wang, X. Y., Wong, A., and Ho, P.-H. (2010). Extended knowledge-based reasoning approach to spectrum sensing for cognitive radio. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 9(4):465–478.
Yau, K.-L. A., Qadir, J., Wu, C., Imran, M. A., and Ling, M. H. (2018). Cognition-Inspired 5G Cellular Networks: A Review and the Road Ahead. IEEE Access, 6:35072 – 35090.
Yucek, T. and Arslan, H. (2009). A survey of spectrum sensing algorithms for cognitive radio applications. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 11(1):116–130.
Publicado
07/12/2020
Como Citar
FERREIRA, Gabriel Carvalho; BARRETO, Priscila América Solis Mendez; CAETANO, Marcos Fagundes; FILHO, Geraldo Pereira; VARTIAINEN, Johanna; KARVONEN, Heikki.
Uso de Cadeias de Markov para Otimizar o Sensoriamento Colaborativo do Espectro em Redes 5G. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE REDES DE COMPUTADORES E SISTEMAS DISTRIBUÍDOS (SBRC), 38. , 2020, Rio de Janeiro.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2020
.
p. 924-937.
ISSN 2177-9384.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbrc.2020.12335.
