Optical Infrastructure for Quantum Communication: Planning and Optimization
Abstract
This paper proposes an optimization model for Quantum Communication Infrastructure (QCI) to minimize capital expenditure (CAPEX) related to quantum links and trusted repeater nodes. Using Integer Linear Programming (ILP), the model optimizes resource allocation under physical and operational constraints. Simulations in AMPL/CPLEX demonstrate significant CAPEX reductions with increased wavelength availability, achieving optimal or near-optimal cost efficiency. Results validate the model’s applicability for mediumscale and efficient QCI deployment in practical scenarios.
Keywords:
Optical Networks, Quantum Networks
References
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Patri, S. K., Wenning, M., Gonde, S. H., Autenrieth, A., Elbers, J.-P., and Mas-Machuca, C. (2023). Trusted node deployment strategies for long-haul quantum key distribution networks. In International Conference on Optical Network Design and Modeling (ONDM), pages 1–6.
Pokharel, B. and Lidar, D. A. (2023). Demonstration of algorithmic quantum speedup. Physical Review Letters, 130(21):210602.
Ramaswami, R., Sivarajan, K., and Sasaki, G. (2009). Optical networks: A practical perspective. Morgan Kaufmann.
Wenning, M., Samonaki, M., Patri, S. K., Fehenberger, T., and Mas-Machuca, C. (2023). Multi-layer optimization for QKD and key management networks. Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 15(11):938–947.
Zhang, Q., Ayoub, O., Gatto, A., Wu, J., Lin, X., Musumeci, F., Verticale, G., and Tornatore, M. (2022). Joint routing, channel, and key-rate assignment for resource-efficient QKD networking. In IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), pages 3676–3681.
AI, G. Q., and Collaborators (2023). Suppressing quantum errors by scaling a surface code logical qubit. Nature, 614(7949):676–681.
Bennett, C. H. and Brassard, G. (2014). Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing. Theoretical Computer Science, 560:7–11.
Boixo, S., Rønnow, T. F., Isakov, S. V., Wang, Z., Wecker, D., Lidar, D. A., Martinis, J. M., and Troyer, M. (2014). Evidence for quantum annealing with more than one hundred qubits. Nature Physics, 10(3):218–224.
Cao, Y., Zhao, Y., Wang, J., Yu, X., Ma, Z., and Zhang, J. (2019). Cost-efficient quantum key distribution (QKD) over WDM networks. Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 11(6):285–298.
Fedorov, A. K., Gisin, N., Beloussov, S. M., and Lvovsky, A. I. (2022). Quantum computing at the quantum advantage threshold: A down-to-business review. arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.17181.
Geng, J.-Q., Fan-Yuan, G.-J., Wang, S., Zhang, Q.-F., Hu, Y.-Y., Chen, W., Yin, Z. Q., He, D.-Y., Guo, G.-C., and Han, Z.-F. (2021). Coexistence of quantum key distribution and optical transport network based on standard single-mode fiber at high launch power. Optics Letters, 46(11):2573–2576.
Gunkel, M., Wissel, F., and Poppe, A. (2019). Designing a quantum key distribution network - methodology and challenges. In Photonic Networks; 20th ITG-Symposium, pages 1–3. VDE.
IBM (2023). IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimization Studio. IBM Corporation.
Kong, W., Sun, Y., Gao, Y., and Ji, Y.-F. (2023). Coexistence of quantum key distribution and optical communication with amplifiers over multicore fiber. Nanophotonics, 12:1979–1994.
Le, L. and Nguyen, T. N. (2022). DQRA: Deep quantum routing agent for entanglement routing in quantum networks. IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering, 3:1–12.
Lin, R. and Chen, J. (2021). Modeling and minimizing spontaneous Raman scattering for QKD secured DWDM networks. IEEE Communications Letters, 25(12):3918–3921.
Maity, I., ur Rehman, J., and Chatzinotas, S. (2024). TAQNET: Traffic-aware minimum-cost quantum communication network planning. IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering.
Neven, H. (2025). Meet willow, our state-of-the-art quantum chip: [link]. Acessado em: 20 jan. 2025.
Patel, K. A., Dynes, J. F., Choi, I., Sharpe, A. W., Dixon, A. R., Yuan, Z. L., Penty, R. V., and Shields, A. J. (2012). Coexistence of high-bit-rate quantum key distribution and data on optical fiber. Physical Review X, 2:041010.
Patri, S. K., Wenning, M., Gonde, S. H., Autenrieth, A., Elbers, J.-P., and Mas-Machuca, C. (2023). Trusted node deployment strategies for long-haul quantum key distribution networks. In International Conference on Optical Network Design and Modeling (ONDM), pages 1–6.
Pokharel, B. and Lidar, D. A. (2023). Demonstration of algorithmic quantum speedup. Physical Review Letters, 130(21):210602.
Ramaswami, R., Sivarajan, K., and Sasaki, G. (2009). Optical networks: A practical perspective. Morgan Kaufmann.
Wenning, M., Samonaki, M., Patri, S. K., Fehenberger, T., and Mas-Machuca, C. (2023). Multi-layer optimization for QKD and key management networks. Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 15(11):938–947.
Zhang, Q., Ayoub, O., Gatto, A., Wu, J., Lin, X., Musumeci, F., Verticale, G., and Tornatore, M. (2022). Joint routing, channel, and key-rate assignment for resource-efficient QKD networking. In IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), pages 3676–3681.
Published
2025-05-19
How to Cite
ASSIS, Karcius D. R..
Optical Infrastructure for Quantum Communication: Planning and Optimization. In: BRAZILIAN SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTER NETWORKS AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS (SBRC), 43. , 2025, Natal/RN.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2025
.
p. 406-419.
ISSN 2177-9384.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbrc.2025.6000.
