SEQUOIA - Solution for Optimized Energy and QUality of Service in Open Infrastructures
Abstract
The radio access network (RAN) is the most energy-consuming component in the 5G system. Overall, 5G RAN energy saving relies on switching on/off base station or radio components leveraging proprietary solutions. Furthermore, service categories of 5G such as URLCC and eMBB have stringent quality-of-service (QoS) requirements, which demand flexible mechanisms to achieve energy-efficient RAN operation while keeping adequate levels of QoS for those applications. Open RAN enables real-time monitoring and network adaptability through open interfaces and RAN intelligent controllers. Thus, this paper proposes SEQUOIA, a solution based on Open RAN and a multi-objective optimization to guarantee QoS and reduce energy consumption.
Keywords:
Open RAN, 5G Network, Optimization, Energy, Quality of Service
References
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Gao, Y., Wang, L., Xie, Z., Qi, Z., and Zhou, J. (2023). Energy- and quality of experience-aware dynamic resource allocation for massively multiplayer online games in heterogeneous cloud computing systems. IEEE Transactions on Services Computing, 16(3):1793–1806.
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Info, H. (2024). Understanding 32 QAM, 64 QAM, 128 QAM, and 256 QAM. Online resource. Accessed: 2024-12-27.
Kolta, E., Hatt, T., and Moore, S. (2021). Going green: Benchmarking the energy efficiency of mobile. Technical report, GSMA Intelligence.
Li, H., Emami, A., Assis, K. D. R., Vafeas, A., Yang, R., Nejabati, R., Yan, S., and Simeonidou, D. (2024). DRL-based energy-efficient baseband function deployments for service-oriented open ran. IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking, 8(1):224–237.
Liang, X., Al-Tahmeesschi, A., Wang, Q., Chetty, S., Sun, C., and Ahmadi, H. (2024). Enhancing energy efficiency in o-ran through intelligent xApps deployment. arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.10116.
Mahmood, F. E., Perrins, E. S., and Liu, L. (2018). Energy consumption vs. bit rate analysis toward massive mimo systems. In 2018 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2), pages 1–7.
Pereira de Figueiredo, F. A. (2022). An overview of massive mimo for 5g and 6g. IEEE Latin America Transactions, 20(6):931–940.
Perner, J. v. e. (2024). Beyond 5G white paper supplementary volume “sustainability and energy efficiency”. Project: Green Future Networks.
Thangamayan, S., Walunjkar, M. D., Kumar Ray, D., Venkatesan, M., Banik, A., and Amrutkar, K. P. (2022). 5G modulation technique comparisons using simulation approach. In 2022 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM), pages 848–856.
Urumkar, S., Ramamurthy, B., and Sharma, S. (2023). Improving energy efficiency in open ran through dynamic CPU scheduling. In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Networks and Telecommunications Systems (ANTS), pages 288–293.
3GPP (2022). User equipment (ue) radio access capabilities (release 17). Technical Report TS 38.306, 3rd Generation Partnership Project.
Azariah, W., Bimo, F. A., Lin, C.-W., Cheng, R.-G., Nikaein, N., and Jana, R. (2024). A survey on open radio access networks: Challenges, research directions, and open source approaches. Sensors, 24(3).
Bordin, M., Lacava, A., Polese, M., Satish, S., Nittoor, M. A., Sivaraj, R., Cuomo, F., and Melodia, T. (2024). Design and evaluation of deep reinforcement learning for energy saving in open ran. arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.14021.
Chauhan, A., Bansal, K., and Chaturvedi, A. K. (2019). Weighted sum of spectral efficiency and energy efficiency in spatial modulation-mimo systems. In 2019 IEEE 90th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2019-Fall), pages 1–5.
Constantine, J. and Akhtar, H. (2024). Open ran progress report - ericsson. Major Milestones and What’s Next in the Transformation Journey, 2.
Demir, T., Masoudi, M., Björnson, E., and Cavdar, C. (2024). Cell-free massive mimo in o-ran: Energy-aware joint orchestration of cloud, fronthaul, and radio resources. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 42(2):356–372.
Gao, Y., Wang, L., Xie, Z., Qi, Z., and Zhou, J. (2023). Energy- and quality of experience-aware dynamic resource allocation for massively multiplayer online games in heterogeneous cloud computing systems. IEEE Transactions on Services Computing, 16(3):1793–1806.
Hoffmann, M. e. (2024). Energy efficiency in open ran: Rf channel reconfiguration use case. IEEE Access, 12:118493–118501.
Info, H. (2024). Understanding 32 QAM, 64 QAM, 128 QAM, and 256 QAM. Online resource. Accessed: 2024-12-27.
Kolta, E., Hatt, T., and Moore, S. (2021). Going green: Benchmarking the energy efficiency of mobile. Technical report, GSMA Intelligence.
Li, H., Emami, A., Assis, K. D. R., Vafeas, A., Yang, R., Nejabati, R., Yan, S., and Simeonidou, D. (2024). DRL-based energy-efficient baseband function deployments for service-oriented open ran. IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking, 8(1):224–237.
Liang, X., Al-Tahmeesschi, A., Wang, Q., Chetty, S., Sun, C., and Ahmadi, H. (2024). Enhancing energy efficiency in o-ran through intelligent xApps deployment. arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.10116.
Mahmood, F. E., Perrins, E. S., and Liu, L. (2018). Energy consumption vs. bit rate analysis toward massive mimo systems. In 2018 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2), pages 1–7.
Pereira de Figueiredo, F. A. (2022). An overview of massive mimo for 5g and 6g. IEEE Latin America Transactions, 20(6):931–940.
Perner, J. v. e. (2024). Beyond 5G white paper supplementary volume “sustainability and energy efficiency”. Project: Green Future Networks.
Thangamayan, S., Walunjkar, M. D., Kumar Ray, D., Venkatesan, M., Banik, A., and Amrutkar, K. P. (2022). 5G modulation technique comparisons using simulation approach. In 2022 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM), pages 848–856.
Urumkar, S., Ramamurthy, B., and Sharma, S. (2023). Improving energy efficiency in open ran through dynamic CPU scheduling. In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Networks and Telecommunications Systems (ANTS), pages 288–293.
Published
2025-05-19
How to Cite
BARBOSA, Maria; PINHEIRO, Matheus; ALVES, Marcos; QUEIROZ, Anderson; DIAS, Kelvin.
SEQUOIA - Solution for Optimized Energy and QUality of Service in Open Infrastructures. In: BRAZILIAN SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTER NETWORKS AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS (SBRC), 43. , 2025, Natal/RN.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2025
.
p. 238-251.
ISSN 2177-9384.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbrc.2025.5898.
